Original Research
Is Prehospital Endotracheal Intubation Associated with Improved Outcomes In Isolated Severe Head Injury? A Matched Cohort Analysis
- Efstathios Karamanos, Peep Talving, Dimitra Skiada, Melanie Osby, Kenji Inaba, Lydia Lam, Ozgur Albuz, Demetrios Demetriades
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 December 2013, pp. 32-36
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Introduction
Prehospital endotracheal intubation (ETI) following traumatic brain injury in urban settings is controversial. Studies investigating admission arterial blood gas (ABG) patterns in these instances are scant.
HypothesisOutcomes in patients subjected to divergent prehospital airway management options following severe head injury were studied.
MethodsThis was a retrospective propensity-matched study in patients with isolated TBI (head Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) ≥ 3) and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of ≤ 8 admitted to a Level 1 urban trauma center from January 1, 2003 through October 31, 2011. Cases that had prehospital ETI were compared to controls subjected to oxygen by mask in a one to three ratio for demographics, mechanism of injury, tachycardia/hypotension, Injury Severity Score, type of intracranial lesion, and all major surgical interventions. Primary outcome was mortality and secondary outcomes included admission gas profile, in-hospital morbidity, ICU length of stay (ICU LOS) and hospital length of stay (HLOS).
ResultsCases (n = 55) and controls (n = 165) had statistically similar prehospital and in-hospital variables after propensity matching. Mortality was significantly higher for the ETI group (69.1% vs 55.2% respectively, P = .011). There was no difference in pH, base deficit, and pCO2 on admission blood gases; however the ETI group had significantly lower pO2 (187 (SD = 14) vs 213 (SD = 13), P = .034). There was a significantly increased incidence of septic shock in the ETI group. Patients subjected to prehospital ETI had a longer HLOS and ICU LOS.
ConclusionIn isolated severe traumatic brain injury, prehospital endotracheal intubation was associated with significantly higher adjusted mortality rate and worsened admission oxygenation. Further prospective validation of these findings is warranted.
. ,Karamanos E ,Talving P ,Skiada D ,Osby M ,Inaba K ,Lam L ,Albuz O .Demetriades D Is Prehospital Endotracheal Intubation Associated with Improved Outcomes In Isolated Severe Head Injury? A Matched Cohort Analysis . Prehosp Disaster Med.2013 ;28 (6 ):1 -5
Assessing Radiation Emergency Preparedness Planning by Using Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) Methodology
- Mawuli K. Nyaku, Amy F. Wolkin, Jevon McFadden, Jim Collins, Michelle Murti, Amy Schnall, Shane Bies, Martha Stanbury, Jennifer Beggs, Tesfaye M. Bayleyegn
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 June 2014, pp. 262-269
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Introduction
Approximately 1.2 million persons in Oakland County, Michigan (USA) reside less than 50 miles from the Fermi Nuclear Power Plant, Unit 2, but information is limited regarding how residents might react during a radiation emergency. Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) survey methodology has been used in disaster and nondisaster settings to collect reliable and accurate population-based public health information, but it has not been used to assess household-level emergency preparedness for a radiation emergency. To improve emergency preparedness plans in Oakland County, including how residents might respond during a radiation emergency, Oakland County Health Division (OCHD), with assistance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Michigan Department of Community Health (MDCH), conducted a CASPER survey.
MethodsDuring September 2012, a 2-stage cluster sampling design was used to select 210 representative households in Oakland County. By using in-person surveys, the proportion of households with essential needs and supplies, how residents might respond to public health authorities’ instructions, and their main source for obtaining information during a radiation emergency were assessed. Data were weighted to account for the complex sampling design.
ResultsOf the goal of 210 households, 192 (91.4%) surveys were completed: 64.7% and 85.4% of respondents indicated having 3-day supplies of water and of nonperishable food, respectively; 62.8% had a 7-day supply of prescription medication for each person who needed it. Additionally, 64.2% had a working carbon monoxide detector; 67.1% had a first-aid kit; and 52% had an alternative heat source. In response to instructions from public health officials during a radiation emergency, 93.3% of all respondents would report to a radiation screening center; 96% would evacuate; and 91.8% would shelter-in-place. During a radiation emergency, 55.8% of respondents indicated their main information source would be television, 18.4% radio, and 13.6% the Internet. The most trusted source for information would be the local public health department (36.5%), local news (23%), a physician (11.2%), and family members (11.1%). Including completed and incomplete interviews, refusals, and nonrespondents, 517 total households were contacted.
ConclusionsCASPER data regarding how residents might react during a radiation emergency provided objective and quantifiable information that will be used to develop Oakland County's radiation emergency preparedness plans. Survey information demonstrates the feasibility and usefulness of CASPER methodology for radiation emergency preparedness planning.
,Nyaku MK ,Wolkin AF ,McFadden J ,Collins J ,Murti M ,Schnall A ,Bies S ,Stanbury M ,Beggs J .Bayleyegn TM Assessing Radiation Emergency Preparedness Planning by Using Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) Methodology . Prehosp Disaster Med.2014 ;29 (3 ):1 -9 .
Understanding the Characteristics of Patient Presentations of Young People at Outdoor Music Festivals
- Alison Hutton, Jamie Ranse, Naomi Verdonk, Shahid Ullah, Paul Arbon
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 February 2014, pp. 160-166
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Outdoor music festivals are unique events given that they are, for the most part, bounded and ticketed, and alcohol is served. They frequently have a higher incidence of patient presentations when compared with similar types of mass gatherings. Often, however, single events are reported in the literature, making it difficult to generalize the findings across multiple events and limiting the understanding of the “typical” patient presentations at these mass gatherings. The aim of this paper was to understand the characteristics of young people who have presented as patients to on-site health care at outdoor music festivals in Australia, and the relative proportion and type of injury and illness presentations at these events. This research used a nonexperimental design, utilizing a retrospective review of patient report forms from outdoor music festivals. Data were collected from 26 outdoor music festivals across four States of Australia during the year 2010. Females presented at greater numbers than males, and over two-thirds presented with minor illnesses, such as headaches. Males presented with injuries, in particular lacerations to their face and their hands, and alcohol and substance use made up 15% of all presentations.
. ,Hutton A ,Ranse J ,Verdonk N ,Ullah S .Arbon P Understanding the Characteristics of Patient Presentations of Young People at Outdoor Music Festivals . Prehosp Disaster Med.2014 ;29 (2 ):1 -7
The Impact of Adaptive Capacity on Disaster Response and Recovery: Evidence Supporting Core Community Capabilities
- Rebecca S. Zukowski
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 July 2014, pp. 380-387
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Introduction
The aim of this study was to determine if a relationship exists between the development of adaptive capacity and disaster response and recovery outcomes. Hospitals and health care systems are a critical element in community planning for all phases of the disaster cycle. There is a lack of research, however, to validate the relationship between the development of these capabilities and improved response and recovery outcomes.
Hypothesis/ProblemTwo hypotheses were formulated to address the research question. The first hypothesis argued that counties or parishes that developed adaptive capacity through pre-event planning, community engagement, training, and the use of national response frameworks would have improved response and recovery performance outcomes. The second hypothesis argued that adaptive capacity, along with response and recovery performance outcomes, predicts the trajectory of recovery progression.
MethodsThis study employed a quantitative cross-sectional survey methodology and existing community demographic data to explore the development of adaptive capacity and its ability to predict disaster response and recovery outcomes in communities affected by major disaster in 2011. A total of 333 counties and parishes were included in the final sample, providing a 95% confidence interval with a 5% margin of error. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Multiple, hierarchical, and robust regression were used to find the best fitting model. Multi-level modeling with random intercepts was used to control for the nesting effects associated with county, state, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) region sampling.
ResultsDescriptive results provide a baseline assessment of adaptive capacity development at the community level. While controlling for other variables, hypothesis testing revealed that pre-event planning, community engagement, full-scale exercises, and use of national frameworks predicated overall response and recovery performance outcomes (R2 = .43; F13,303 = 13.34; P < .001). In terms of recovery progression, pre-event planning, overall response and recovery performance outcome, total time of disruption, and percent of people below poverty were significant (R2 = .15; F14,302 = 4.53; P < .001).
ConclusionsEstablishment of empirical data provides communities with reinforcement to continue resilience-building activities at the local level. However, findings from this study suggest that only full-scale exercises were significant in improving response and recovery outcomes. Implications for re-evaluation of disaster training warrant further exploration.
. .Zukowski RS The Impact of Adaptive Capacity on Disaster Response and Recovery: Evidence Supporting Core Community Capabilities . Prehosp Disaster Med.2014 ;29 (4 ):1 -8
The State of Leadership Education in Emergency Medical Services: A Multi-national Qualitative Study
- William Joseph Leggio, Jr.
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 September 2014, pp. 478-483
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Objective
This study investigated how leadership is learned in Emergency Medical Services (EMS) from a multi-national perspective by interviewing EMS providers from multiple nations working in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
MethodsA phenomenological, qualitative methodology was developed and 19 EMS providers from multiple nations were interviewed in June 2013. Interview questions focused on how participants learned EMS leadership as an EMS student and throughout their careers as providers. Data were analyzed to identify themes, patterns, and codes to be used for final analysis to describe findings.
ResultsEmergency Medical Services leadership is primarily learned from informal mentoring and on-the-job training in less than supportive environments. Participants described learning EMS leadership during their EMS education. A triangulation of EMS educational resources yielded limited results beyond being a leader of patient care. The only course that yielded results from triangulation was EMS Management. The need to develop EMS leadership courses was supported by the findings. Findings also supported the need to include leadership education as part of continuing medical education and training.
ConclusionEmergency Medical Services leadership education that prepares students for the complexities of the profession is needed. Likewise, the need for EMS leadership education and training to be part of continuing education is supported. Both are viewed as a way to advance the EMS profession. A need for further research on the topic of EMS leadership is recognized, and supported, with a call for action on suggested topics identified within the study.
. .Leggio WJ Jr The State of Leadership Education in Emergency Medical Services: A Multi-national Qualitative Study . Prehosp Disaster Med.2014 ;29 (5 ):1 -6
The Impact of Precipitation on Land Interfacility Transport Times
- Wayne C. W. Giang, Birsen Donmez, Mahvareh Ahghari, Russell D. MacDonald
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 November 2014, pp. 593-599
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Introduction
Timely transfer of patients among facilities within a regionalized critical-care system remains a large obstacle to effective patient care. For medical transport systems where dispatchers are responsible for planning these interfacility transfers, accurate estimates of interfacility transfer times play a large role in planning and resource-allocation decisions. However, the impact of adverse weather conditions on transfer times is not well understood.
Hypothesis/ProblemPrecipitation negatively impacts driving conditions and can decrease free-flow speeds and increase travel times. The objective of this research was to quantify and model the effects of different precipitation types on land travel times for interfacility patient transfers. It was hypothesized that the effects of precipitation would accumulate as the distance of the transfer increased, and they would differ based on the type of precipitation.
MethodsUrgent and emergent interfacility transfers carried out by the medical transport system in Ontario from 2005 through 2011 were linked to Environment Canada's (Gatineau, Quebec, Canada) climate data. Two linear models were built to estimate travel times based on precipitation type and driving distance: one for transfers between cities (intercity) and another for transfers within a city (intracity).
ResultsPrecipitation affected both transfer types. For intercity transfers, the magnitude of the delays increased as driving distance increased. For median-distance intercity transfers (48 km), snow produced delays of approximately 9.1% (3.1 minutes), while rain produced delays of 8.4% (2.9 minutes). For intracity transfers, the magnitude of delays attributed to precipitation did not depend on distance driven. Transfers in rain were 8.6% longer (1.7 minutes) compared to no precipitation, whereas only statistically marginal effects were observed for snow.
ConclusionPrecipitation increases the duration of interfacility land ambulance travel times by eight percent to ten percent. For transfers between cities, snow is associated with the longest delays (versus rain), but for transfers within a single city, rain is associated with the longest delays.
. ,Giang WCW ,Donmez B ,Ahghari M .MacDonald RD The Impact of Precipitation on Land Interfacility Transport Times . Prehosp Disaster Med.2014 ;29 (6 ):1 -7
Comprehensive Review
When and Why Health Care Personnel Respond to a Disaster: The State of the Science
- Susan B. Connor
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 May 2014, pp. 270-274
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Objective
Emergency response relies on the assumption that essential health care services will continue to operate and be available to provide quality patient care during and after a patient surge. The observed successes and failures of health care systems during recent mass-casualty events and the concern that these assumptions are not evidence based prompted this review.
MethodThe aims of this systematic review were to explore the factors associated with the intention of health care personnel (HCP) to respond to uncommon events, such as a natural disaster or pandemic, determine the state of the science, and bolster evidence-based measures that have been shown to facilitate staff response.
ResultsAuthors of the 70 studies (five mixed-methods, 49 quantitative, 16 qualitative) that met inclusion criteria reported a variety of variables that influenced the intent of HCP to respond. Current evidence suggests that four primary factors emerged as either facilitating or hindering the willingness of HCP to respond to an event: (1) the nature of the event; (2) competing obligations; (3) the work environment and climate; and (4) the relationship between knowledge and perceptions of efficacy.
ConclusionsFindings of this study could influence and strengthen policy making by emergency response planners, staffing coordinators, health educators, and health system administrators.
. .Connor SB When and Why Health Care Personnel Respond to a Disaster: The State of the Science . Prehosp Disaster Med.2014 ;29 (3 ):1 -5
Original Research
Outcome Accuracy of the Emergency Medical Dispatcher's Initial Selection of a Diabetic Problems Protocol
- Jeff Clawson, Greg Scott, Weston Lloyd, Brett Patterson, Tracey Barron, Isabel Gardett, Christopher Olola
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 December 2013, pp. 37-42
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Introduction
Diabetes mellitus, although a chronic disease, also can cause acute, sudden symptoms requiring emergency intervention. In these cases, Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMDs) must identify true diabetic complaints in order to determine the correct care. In 911 systems utilizing the Medical Priority Dispatch System (MPDS), International Academies of Emergency Dispatch-certified EMDs determine a patient's chief complaint by matching the caller's response to an initial pre-scripted question to one of 37 possible chief complaints protocols. The ability of EMDs to identify true diabetic-triggered events reported through 911 has not been studied.
ObjectiveThe primary objective of this study was to determine the percentage of EMD-recorded patient cases (using the Diabetic Problems protocol in the MPDS) that were confirmed by either attending paramedics or the hospital as experiencing a diabetic-triggered event.
MethodsThis was a retrospective study involving six hospitals, one fire department, and one ambulance service in Salt Lake City, Utah USA. Dispatch data for one year recorded under the Diabetic Problems protocol, along with the associated paramedic and hospital outcome data, were reviewed/analyzed. The outcome measures were: the percentage of cases that had diabetic history, percentage of EMD-identified diabetic problems cases that were confirmed by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and/or hospital records as true diabetic-triggered events, and percentage of EMD-identified diabetic patients who also had other medical conditions. A diabetic-triggered event was defined as one in which the patient's emergency was directly caused by diabetes or its medical management. Descriptive statistics were used for categorical measures and parametric statistical methods assessed the differences between study groups, for continuous measures.
ResultsThree-hundred ninety-three patient cases were assigned to the Diabetic Problems Chief Complaint protocol. Of the 367 (93.4%) patients who had a documented history of diabetes, 279 (76%) were determined to have had a diabetic-triggered event. However, only 12 (3.6%) initially assigned to this protocol did not have a confirmed history of diabetes.
ConclusionsUsing the MPDS to select the Diabetic Problems Chief Complaint protocol, the EMDs correctly identified a true diabetic-triggered event the majority of the time. However, many patients had other medical conditions, which complicated the initial classification of true diabetic-triggered events. Future studies should examine the associations between the five specific Diabetic Problems Chief Complaint protocol determinant codes (triage priority levels) and severity measures, eg, blood sugar level and Glasgow Coma Score.
. ,Clawson J ,Scott G ,Lloyd W ,Patterson B ,Barron T ,Gardett I .Olola C Outcome Accuracy of the Emergency Medical Dispatcher's Initial Selection of a Diabetic Problems Protocol . Prehosp Disaster Med.2013 :28 (6 ):1 -6
Comprehensive Review
What Was the Role of Nurses During the 2011 Great East Earthquake of Japan? An Integrative Review of the Japanese Literature
- Mayumi Kako, Jamie Ranse, Aiko Yamamoto, Paul Arbon
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 May 2014, pp. 275-279
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Background
An earthquake and tsunami hit the east coast of Japan on March 11, 2011. Nurses were actively involved in the health response to this disaster and, subsequently, many authors have reported on the role nurses played in these efforts in Japanese nursing professional journals.
AimTo describe the role of nurses who assisted in the 2011 Great East Earthquake of Japan by reviewing Japanese literature and reporting the findings in English.
MethodThis research used an integrative literature review methodology. Manuscripts were obtained from the Japanese database Ichushi Ver. 5 (Japan Medical Abstracts Society, Tokyo, Japan). A total of 44 manuscripts were identified and included in a thematic analysis.
ResultsThree main themes were identified: (1) nursing roles, (2) specialized nursing roles, and (3) preparedness education. Nurses fulfilled different roles in the period after the disaster (ie, as a clinician, a communicator, a leader, and a provider of psychosocial support). Additionally, the specialized nurse role was identified, along with the need for preparedness education to support the nurse's role in a disaster.
ConclusionThe understanding of the role of nurses in disasters is expanding. There is a need to further explore the roles of specialized nurses in disasters. Further disaster education opportunities should be available as a part of continuing education for all nurses. Radiation aspects of disaster assistance should be included in disaster education programs where there are radio-nuclear hazards present in the environment.
,Kako M ,Ranse J ,Yamamoto A .Arbon P What Was the Role of Nurses During the 2011 Great East Earthquake of Japan? An Integrative Review of the Japanese Literature . Prehosp Disaster Med.2014 ;29 (3 ):1 -5 .
Original Research
Response to the Bam Earthquake: A Qualitative Study on the Experiences of the Top and Middle Level Health Managers in Kerman, Iran
- Mahmood Moosazadeh, Farzaneh Zolala, Khodadad Sheikhzadeh, Saeid Safiri, Mohammadreza Amiresmaili
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 July 2014, pp. 388-391
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Introduction
The 2003 Bam, Iran earthquake resulted in high casualties and required international and national assistance. This study explored local top and middle level managers’ disaster relief experiences in the aftermath of the Bam earthquake.
MethodsUsing qualitative interview methodology, top and middle level health managers employed during the Bam earthquake were identified. Data were collected via in-depth interviews with participants. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.
ResultsResults showed that the managers interviewed experienced two main problems. First, inadequacy of preparation of local health organisations, which was due to lack of familiarity of the needs, unavailability of essential needs, and also increasing demands, which were above the participants’ expectations. Second, inappropriateness of delivered donations was perceived as a problem; for example, foods and sanitary materials were either poor quality or expired by date recommended for use. Participants also found international teams to be more well-equipped and organised.
ConclusionsDuring the disaster relief period of the response to the Bam earthquake, local health organizations were ill prepared for the event. In addition, donations delivered for relief were often poor quality or expired beyond a usable date.
. ,Moosazadeh M ,Zolala F ,Sheikhzadeh K ,Safiri S .Amiresmaili M Response to the Bam Earthquake: A Qualitative Study on the Experiences of the Top and Middle Level Health Managers in Kerman, Iran . Prehosp Disaster Med.2014 ;29 (4 ):1 -4
Integration of Energy Analytics and Smart Energy Microgrid into Mobile Medicine Operations for the 2012 Democratic National Convention
- Peter W. McCahill, Erin E. Noste, AJ Rossman, David W. Callaway
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 November 2014, pp. 600-607
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Introduction
Disasters create major strain on energy infrastructure in affected communities. Advances in microgrid technology offer the potential to improve “off-grid” mobile disaster medical response capabilities beyond traditional diesel generation. The Carolinas Medical Center's mobile emergency medical unit (MED-1) Green Project (M1G) is a multi-phase project designed to demonstrate the benefits of integrating distributive generation (DG), high-efficiency batteries, and “smart” energy utilization in support of major out-of-hospital medical response operations.
MethodsCarolinas MED-1 is a mobile medical facility composed of a fleet of vehicles and trailers that provides comprehensive medical care capacities to support disaster response and special-event operations. The M1G project partnered with local energy companies to deploy energy analytics and an energy microgrid in support of mobile clinical operations for the 2012 Democratic National Convention (DNC) in Charlotte, North Carolina (USA). Energy use data recorded throughout the DNC were analyzed to create energy utilization models that integrate advanced battery technology, solar photovoltaic (PV), and energy conservation measures (ECM) to improve future disaster response operations.
ResultsThe generators that supply power for MED-1 have a minimum loading ratio (MLR) of 30 kVA. This means that loads below 30 kW lead to diesel fuel consumption at the same rate as a 30 kW load. Data gathered from the two DNC training and support deployments showed the maximum load of MED-1 to be around 20 kW. This discrepancy in MLR versus actual load leads to significant energy waste. The lack of an energy storage system reduces generator efficiency and limits integration of alternative energy generation strategies. A storage system would also allow for alternative generation sources, such as PV, to be incorporated. Modeling with a 450 kWh battery bank and 13.5 kW PV array showed a 2-fold increase in potential deployment times using the same amount of fuel versus the current conventional system.
ConclusionsThe M1G Project demonstrated that the incorporation of a microgrid energy management system and a modern battery system maximize the MED-1 generators’ output. Using a 450 kWh battery bank and 13.5 kW PV array, deployment operations time could be more than doubled before refueling. This marks a dramatic increase in patient care capabilities and has significant public health implications. The results highlight the value of smart-microgrid technology in developing energy independent mobile medical capabilities and expanding cost-effective, high-quality medical response.
. ,McCahill PW ,Noste EE ,Rossman AJ .Callaway DW Integration of Energy Analytics and Smart Energy Microgrid into Mobile Medicine Operations for the 2012 Democratic National Convention . Prehosp Disaster Med.2014 ;29 (6 ):1 -8
Predictability of the Call Triage Protocol to Detect if Dispatchers Should Activate Community First Responders
- Kenji Narikawa, Tetsuya Sakamoto, Katsuaki Kubota, Masayuki Suzukawa, Chikara Yonekawa, Keisuke Yamashita, Yoshiki Toyokuni, Yasuharu Yasuda, Akihiro Kobayashi, Kazunori Iijima
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 September 2014, pp. 484-488
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Introduction
Shortening response time to an emergency call leads to the success of resuscitation by chest compression and defibrillation. However, response by ambulance or fire truck is not fast enough for resuscitation in Japan. In rural areas, response times can be more than 10 minutes. One possible way to shorten the response time is to establish a system of first responders (eg, police officers or firefighters) who are trained appropriately to perform resuscitation. Another possible way is to use a system of Community First Responders (CFRs) who are trained neighbors. At present, there are no call triage protocols to decide if dispatchers should activate CFRs.
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the predictability to detect if dispatchers should activate CFRs.
MethodsTwo CFR call triage protocols (CFR protocol Ver.0 and Ver.1) were established. The predictability of CFR protocols was examined by comparing the paramedic field reports. From the results of sensitivity of CFR protocol, the numbers of annual CFR activations were calculated. All data were collected, prospectively, for four months from October 1, 2012 through January 31, 2013.
ResultsThe ROC-AUC values appear slightly higher in CFR protocol Ver.1 (0.857; 95% CI, 79.8-91.7) than in CFR protocol Ver.0 (0.847; 95% CI, 79.0-90.3). The number of annual CFR activations is higher in CFR protocol Ver.0 (7.47) than in CFR protocol Ver.1 (5.45).
ConclusionTwo call triage protocols have almost the same predictability as the Medical Priority Dispatch System (MPDS). The study indicates that CFR protocol Ver.1 is better than CFR protocol Ver.0 because of the higher predictability and low number of activations. Also, it indicates that CFRs who are not medical professionals can respond to a patient with cardiac arrest.
. ,Narikawa K ,Sakamoto T ,Kubota K ,Suzukawa M ,Yonekawa C ,Yamashita K ,Toyokuni Y ,Yasuda Y ,Kobayashi A .Iijima K Predictability of the Call Triage Protocol to Detect if Dispatchers Should Activate Community First Responders . Prehosp Disaster Med.2014 ;29 (5 ):1 -5
Use of a Hooked Cutting Device Compared With Scissors for the Emergency Exposure of Critically Ill and Injured Patients
- Nelson Tang, Matthew J. Levy, Jeffrey Harrow, Nina Bingham
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 December 2013, pp. 43-46
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Introduction
The initial assessment of critical patients includes prompt identification of life-threatening conditions. Any device or technique that can aid in this process may ultimately save lives. This study examined whether clothing could be removed faster with the use of a hooked cutting device as compared with the commonly-used heavy-duty, blunt-tipped, serrated scissors.
MethodsThis study took place in an urban academic emergency department of a Level-1 trauma center. Human patient simulator mannequins were clothed in identical shirts and pants. The time required for clinical personnel to expose the patient using each device was measured. Each of the 50 participants was queried regarding their tactile comfort using each device.
ResultsThe mean time for shirt removal using scissors was 83 seconds (SD = 55 seconds; 95% CI, 68-99). The mean time for shirt removal using the hook device was 28 seconds (SD = 21 seconds; 95% CI, 22-34). The mean time for pants removal using scissors was 69 seconds (SD = 40 seconds; 95% CI, 56-73). The mean time for pants removal using the hook device was 19 seconds (SD=15 seconds; 95% CI, 15-23).
ConclusionsThe hooked device was 69% faster at removing clothing than traditionally-used scissors. Though simple in concept, these implications can be life saving, particularly in conditions of uncontrolled, life-threatening external hemorrhage.
. ,Tang N ,Levy M ,Harrow J .Bingham N Use of a Hooked Cutting Device Compared With Scissors for the Emergency Exposure of Critically Ill and Injured Patients . Prehosp Disaster Med.2013 ;28 (6 ):1 -4
Comprehensive Review
A Systematic Review of Noncommunicable Health Issues in Mass Gatherings
- Ahmed H. Alquthami, Jesse M. Pines
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 February 2014, pp. 167-175
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Introduction
The review was conducted to evaluate if the field of mass-gathering medicine has evolved in addressing: (1) the lack of uniform standard measures; (2) the effectiveness of and needs for various interventions during a mass gathering; and (3) the various types of noncommunicable health issues (trauma and medical complaints) encountered and their severity during a gathering.
MethodsA systematic review of papers published from 2003 through 2012 was conducted using databases of MEDLINE, Ovid, CINHAL, EBSCOHost, National Library of Medicine (NLM), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Elsevier, Scopus, and Proquest databases. Of 37,762 articles, 17 articles were included in this review, covering 18 mass-gathering events; 14 were multiple-day events.
ResultsAcross all events, the patient presentation rate (PPR) ranged from 0.13 to 20.8 patients per 1,000 attendees and the transfer to hospital rate (TTHR) ranged from 0.01 to 10.2 ambulance transports per 1,000 attendees. In four out of the seven studies, having on-site providers was associated with a lower rate of ambulance transports. The highest frequencies of noncommunicable presentations were headaches, abdominal complaints, and abrasions/lacerations. Most presentations were minor. Emergent cases requiring hospitalization (such as acute myocardial infarction) were rare.
ConclusionsThe rate of noncommunicable health issues varies across events and very serious emergencies are rare.
. ,Alquthami AH .Pines JM A Systematic Review of Noncommunicable Health Issues in Mass Gatherings . Prehosp Disaster Med.2014 ;29 (2 ):1 -9
Original Research
Formula One Night Race in Singapore: A 4-Year Analysis of a Planned Mass Gathering
- Weng Hoe Ho, Kristi L. Koenig, Lit Sin Quek
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 September 2014, pp. 489-493
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Introduction
Every mass gathering presents its unique characteristics that influence medical resource utilization. Medical planning for mass gatherings involves both use of predictive models and analysis of data from similar past events. This study aimed to describe the medical presentations and the unique challenges influencing medical planning at the Formula One Singtel Singapore Grand Prix, the inaugural Formula One night race. Patient presentation characteristics, rates of patient presentation, and transportation to hospitals in association with attendance and heat index were evaluated over a 4-year period from 2009 through 2012. This will facilitate medical planning for similar events.
MethodsA database containing patient presentations from the 3-day Singapore Grand Prix in 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 was analyzed. Patient presentations were categorized by time of day and presenting complaints. Patient presentation rates (PPRs) were analyzed to determine correlation with attendance numbers and heat index.
ResultsThe average annual attendance at the Singapore Grand Prix was 81,992 from 2009 through 2012. The average PPR was 2.17 (SD=0.63)/1,000 attendees. The average transport to hospital rate (TTHR) was 0.033 (SD=0.026)/1,000 attendees. While medical coverage was provided at the circuit park between 2:00 pm to 1:00 am daily, most attendees presented from 5:00 pm to 10:00 pm. The most common presenting complaints included: musculoskeletal conditions (59%) and heat related illnesses (19%). There was no correlation between attendance numbers and PPR and the heat index and PPR.
ConclusionMusculoskeletal conditions and heat-related illnesses were the most common presenting complaints at the Singapore Grand Prix from 2009-2012. The lack of correlation between heat index and PPR is a new finding compared with prior studies. This could be due to the minimal heat variation that occurred during the night event. Further study is required to refine models that can be used in specialized events.
. ,Ho WH ,Koenig KL .Quek LS Formula One Night Race in Singapore: A 4-Year Analysis of a Planned Mass Gathering . Prehosp Disaster Med.2014 ;29 (5 ):1 -5
Medical Support at a Large-scale Motorsports Mass-gathering Event: The Inaugural Formula One United States Grand Prix in Austin, Texas
- John P. Sabra, José G. Cabañas, John Bedolla, Shirley Borgmann, James Hawley, Kevin Craven, Carlos Brown, Chris Ziebell, Steve Olvey
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 July 2014, pp. 392-398
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Introduction
Formula One returned to the United States on November 16-18, 2012, with the inaugural United States Grand Prix in Austin, Texas. Medical preparedness for motorsports events represents a unique challenge due to the potential for a high number of spectators seeking medical attention, and the possibility for a mass-casualty situation. Adequate preparation requires close collaboration across public safety agencies and hospital networks to minimize impact on Emergency Medical Services (EMS) resources.
Hypothesis/ProblemTo report the details of preparation for an inaugural mass-gathering motorsports event, and to describe the details of the medical care rendered during the 3-day event.
MethodsA retrospective analysis was completed utilizing postevent summaries, provided by the medical planning committee, by the Federation Internationale de L'Automobile (FIA), and Austin Travis County Emergency Medical Services (ATCEMS). Patient data were collected from standardized patient care records for descriptive analysis. Medical usage rates (MURs) are reported as a rate of patients per 10,000 (PPTT) participants.
ResultsA total of 566 patients received medical care over the 3-day period with the on-site care rate of 95%. Overall, MUR was 21.3 PPTT attendees. Most patients had minor problems, and there were no driver injuries or deaths.
ConclusionThis mass-gathering motorsport event had a moderate number of patients requiring medical attention. The preparedness plan was implemented successfully with minimal impact on EMS resources and local medical facilities. This medical preparedness plan may serve as a model to other cities preparing for an inaugural motorsports event.
. ,Sabra JP ,Cabañas JG ,Bedolla J ,Borgmann S ,Hawley J ,Craven K ,Brown C ,Ziebell C .Olvey S Medical Support at a Large-scale Motorsports Mass-gathering Event: The Inaugural Formula One United States Grand Prix in Austin, Texas . Prehosp Disaster Med.2014 ;29 (4 ):1 -7
Diagnosis According to Time of Arrival at “The Great New York State Fair”
- Katherine Nacca, Jay Scott, William Grant
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 January 2014, pp. 47-49
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Objective
To study the diagnoses of patients presenting to a medical facility within a mass-gathering public event, “The Great New York State Fair” (NYSF) based on chief complaints, diagnoses, and time of arrival. The goal of the study was to assess the need for increased staffing, services, or supplies during certain times of day for an event that gathers approximately 1 million patrons over a 12-day span. Patrons occupy the grounds between the hours of 10 am and 11 pm, while workers and staff are on the grounds around the clock.
MethodTriage data gathered by trained medical students was collected from all of the patients seen during the 2009 NYSF from 12 am to 11:59 pm. Triage information was categorized based on the nature of complaint, physician impression, and time of arrival to assess for trends in the distribution of common chief complaints and diagnoses at a mass-gathering medical care facility.
ResultsThe early hours of the NYSF were occupied mostly with treatment of minor first aid complaints, while later hours were occupied more commonly by orthopedic complaints. Insect stings were the most frequent complaint throughout the day.
ConclusionDaytime and evening hours at the fair have a significant number of orthopedic diagnoses and may benefit from specific staff and equipment sufficient to handle these complaints. Stings and minor first aid injuries are also significant and may benefit from adequate stocking of the infirmary for such events. Major medical complaints, including cardiac and neurological complaints, did occur but were a minor part of the total patient population.
. ,Nacca K ,Scott J .Grant W Diagnosis According to Time of Arrival at “The Great New York State Fair” Prehosp Disaster Med.2014 ;29 (1 ):1 -3
Comparison of Prediction Models for Use of Medical Resources at Urban Auto-racing Events
- Jose V. Nable, Asa M. Margolis, Benjamin J. Lawner, Jon Mark Hirshon, Alexander J. Perricone, Samuel M. Galvagno, Debra Lee, Michael G. Millin, Richard A. Bissell, Richard L. Alcorta
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 September 2014, pp. 608-613
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Introduction
Predicting the number of patient encounters and transports during mass gatherings can be challenging. The nature of these events necessitates that proper resources are available to meet the needs that arise. Several prediction models to assist event planners in forecasting medical utilization have been proposed in the literature.
Hypothesis/ProblemThe objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of the Arbon and Hartman models in predicting the number of patient encounters and transportations from the Baltimore Grand Prix (BGP), held in 2011 and 2012. It was hypothesized that the Arbon method, which utilizes regression model-derived equations to estimate, would be more accurate than the Hartman model, which categorizes events into only three discreet severity types.
MethodsThis retrospective analysis of the BGP utilized data collected from an electronic patient tracker system. The actual number of patients evaluated and transported at the BGP was tabulated and compared to the numbers predicted by the two studied models. Several environmental features including weather, crowd attendance, and presence of alcohol were used in the Arbon and Hartman models.
ResultsApproximately 130,000 spectators attended the first event, and approximately 131,000 attended the second. The number of patient encounters per day ranged from 19 to 57 in 2011, and the number of transports from the scene ranged from two to nine. In 2012, the number of patients ranged from 19 to 44 per day, and the number of transports to emergency departments ranged from four to nine. With the exception of one day in 2011, the Arbon model overpredicted the number of encounters. For both events, the Hartman model overpredicted the number of patient encounters. In regard to hospital transports, the Arbon model underpredicted the actual numbers whereas the Hartman model both overpredicted and underpredicted the number of transports from both events, varying by day.
ConclusionsThese findings call attention to the need for the development of a versatile and accurate model that can more accurately predict the number of patient encounters and transports associated with mass-gathering events so that medical needs can be anticipated and sufficient resources can be provided.
. ,Nable JV ,Margolis AM ,Lawner BJ ,Hirshon JM ,Perricone AJ ,Galvagno SM ,Lee D ,Millin MG ,Bissell RA .Alcorta RL Comparison of Prediction Models for Use of Medical Resources at Urban Auto-racing Events . Prehosp Disaster Med.2014 ;29 (6 ):1 -6
Comprehensive Review
Enhancing the Minimum Data Set for Mass-Gathering Research and Evaluation: An Integrative Literature Review
- Jamie Ranse, Alison Hutton, Sheila A. Turris, Adam Lund
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 May 2014, pp. 280-289
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Introduction
In 2012, a minimum data set (MDS) was proposed to enable the standardized collection of biomedical data across various mass gatherings. However, the existing 2012 MDS could be enhanced to allow for its uptake and usability in the international context. The 2012 MDS is arguably Australian-centric and not substantially informed by the literature. As such, an MDS with contributions from the literature and application in the international settings is required.
MethodsThis research used an integrative literature review design. Manuscripts were collected using keyword searches from databases and journal content pages from 2003 through 2013. Data were analyzed and categorized using the existing 2012 MDS as a framework.
ResultsIn total, 19 manuscripts were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Variation in the patient presentation types was described in the literature from the mass-gathering papers reviewed. Patient presentation types identified in the literature review were compared to the 2012 MDS. As a result, 16 high-level patient presentation types were identified that were not included in the 2012 MDS.
ConclusionAdding patient presentation types to the 2012 MDS ensures that the collection of biomedical data for mass-gathering health research and evaluation remains contemporary and comprehensive. This review proposes the addition of 16 high-level patient presentation categories to the 2012 MDS in the following broad areas: gastrointestinal, obstetrics and gynecology, minor illness, mental health, and patient outcomes. Additionally, a section for self-treatment has been added, which was previously not included in the 2012 MDS, but was widely reported in the literature.
. ,Ranse J ,Hutton A ,Turris SA .Lund A Enhancing the Minimum Data Set for Mass-Gathering Research and Evaluation: An Integrative Literature Review . Prehosp Disaster Med.2014 ;29 (3 ):1 -10
Case Report
High-fidelity Human Patient Simulators Compared with Human Actors in an Unannounced Mass-Casualty Exercise
- Christian M. Schulz, Matthias Skrzypczak, Stefan Raith, Dominik Hinzmann, Veronika Krautheim, Fabian Heuser, Valentin Mayer, Christoph Kreuzer, Meike Himsl, Michael Holl, Christina Lipp, Eberhard F. Kochs, Klaus J. Wagner
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- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 March 2014, pp. 176-182
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High-fidelity simulators (HFSs) have been shown to prompt critical actions at a level equal to that of trained human actors (HAs) and increase perceived realism in intrahospital mass-casualty incident (MCI) exercises. For unannounced prehospital MCI exercises, however, no data are available about the feasibility of incorporating HFSs. This case report describes the integration of HFSs in such an unannounced prehospital MCI drill with HAs and provides data about the differences concerning triage, treatment, and transport of HFSs and HAs with identical injury patterns. For this purpose, 75 actors and four high-fidelity simulators were subdivided into nine groups defined by a specific injury pattern. Four HFSs and six HAs comprised a group suffering from traumatic brain injury and blunt abdominal trauma. Triage results, times for transport, and number of diagnostic and therapeutic tasks were recorded. Means were compared by t test or one-way ANOVA.
Triage times and results did not differ between actors and simulators. The number of diagnostic (1.25, SD = 0.5 in simulators vs 3.5, SD = 1.05 in HAs; P = .010) and therapeutic tasks (2.0, SD = 1.6 in simulators vs 4.8, SD = 0.4 in HAs; P = .019) were significantly lower in simulators. Due to difficulties in treating and evacuating the casualties from the site of the accident in a timely manner, all simulators died. Possible causal factors and strategies are discussed, with the aim of increasing the utility of simulators in emergency medicine training.
. ,Schulz CM ,Skrzypczak M ,Raith S ,Hinzmann D ,Krautheim V ,Heuser F ,Mayer V ,Kreuzer C ,Himsl M ,Holl M ,Lipp C ,Kochs EF .Wagner KJ High-fidelity Human Patient Simulators Compared with Human Actors in an Unannounced Mass-Casualty Exercise . Prehosp Disaster Med.2014 ;29 (2 ):1 -7