Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-sxzjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T12:23:47.865Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Community Health Workers and Disasters: Lessons Learned from the 2015 Earthquake in Nepal

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 August 2017

Karla Fredricks Open the ORCID record for Karla Fredricks [Opens in a new window] ,
Hao Dinh ,
Manita Kusi ,
Chandra Yogal ,
Biraj M. Karmacharya ,
Thomas F. Burke  and
Brett D. Nelson
Karla Fredricks*
Affiliation:
Division of Global Health and Human Rights, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts USA Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts USA
Hao Dinh
Affiliation:
Division of Global Health and Human Rights, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts USA
Manita Kusi
Affiliation:
Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal
Chandra Yogal
Affiliation:
Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal
Biraj M. Karmacharya
Affiliation:
Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
Thomas F. Burke
Affiliation:
Division of Global Health and Human Rights, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts USA Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
Brett D. Nelson
Affiliation:
Division of Global Health and Human Rights, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts USA Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
*
Correspondence: Karla Fredricks, MD, MPH Division of Global Health and Human Rights Department of Emergency Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital E-mail: karla.fredricks@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Introduction

The Nepal earthquake of 2015 was a major disaster that exacted an enormous toll on human lives and caused extensive damage to the infrastructure of the region. Similar to other developing countries, Nepal has a network of community health workers (CHWs; known as female community health volunteers [FCHVs]) that was in place prior to the earthquake and continues to function to improve maternal and child health. These FCHVs and other community members were responsible, by default, for providing the first wave of assistance after the earthquake.

Hypothesis/Problem

Community health workers such as FCHVs could be used to provide formal relief services in the event of an emergency, but there is a paucity of evidence-based literature on how to best utilize them in disaster risk reduction, preparedness, and response. Data are needed to further characterize the roles that this cadre has played in past disasters and what strategies can be implemented to better incorporate them into future emergency management.

Methods

In March 2016, key-informant interviews, FCHV interviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted in Nepali health facilities using semi-structured guides. The audio-recorded data were obtained with the assistance of a translator (Nepali-English), transcribed verbatim in English, and coded by two independent researchers (manually and with NVivo 11 Pro software [QSR International; Melbourne, Australia]).

Results

Across seven different regions, 14 interviews with FCHVs, two FGDs with community women, and three key-informant interviews were conducted. Four major themes emerged around the topic of FCHVs and the 2015 earthquake: (1) community care and rapport between FCHVs and local residents; (2) emergency response of FCHVs in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake; (3) training requested to improve the FCHVs’ ability to manage disasters; and (4) interaction with relief organizations and how to create collaborations that provide aid relief more effectively.

Conclusions

The FCHVs in Nepal provided multiple services to their communities in the aftermath of the earthquake, largely without any specific training or instruction. Proper preparation, in addition to improved collaboration with aid agencies, could increase the capacity of FCHVs to respond in the event of a future disaster. The information gained from this study of the FCHV experience in the Nepal earthquake could be used to inform risk reduction and emergency management policies for CHWs in various settings worldwide.

Fredricks K , Dinh H , Kusi M , Yogal C , Karmacharya BM , Burke TF , Nelson BD . Community Health Workers and Disasters: Lessons Learned from the 2015 Earthquake in Nepal. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(6):604–609.

Keywords

community health networksdisaster planningearthquakeemergenciesNepal
Type
Original Research
Information
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine , Volume 32 , Issue 6 , December 2017 , pp. 604 - 609
Copyright
© World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Conflicts of interest: none

References

1. Government of Nepal. Incident Report of Earthquake 2015. http://drrportal.gov.np. Accessed October 1, 2016.Google Scholar
2. Noji, EK. Public health issues in disasters. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(1 Suppl):S29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3. World Health Organization. Global Health Workforce Statistics database. Updated 2014. http://www.who.int/hrh/statistics/hwfstats/. Accessed October 1, 2016.Google Scholar
4. Nicholls, K, Picou, JS, Curtis, J, Lowman, JA. The utility of community health workers in disaster preparedness, recovery, and resiliency. Journal of Applied Social Science. 2015;9(2):191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Miyaguchi, M, Yasuoka, J, Poudyal, AK, Silwal, RC, Jimba, M. Female community health volunteers service utilization for childhood illness- improving quality of health services only is not enough: a cross-sectional study in mid-western region, Nepal. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6. Schwarz, D, Sharma, R, Bashyal, C, et al. Strengthening Nepal’s female community health volunteer network: a qualitative study of experiences at two years. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7. Schensul, SL, Schensul, JJ, LeCompte, MD. Essential Ethnographic Methods: Observations, Interviews, and Questionnaires (Ethnographer’s Toolkit). Volume 2. Walnut Creek, California USA: AltaMira Press; 1999: 240.Google Scholar
8. Devers, KJ, Frankel, KM. Study design in qualitative research—2: sampling and data collection strategies. Educ Health. 2000;13(2):263.Google ScholarPubMed
9. Global Health Workforce Alliance, WHO, IFRC, UNICEF, UNHCR. Scaling-up the Community-Based Health Workforce for Emergencies: Joint Statement by the Global Health Workforce Alliance, WHO, IFRC, UNICEF, UNHCR. Published 2011. http://www.unicef.org/media/files/Scaling-up_community-based_health.pdf. Accessed October 1, 2016.Google Scholar
10. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015: Building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters. Published 2005. http://www.unisdr.org/2005/wcdr/intergover/official-doc/L-docs/Hyogo-framework-for-action-english.pdf. Accessed October 1, 2016.Google Scholar
11. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. Published 2015. http://www.unisdr.org/files/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf. Accessed October 1, 2016.Google Scholar
12. World Health Organization. World Health Assembly Resolution 64.10. Published 2011. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/3566/1/A64_R10-en.pdf. Accessed October 1, 2016.Google Scholar
13. Adhikari, B, Mishra, SR, Raut, S. Rebuilding earthquake struck Nepal through community engagement. Front Public Health. 2016;4:121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14. World Health Organization, Regional Committee for Africa. Disaster risk management: a strategy for the health sector in the African region. Report of the Secretariat. Published 2012. http://www.afro.who.int/en/downloads/cat_view/1501-english/2210-meetings-and-events/861-regional-committee/2065-sixty-second-session-of-the-who-regional-committee-for-africa/2066-english/2074-resolutions.html. Accessed October 1, 2016.Google Scholar
15. Olu, O, Usman, A, Manga, L, et al. Strengthening health disaster risk management in Africa: multi-sectoral and people-centered approaches are required in the post-Hyogo Framework of Action era. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16. Bayntun, C. A health system approach to all-hazards disaster management: a systematic review. PLOS Curr. 2012;1.Google Scholar
17. Campbell, F, Shafique, M, Sansom, P. Responding to Cyclone Nargis: key lessons from Merlin’s experience. Humanitarian Practice Network. Published 2008. http://odihpn.org/magazine/responding-to-cyclone-nargis-key-lessons-from-merlin%C2%92s-experience/. Accessed October 1, 2016.Google Scholar
18. United Nations Children’s Fund. In Pakistan’s flood-devastated Sindh province, female health workers play key role. Published 2010. http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/pakistan_56039.html. Accessed October 1, 2016.Google Scholar
19. Hung, KKC, Otsu, S. Community Health Workers Prove the Key to Philippines Relief Efforts. EPi Journal. Published 2014. http://www.epijournal.com/articles/122/community-health-workers-prove-the-key-to-philippines-relief-efforts. Accessed October 1, 2016.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Fredricks supplementary material

Appendix

Download Fredricks supplementary material(File)
File 17.6 KB