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Change and Continuity in Europe and the Mediterranean around 1600 bc

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 October 2015

Roberto Risch  and
Harald Meller
Roberto Risch
Affiliation:
Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici B., E–08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona). Robert.Risch@uab.es
Harald Meller
Affiliation:
Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archaeologie Sachsen-Anhalt, Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, Richard-Wagner-Str. 9, D–06114 Halle (Saale). hmeller@lda.mk.sachsen-anhalt.de
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Abstract

Based on recent evidence from both archaeological and natural sciences, in this paper we would like to sketch a historical geography of Europe and the Mediterranean around the year 1600 bc and then discuss the changes observed during the 16th century bc in relation to a possible correspondence with the Thera eruption. Our point of departure will be the sequence of events that took place during the months and years just before, during, and immediately after the Thera eruption. The available archaeological evidence permits us to explore the response of the local and regional communities, the logistics that were mobilised, and the political decisions adopted in light of these events. From this local and regional scenario we will move on to discuss the changes occurring in Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Near East during the 16th century bc. At least four different socio-economic and political scenarios can be sketched, showing that the responses of Bronze Age societies were highly variable. At that point, we can ask how different political structures existing at the time reacted or were affected by the ecological and/or social dynamics. Basically, our itinerary concludes that the Thera eruption did not cause a severe climatic or environmental change, but touched the ideological realm particularly of those socio-political entities which were more dependent on complex ideological superstructures in order to legitimate extreme economic exploitation.

Résumé

Changement et continuité en Europe et dans la Méditerranée vers 1600 av. J.-C., de Roberto Risch et Harald Meller

Reposant sur de récents témoignages provenant à la fois des sciences de l’archéologie et de la nature, nous voudrions, dans cette étude, esquisser une géographie historique de l’Europe et de la Méditerranée aux alentours de l’an 1600 av. J.-C. et, sur cette base, discuter des changements observés au cours du XVIe siècle dans le cadre d’une possibilité avec de correspondance avec l’éruption de Théra. Notre point de départ sera la séquence d’événements qui eut lieu pendant les mois et les années juste avant, pendant et immédiatement après l’éruption de Théra. Les témoignages archéologiques disponibles nous permettent d’explorer la réaction des communautés locales et régionales, la logistique qui fut mobilisée et les décisions politiques qui furent adoptées à la lumière de ces événements. A partir de ce scénario local et régional nous en viendrons à discuter des changements qui eurent lieu en Europe, dans la Méditerranée et au Proche-Orient au cours du XVIe siècle av. J.-C. Au moins quatre différents scénarios socio-économiques et politiques peuvent être esquissés, montrant que la réaction des sociétés de l’âge du bronze a été exteèmement variée. A ce point-là, nous pouvons nous demander comment les différentes structures politiques qui existaient à cette époque-là ont réagi ou ont été affectées par les dynamiques écologiques et/ou sociales. En gros, notre itinéraire en conclut que l’éruption de Théra n’a pas causé de changements graves ni au climat, ni à l’environnement, mais a touché le domaine idéologique, en particulier celui de ces entités socio-politiques qui dépendaient le plus de superstructures idéologiques complexes de manière à légitimiser une exploitation économique extrème.

Zussamenfassung

Wandel und Kontinuität in Europa und im Mittelmeerraum um 1600 v. Chr., von Roberto Risch und Harald Meller

Auf Grundlage der jüngsten Erkenntnisse aus Archäologie und Naturwissenschaften wollen wir in diesem Beitrag eine historische Geographie von Europa und dem Mittelmeerraum um das Jahr 1600 v. Chr. skizzieren und darauf aufbauend den Wandel, der während des 16. vorchristlichen Jahrhunderts zu beobachten ist, in Bezug auf einen möglichen Zusammenhang mit dem Ausbruch des Vulkans auf Thera diskutieren. Unser Startpunkt ist die Reihe von Ereignissen, die in den Monaten und Jahren unmittelbar vor, während und nach der Thera-Eruption stattfanden. Die vorhandenen archäologischen Erkenntnisse erlauben uns die Reaktionen der lokalen und regionalen Gemeinschaften, die von ihnen mobilisierte Logistik und die getroffenen politischen Entscheidungen im Licht dieser Ereignisse zu untersuchen. Von diesem lokalen und regionalen Szenario ausgehend diskutieren wir die Veränderungen, die in Europa, dem Mittelmeerraum und dem Nahen Osten im 16. Jahrhundert v. Chr. erfolgten. Mindestens vier verschiedene sozioökonomische und politische Szenarien können skizziert werden, die zeigen, dass die Reaktionen der bronzezeitlichen Gesellschaften höchst unterschiedlich waren. An diesem Punkt können wir fragen wie verschiedene zu dieser Zeit existierende politische Strukturen den Veränderungen begegneten und von der ökologischen und/oder der sozialen Dynamik beeinflusst wurden. Im Wesentlichen können wir schlussfolgern, dass die Thera-Eruption keinen starken klimatischen oder ökologischen Wandel hervorrief, aber die ideologische Ebene vor allem jener soziopolitischen Einheiten betraf, die stärker von komplexen ideologischen Überbauten abhängig waren um eine extreme ökonomische Ausbeutung zu legitimieren.

Resumen

Cambio y continuidad en Europa y el Mediterráneo hacia 1600 ANE, por Roberto Risch y Harald Meller

En el presente artículo, fundamentado en las evidencias recientes proporcionadas tanto por la arqueología como por las ciencias naturales, pretendemos esbozar una geografía histórica de Europa y el Mediterráneo alrededor del año 1600 ANE. Basándonos en ella trataremos los cambios que se observan durante el siglo XVI ANE y su posible correspondencia con la erupción de Tera. Nuestro punto de partida es la secuencia de acontecimientos que tuvieron lugar en los años y los meses inmediatamente anteriores y posteriores al evento. Los datos arqueológicos disponibles nos permiten indagar en la reacción de las comunidades locales y regionales, la logística movilizada y las decisiones políticas adoptadas a raíz de estos sucesos. Desde este escenario local y regional pasaremos a analizar los cambios que tuvieron lugar en Europa, el Mediterráneo y Oriente Próximo durante el siglo XVI ANE. Es posible vislumbrar cuatro situaciones socioeconómicas y políticas diferentes, que muestran la respuestas de las sociedades de la Edad del Bronce fueron muy diversa. En este punto podemos preguntarnos cómo reaccionaron las distintas estructuras políticas existentes en ese momento o de qué manera les afectaron las dinámicas ecológicas y/o sociales. Sucintamente, nuestro recorrido concluye que la erupción de Tera no provocó un cambio climático o medioambiental severo, pero que afectó a la esfera ideológica, en particular a la de las entidades sociopolíticas que dependían en mayor medida de unas superestructuras complejas para legitimar una explotación económica extrema.

Keywords

Thera ‘Minoan eruption’Bronze Age societiesAegean prehistoryEuropean prehistory
Type
Articles
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 81 , December 2015 , pp. 239 - 264
Copyright
© The Prehistoric Society 2015 

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