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German Flooding of the Pontine Marshes in World War II: Biological Warfare Or Total War Tactic?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2016

Erhard Geissler  and
Jeanne Guillemin
Erhard Geissler
Affiliation:
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, Germany egeissler@mdc-berlin.de
Jeanne Guillemin
Affiliation:
Security Studies Program Center for International Studies Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA guillemin@mit.edu

Abstract

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The German army's 1943 flooding of the Pontine Marshes south of Rome, which later caused a sharp rise in malaria cases among Italian civilians, has recently been described by historian Frank Snowden as a unique instance of biological warfare and bioterrorism in the European theater of war and, consequently, as a violation of the 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibiting chemical and biological warfare. We argue that archival documents fail to support this allegation, on several counts. As a matter of historical record, Hitler prohibited German biological weapons (BW) development and consistently adhered to the Geneva Protocol. Rather than biological warfare against civilians, the Wehrmacht used flooding, land mines, and the destruction of vital infrastructure to obstruct the Allied advance. To protect its own troops in the area, the German army sought to contain the increased mosquito breeding likely to be caused by the flooding. Italians returning to the Pontine Marshes after the German retreat in 1944 suffered malaria as a result of environmental destruction, which was banned by the 1899 and 1907 Hague Conventions and by subsequent treaties. In contrast, a state's violation of the Geneva Protocol, whether past or present, involves the use of germ weapons and, by inference, a state-level capability. Any allegation of such a serious violation demands credible evidence that meets high scientific and legal standards of proof.

Keywords

Biological warfarebiological weaponsGeneva ProtocolmalariaNazi GermanyItalyWorld War IIenvironmental modification
Type
Research Articles
Information
Politics and the Life Sciences , Volume 29 , Issue 1 , March 2010 , pp. 2 - 23
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Politics and the Life Sciences 

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