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Psychological First-Aid Training for Paraprofessionals: A Systems-Based Model for Enhancing Capacity of Rural Emergency Responses

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 October 2011

O. Lee McCabe ,
Charlene Perry ,
Melissa Azur ,
Henry G. Taylor ,
Mark Bailey  and
Jonathan M. Links
O. Lee McCabe*
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Health and the Preparedness and Emergency Response Research Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland USA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland USA
Charlene Perry
Affiliation:
Kent County Health Department, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Chestertown, Maryland USA
Melissa Azur
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland USA
Henry G. Taylor
Affiliation:
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Mark Bailey
Affiliation:
Office of Preparedness and Response, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, Maryland USA
Jonathan M. Links
Affiliation:
Preparedness and Emergency Response Research Center and the Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland USA
*
Correspondence: Dr. McCabe Hampton House624 N Broadway, Ste 390Baltimore, MD 21205 E-mail: lmccabe@jhsph.edu
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Abstract

Introduction: Ensuring the capacity of the public health, emergency preparedness system to respond to disaster-related need for mental health services is a challenge, particularly in rural areas in which the supply of responders with relevant expertise rarely matches the surge of demand for services.

Problem: This investigation established and evaluated a systems-based partnership model for recruiting, training, and promoting official recognition of community residents as paraprofessional members of the Maryland Medical Professional Volunteer Corps. The partners were leaders of local health departments (LHDs), faith-based organizations (FBOs), and an academic health center (AHC).

Methods: A one-group, quasi-experimental research design, using both post-test only and pre-/post-test assessments, was used to determine the feasibility, effectiveness, and impact of the overall program and of a one-day workshop in Psychological First Aid (PFA) for Paraprofessionals. The training was applied to and evaluated for 178 citizens drawn from 120 Christian parishes in four local health jurisdictions in rural Maryland.

Results: Feasibility—The model was demonstrated to be practicable, as measured by specific criteria to quantify partner readiness, willingness, and ability to collaborate and accomplish project aims. Effectiveness—The majority (93–99%) of individual participants “agreed” or “strongly agreed” that, as a result of the intervention, they understood the conceptual content of PFA and were confident about (“perceived self-efficacy”) using PFA techniques with prospective disaster survivors. Impact—Following PFA training, 56 of the 178 (31.5%) participants submitted same-day applications to be paraprofessional responders in the Volunteer Corps. The formal acceptance of citizens who typically do not possess licensure in a health profession reflects a project-engendered policy change by the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.

Conclusions: These findings are consistent with the conclusion that it is feasible to consider LHDs, FBOs, and AHCs as partners to work effectively within the span of a six-month period to design, promote, conduct, and evaluate a model of capacity/capability building for public mental health emergency response based on a professional “extender” rationale. Moreover, consistently high levels of perceived self-efficacy as PFA responders can be achieved with lay members of the community who receive a specially-designed, one-day training program in crisis intervention and referral strategies for disaster survivors.

Keywords

at-risk populationsbehavioral health surgedisaster preparedness and responseparaprofessional response extenderspsychological first aidpublic health systems researchpublic/private collaborationrural emergency preparedness
Type
Original Research
Information
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine , Volume 26 , Issue 4 , August 2011 , pp. 251 - 258
Copyright
Copyright McCabe © World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2011

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