Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-nwzlb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-30T01:14:09.374Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Island Britain – Peninsula Britain: Palaeogeography, Colonisation, and the Lower Palaeolithic Settlement of the British Isles

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2014

Mark J. White
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE
Danielle C. Schreve
Affiliation:
Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD

Abstract

Britain's geographical status has fluctuated between an island and a peninsula of Europe several times over the past 500 kya, as sea-levels rose and fell in response to global climate change. In this paper, we outline the currently available lithological and biological evidence for these fluctuations and use it to help construct an heuristic biogeographical framework of human colonisation, settlement, and abandonment, proposing mechanisms that are coupled with both regional palaeogeographical evolution and global climatic change. When used as a means of interpreting the archaeological record, the implications of this framework suggests not only that large-scale socio-culturally relevant patterns may indeed exist in the lithic record, but that these may possibly be understood as part of the ebb and flow of different regional populations, measured against the backdrop of changing climates and landscapes. It is suggested that the Clactonian and Acheulean may represent separate pulses of colonisation, possibly by different European populations, following abandonment during the height of glacial periods: the Clactonian reflecting an early recolonisation event during climatic amelioration, the Acheulean representing a second wave during the main interglacial. This phenomenon is recurrent, being observable during the first two post-Anglian inter glacials. Other patterns in the lithic record are argued to reflect specific endemic technological developments among insular hominid populations during periods of isolation from mainland Europe. These represent some of the few patterns in the British Acheulean that cannot be interpreted more parsimoniously in terms of raw materials.

Résumé

Au cours des 500 000 dernières années, le statut géographique de la Grande-Bretagne a fluctué et est passé, à plusieurs reprises, de celui d'île a celui de péninsule de l'Europe, en fonction de la hausse ou baisse des niveaux marins en réaction aux changements climatiques globaux. Dans cette étude, nous mettons en évidence les témoignages lithologiques et biologiques relatifs à ces fluctuations actuellement à notre disposition et les utilisons pour nous aider à élaborer un tableau biogéographique heuristique de sa colonisation, son occupation puis son abandon par l'homme, nous proposons des mécanismes qui sont en relation à la fois avec l‘évolution paléographique régionale et les changements climatiques globaux. Si on utilise ce tableau comme moyen d'interprétation des témoignages archéologiques, ses implications nous conduisent à penser qu'il est non seulement possible qu'existent effectivement dans les témoignages lithiques des exemples à grande échelle sociaux-culturellement pertinents, mais encore, qu'on peut peut être les interpréter comme faisant partie intégrante du flux et reflux des différentes populations régionales, considérées sur un fond de changements climatiques et paysagers. On émet l'hypothèse qu'il se peut que le clactonien et l'acheuléen aient constitué deux poussées séparées de colonisation, peut-être par des peuples européens différents, à la suite de l'abandon des sites au cours des ères glaciaires maximales: le clactonien reflèterait une situation de recolonisation précoce coïncidant avec une amélioration climatique, l'acheuléen constituerait une deuxième vague au cours de la principale ère interglaciaire. Ce phénomène s'est répété, on peut l'observer pendant les deux premières périodes interglaciaires post-angliennes. On suggère que d'autres séries, parmi les témoignages lithiques, représentent des développements technologiques endémiques particuliers parmi les populations d'hominidés insulaires pendant les périodes ou elles se trouvaient séparées du continent européen. On trouve parmi celles-ci certains des rares exemples de l'acheuléen britannique qu'on ne peut pas interpréter plus parcimonieusement en termes de matières premières.

Zusammenfassung

Im Zuge der Meeresspiegelschwankungen, die von den globaler Klimaveränderung hervorgerufen wurden, veränderte sich Britanniens geographische Lage zu Europa während der letzten 500,000 Jahren mehrmals von Insel und Halbinsel. In diesem Artikel werden wir die zur Zeit verfügbaren lithologischen und biologischen Nachweise für diese Fluktuationen zusammenfassen, und sie dazu benutzen, einen heuristisch biogeographischen Rahmen für menschliche Kolonisation, Besiedlung und Siedlungsaufgabe herzustellen. Dabei werden wir Mechanismen vorstellen, die sowohl mit regionaler paläogeographischer Evolution als auch globaler Klimaveränderung einher gehen. Die Implikationen dieses Bezugssystems, wenn es zur Interpretation archäologischer Quellen herangezogen wird, deuten nur darauf hin, daß in großem Umfang soziokulturell relevante Strukturen im lithischen Quellenmaterial existierten, sondern auch daß sie vor dem Hintergrund von wechselndem Klima und Landschaften wahrscheinlich als ein Teil eines Zu- und Abstromes von verschiedenen regionalen Populationen verstanden werden können. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß das Clactonien und Acheulien wahrscheinlich getrennte Impulse einer Kolonisation von verschiedenen europäischen Populationen darstellt, die dem Abbruch während des Höhepunkts der glazialen Perioden folgte: das Clactonien wäre eine frühere Rekolonisierung während einer klimatischen Verbesserung, und das Acheulien würde eine zweite Welle während des größeren Interglazials. Dieses Phänomen wiederholt sich und kann während der ersten zwei postanglianischen Zwischeneiszeiten beobachtet werden. Weiterhin wird argumentiert, daß andere Muster im lithischen Fundgut spezifische, endemisch technologische Entwicklungen bei den insularen Hominiden Populationen während der Phasen der Isolation vom europäischen Festland darstellen. Diese spiegeln einige der wenigen Muster im Britischen Acheulien wider, die nicht in bezug auf die Rohmaterialien interpretiert werden können.

Resúmen

La condición geográfica de las Islas Británicas ha fluctuado varias veces en los últimos 500.000 años siendo ya una isla, ya una península de Europa, como consecuencia de los ascensos y descensos del nivel del mar, en respuesta a cambios climáticos globales. En este trabajo presentamos la evidencia de carácter litológico y biológico disponible actualmente para documentar dichas fluctuaciones, y la usamos como instrumento para construir un marco heurístico biogeográfico de la colonización humana, su asentamiento y abandono, proponiendo mecanismos que se relacionan tanto con la evolución paleogeográfica local como con los cambios climáticos globales. Consecuencia de la aplicación de este método en la interpretación del registro arqueológico es la sugerencia de que no sólo puede que existan modelos de importancia socio-cultural a gran escala en el registro lítico, sino que también pueden ser entendidos como parte del flujo y reflujo de diferentes poblaciones regionales medidas sobre el telón de fondo de climas y paisajes cambiantes. Se sugiere que tanto el clactoniense como el achelense pueden representar impulsos separados de colonización, llevados a cabo posiblemente por diferentes poblaciones europeas tras abandonos durante los periodos de máximo glacial. Así, el clactoniense reflejaría un episodio de recolonización temprana producido durante una mejoría climática, y el achelense una segunda ola colonizadora habida durante el integlacial mayor. Este fenómeno es recurrente y puede ser observado durante los dos primeros post-Anglian interglaciales. Se propone que otros modelos del registro lítico reflejarían desarrollos tecnológicos específicos, endémicos en las poblaciones homínidas insulares durante los periodos de aislamiento del continente europeo. Estos representan algunas de las escasas muestras del achelense británico que no pueden ser explicadas más sucintamente en clave relativa a las materias primas.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adam, K.D. 1954. Die mittelpleistozänen Faunen von Steinheim an der Murr (Wurttemberg). Quaternaria 1, 131–44Google Scholar
Aldhouse-Green, S. 1998. The archaeology of distance: perspectives from the Welsh Palaeolithic. In Ashton, N.Healy, F. & Pettitt, P. (eds), Stone Age Archaeology: essays in honour of John Wymer, 137–45. London: Lithic Studies SocietyGoogle Scholar
Allen, L.G., Gibbard, P.L, Pettit, M.E., Preece, R.C. & Robinson, J.E. 1996. Late Pleistocene interglacial deposits at Pennington Marshes, Lymington, Hampshire, southern England. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 107, 3950CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antoine, P. 1989. Stratigraphie des formations pleistocènes de Sangatte (Pas-de-Calais), d'après les première travaux du tunnel sous la Manche. Bulletin de l'Association Française pour l'Etude du Quaternaire 1989–1, 518Google Scholar
Ashton, N.M. 1998. The spatial distribution of the flint artefacts and human behaviour. In Ashton, et al. 1998 251–8Google Scholar
Ashton, N.M. n.d. Absence of humans in Britain during the last Interglacial (Stage 5e). Pre-publication manuscriptGoogle Scholar
Ashton, N.M & McNabb, J. 1994. Bifaces in perspective. In Ashton, N.M & David, A. (eds), Stories in Stone, 182–91 London: Lithic Studies Society Occasional Paper 4Google Scholar
Ashton, N.M, Cook, J., Lewis, S.G., & Rose, J. 1992. High Lodge: excavations by G. de G. Sieveking 1962–68 and J. Cook 1988. London: British Museum PressGoogle Scholar
Ashton, N.M., Bowen, D.Q., Holman, A., Irving, B.G., Kemp, R.A., Lewis, S.G., McNabb, J., Parfitt, S. & Seddon, M.B. 1994a. Excavations at the Lower Palaeolithic site at East Farm, Barnham, Suffolk 1989–1992. Journal of the Geological Society of London 151, 599605CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashton, N.M., McNabb, J., Irving, B.G., Lewis, S.G. & Parfitt, S. 1994b. Contemporaneity of Clactonian and Acheulian flint industries at Barnham, Suffolk. Antiquity 68, 585–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashton, N.M., Lewis, S.G. & Parfitt, S. 1998. Excavations at the Lower Palaeolithic Site at blast Farm, Barnham, Suffolk 1989–94. London: British Museum Occasional Paper 125Google Scholar
Balescu, S. & Haesaerts, P. 1984. The Sangatte raised beach and the age of the opening of the Straits of Dover. Geologic en Mijnbouw 63, 355–62Google Scholar
Balescu, S & Lamothe, P. 1991. The blue emission of k-feldspar coarse grains and its potential for over-coming TL age underestimation. Quaternary Science Reviews 11, 4551CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balescu, S & Lamothe, P. 1993. Thermoluminescence dating of the Holsteinien marine formation of Herzeele (northern France). Journal of Quaternary Science 8, 117–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balescu, S., Packman, S., Wintle, C. & Grün, R. 1992. Thermoluminescence dating of the Middle Pleistocene raised beach of Sangatte (northern France). Quaternary Research 37, 390–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banham, P.H. 1988. Polyphase glaciotectonic deformation in the contorted drift of Norfolk. In Croot, D.G. (ed), Glaciotectonics: forms and processes, 2732. Rotterdam: BalkemaGoogle Scholar
Barabbas, M., Mangini, A., Sarnthein, M. & Stremme, H.E. 1988. The age of the Holstein interglacial: a reply. Quaternary Research 29, 80–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barton, R.N.E. & Roberts, A.J. 1996. Reviewing the British Late Upper Palaeolithic: new evidence for chronological patterning in the late glacial record. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 15(3), 245–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. 1994. The Lower Paleolithic of the Near East. Journal of World Prehistory 8(3), 211–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Goren-Inbar, N. 1993. The Lithic Assemblages of Ubeidiya: a Lower Palaeolithic site in the Jordan Valley. Jerusalem: Hebrew UniversityGoogle Scholar
Bates, M.R. 1993. Quaternary Aminostratigraphy in northwestern France. Quaternary Science Reviews 12, 793809CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, M.R. 1998. Pleistocene sequences at Norton Farm, Chicester, West Sussex (TQ 9257 0655). In Murton, J.B., Whiteman, C.A.Bates, M.B.Bridgland, D.R.Long, A.J., Roberts, M.B. & Waller, M.P. (eds), The Quaternary of Kent and Sussex: field guide, 168177. London: Quaternary Research AssociationGoogle Scholar
Bates, M.R., Parfitt, S.A. & Roberts, M.B. 1997. The chronology, palaeogeography and archaeological significance of the marine Quaternary record of the West Sussex Coastal Plain, Southern England, UK. Quaternary Science Reviews 16 (10), 1227–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellamy, A.G. 1995. Extension of the British Landmass from shelf sediment bodies in the English Channel. In Preece, (ed.) 1995, 4762Google Scholar
Binford, L.R. 1985. Human ancestors: changing views on their behaviour. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 4, 292327CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boreham, S. & Gibbard, P.L. 1995. Middle Pleistocene Hoxnian stage interglacial deposits at Hitchin, Hertfordshire, England. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 106, 259–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosinski, G. 1982. The transition lower/middle Palaeolithic in north-west Germany. In Ronen, A. (ed), The Transition from Lower to Middle Palaeolithic and the Origin of Modern Man, 165–75. Oxford: British Archaeological Report S151Google Scholar
Bosinski, G. 1995. Stone artefacts of the European Lower Palaeolithic: a short note. In Roebroeks, & van Kolfschoten, (eds) 1995, 263–8Google Scholar
Bowen, D.Q. & Sykes, G.A. 1988. Correlation of marine events and glaciations on the northeast Atlantic margin. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B318, 619–35Google Scholar
Bowen, D.Q. & Sykes, G.A. 1994. How old is Boxgrove Man? Nature 371, 751Google Scholar
Bowen, D.Q., Rose, J., McCabe, A.M & Sutherland, D.G. 1986. Correlation of Quaternary glaciations in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Quaternary Science Reviews 5, 299340CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowen, D.Q., Hughes, S., Sykes, G.A. & Miller, G.H. 1989. Land-sea correlations in the Pleistocene based on isoleucine epimerization in non-marine molluscs. Nature 340, 4951CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, R & Richerson, P. 1985. Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Chicago: University PressGoogle Scholar
Breuil, H. 1932. Les industries à éclats du Paléolithique Ancien 1– Le Clactonien. Préhistoire 1(2), 125–89Google Scholar
Bridgland, D.R. 1994. Quaternary of the Thames. London: Chapman and HallCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgland, D. 1995. The Quaternary sequence of the lower Thames: problems of correlation. In: Bridgland, D.R.Allen, P. & Haggart, B. (eds), The Quaternary of the Lower Reaches of the Thames: field guide, 3552. London: Quaternary Research AssociationGoogle Scholar
Bridgland, D.R. 1996. Quaternary river terrace deposits as a Framework for the Lower Palaeolithic record. In Gamble, C.S. & Lawson, A.J. (eds), The English Palaeolithic Reviewed, 2339. Salisbury: Wessex ArchaeologyGoogle Scholar
Bridgland, D.R. & D'Olier, B. 1995. The Pleistocene evolution of the Thames and Rhine drainage systems in the south North Sea basin. In Preece, (ed.) 1995, 2745Google Scholar
Bridgland, D.R. & Harding, P. 1993. Middle Pleistocene Thames terrace deposits at Globe Pit, Little Thurrock, and their contained Clactonian industry. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 104, 263–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgland, D.R., Keen, D.H. & Maddy, D. 1986. A reinvestigation of the Bushley Green Terrace typesite, Hereford and Worcester. Quaternary Newsletter 50, 16Google Scholar
Bridgland, D.R., Keen, D.H. & Maddy, D. 1989. The Avon erraces: Cropthorne, Ailstone and Eckington. In Keen, D.H. (ed), West Midlands. Field Guide, 5167. Cambridge: Quaternary Research AssociationGoogle Scholar
Bridgland, D., Keen, D.H., Schreve, D.C. & White, M.J. 1998. Summary: dating and correlation of the Stour Sequence. In Murton, J.B.Whiteman, C.A.Bates, M.B., Bridgland, D.R.Long, A.J.Roberts, M.B. & Waller, M.P. (eds), The Quaternary of Kent and Sussex: field guide, 53–4. London: Quaternary Research AssociationGoogle Scholar
Brown, R.C., Gilbertson, D.D., Green, C.P. & Keen, D.H. 1975. Stratigraphy and environmental significance of Pleistocene deposits at Stone, Hampshire. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 86, 349–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callow, P. 1986. A comparison of British and French Acheulian bifaces. In Collcutt, S.N. (ed.), The Palaeolithic of Britain and its nearest neighbours: recent trends, 37. Sheffield: Department of Archaeology, University of SheffieldGoogle Scholar
Carbonnel, E. & Rodríguez, X.P. 1994. Early Middle Pleistocene deposits and artifacts in the Gran Dolina site (TD 4) of the ‘Sierra de Atapuerca’ (Burgos, Spain). Journal of Human Evolution 26, 291311CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandler, R.H. 1930. On the Clactonian industry at Swanscombe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia 6, 79116CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chappell, J. & Polach, H. 1991. Post-glacial sea-level rise from the coral record at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. Nature 349, 147–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coles, B.J. 1998. Doggerland: a speculative survey. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 64, 4581CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, D. 1969. Culture traditions and environment of early man. Current Anthropology 10(4), 267316CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conway, B. 1996. Bifaces in a Clactonian context at Little Thurrock, Grays, Essex. Lithics 16, 41–6Google Scholar
Conway, B., McNabb, J. & Ashton, N.M. (eds) 1996. Excavations at Barnfield Pit, Swanscombe, 1968–72. London: British Museum Occasional Paper 94.Google Scholar
Cooper, J. 1972 Last Interglacial (Ipswichian) non-marine Mollusca from Aveley, Essex. Essex Naturalist 33, 914Google Scholar
Cruse, J. 1987. Further investigations at the Acheulian site at Cuxton. Archaeologia Cantiana 104, 3981Google Scholar
Currant, A.P. 1986. Man and Quaternary interglacial faunas of Britain. In Collcutt, S.N. (ed.), The Palaeolithic of Britain and its Nearest neighbours: recent trends, 50–2 Sheffield: Department of Archaeology, University of SheffieldGoogle Scholar
Currant, A.P. & Jacobi, R.M. 1997. Vertebrate faunas of the British late Pleistocene and the chronology of human settlement. Quaternary Newsletter 82, 18Google Scholar
Davies, K.H. 1984. Aminostratigraphy of British Pleistocene beach deposits. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, University of Wales, AberystwythGoogle Scholar
Davies, K.H & Keen, D.H. 1985. The age of the Pleistocene marine deposits at Portland, Dorset. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 96, 217–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foley, R & Lahr, M.M. 1997. Mode 3 technologies and the evolution of modern humans. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 7(1), 336CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Funnell, B.M. 1995. Global sea-level and the (pen-) insularity of late Cenozoic Britain. In Preece, (ed.) 1995, 313Google Scholar
Gamble, C.S. 1986. The Palaeolithic Settlement of Europe. Cambridge: University PressGoogle Scholar
Gamble, C.S. 1996. Making tracks: hominid networks and the evolution of the social landscape. In Steele, J. & Shennan, S. (eds), The Archaeology of Human Ancestry: power, sex and tradition, 253–77. London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
Gamble, C.S. & Roebroeks, W. 1999. The Middle Palaeolithic: a point of inflection, in:Gamble, C.S. & Roebroeks, W. (eds), The Middle Palaeolithic Occupation of Europe. Leiden: UniversityGoogle Scholar
Gamble, C.S. & Steele, J. 1999. Hominid ranging patterns and dietary strategies in Ullrich, H. (ed.), Hominid Evolution: lifestyles and survival strategies, 396409. Gottingen: Edition ArchaeaGoogle Scholar
Gaudzinski, S. 1996. Kärlich-Seeufer: Untersuchungen zu einer Altpaläolithischen Fundstelle im Neuwieder Becken (Rheinland-Pfalz). Sonderdruck aus Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralsmuseum Mainz 43Google Scholar
Gibbard, P.L. 1988. The history of the great northwest European rivers during the past three million years. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B318, 559602Google Scholar
Gibbard, P.L. 1995. The formation of the Straits of Dover. In Preece, (ed.) 1995, 1526Google Scholar
Grahmann, R. 1955. The lower Palaeolithic site of Markkleeberg and other comparable localities near Leipzig. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society ns 45, 509687CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamblin, R.J.O. & Harrison, D.J. 1989. Marine Aggregate Survey Phase 2: South Coast. British Geological Survey Marine Report, 88/31Google Scholar
Hart, J.K. 1992. Proglacial glaciotectonic deformation and the origin of the Cromer Ridge push moraine complex, north Norfolk, UK. Boreas 19, 165–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hearty, P.J. 1998. The geology of Eleuthera Island, Bahamas: a Rosetta Stone of quaternary stratigraphy and sea-level history. Quaternary Science Reviews 17, 333–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollin, J.T. 1977. Thames interglacial sites, Ipswichian sea-levels and Antarctic ice surges. Boreas 6, 3352CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holyoak, D.T. 1983. A Late Pleistocene interglacial flora and molluscan fauna from Thatcham, Berkshire, with notes on Mollusca from interglacial deposits at Aveley, Essex. Geological Magazine 120, 823–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horton, A, Keen, D.H. & Davey, N.D.W. 1991. Hicks No. 1 Brickyard, Fletton, Peterborough (TL 190956). In Lewis, S.G.Whiteman, C.A. & Bridgland, D.R. (eds), Central East Anglia and the Fen Basin. Field Guide, 163–72. London: Quaternary Research AssociationGoogle Scholar
Horton, A., Keen, D.H., Field, M.H., Robinson, J.E., Coope, G.R., Currant, A.P., Graham, D.K., Green, C.P. & Phillips, L.M. 1992. Hoxnian interglacial deposits at Woodston, Peterborough. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B338, 131–64Google Scholar
Housley, R.A., Gamble, C.S., Street, M., & Pettitt, P. 1997. Radiocarbon evidence for the Lateglacial human recolonisation of northern Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 63, 2554CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubbard, R. 1996. The palynological studies from the Waechter excavations. In Conway, et al. (eds) 1996, 191200Google Scholar
Irving, B.G. 1996. The ichthyofauna from the Waechter excavations, Barnfield Pit, Swanscombe. In Conway, et al. (eds) 1996, 145–7Google Scholar
Isaac, G. 1972. Early phases in human behaviour: models in Lower Palaeolithic archaeology. In Clarke, D. (ed.), Models in Archaeology, 167–99. London: MethuenGoogle Scholar
Jacobi, R.M. 1976. Britain inside and outside Mesolithic Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 42, 6784CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, R. L & Keen, D.H. 1993. Pleistocene Environments in the British Isles. London: Chapman and HallCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jelgersma, S. 1979. Sea-level changes in the North Sea basin. In Oele, E., Schüttenhelm, R.T.E. & Wiggers, A.J. (eds), The Quaternary History of the North Sea, 233–48. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Symposia Universitatis Upsaliensis Annum Quingentesimum Celebrantis 2Google Scholar
Kahlke, H.D. & Mania, D. 1994. Komplexe Interglazialfundstellen Thüringens (Exkursion B2). Altenburger Naturwissenschaffliche Forschungen 7, 357–77Google Scholar
Keeley, L.H. 1980. Experimental Determination of Stone Tool Uses. Chicago: University PressGoogle Scholar
Keeley, L.H. 1993. The utilisation of lithic artefacts. 1. microwear analysis of lithics. In Singer, R.Gladfelter, B.G. & Wymer, J. (eds), The Lower Paleolithic Site at Hoxne, England, 129–37. Chicago: University PressGoogle Scholar
Keen, D.H. 1995. Raised beaches and sea-levels in the English Channel in the Middle and Late Pleistocene: problems of interpretation and implications for the isolation of the British Isles. In Preece, (ed.) 1995, 6374Google Scholar
Kennard, A.S. 1942a. Discussion on Pleistocene chronology. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 53, 24–5Google Scholar
Kennard, A.S. 1942b. Faunas of the High Terrace at Swanscombe. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 53, 105Google Scholar
Kennard, A.S. & Woodward, B.B. 1923. On the non-marine Mollusca from Clacton-on-Sea. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 79, 629–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerney, M.P. 1959. An interglacial tufa near Hitchin, Hertfordshire. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 70, 322–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerney, M.P. 1971. Interglacial deposits at Barnfield Pit, Swanscombe, and their molluscan fauna. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 127, 6986CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerney, M.P. 1976. Mollusca from an interglacial tufa in East Anglia, with the description of a new species of Lyrodiscus Pilsbry (Gastropoda: Zonitidae). Journal of Conchology 29, 4750Google Scholar
Klein, R. 1999. The Human Career: human biological and cultural origins (2 ed.). Chicago: University PressGoogle Scholar
Kukla, G. & Cílek, V. (1996) Plio-Pleistocene megacycles: record of climate and tectonics. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 120, 171–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambeck, K. 1993. Glacial rebound of the British Isles – 1. Preliminary model results. Geophysical Journal International 115, 941–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lefebvre, D. 1993. Different types of ending to the last two interglacials in Western Europe. Boreas 22, 71–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lister, A.M. 1995. Sea-levels and the evolution of island endemics: the dwarf red deer of Jersey. In Preece, (ed.) 1995, 151–72Google Scholar
Lunkka, J.P. 1994. Sedimentation and lithostratigraphy of the North Sea Drift and Lowestoft Till Formation in the coastal cliffs of NE Norfolk, England. Journal of Quaternary Science 9, 209–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddy, D., Green, C.P., Lewis, S.G. & Bowen, D.Q. 1995. Pleistocene geology of the Lower Severn Valley U.K. Quaternary Science Reviews 14, 209–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddy, D., Keen, D.H., Bridgland, D.R., & Green, C.P. 1991. A revised model for the Pleistocene development of the River Avon, Warwickshire. Journal of the Geological Society of London 148, 473–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mania, D. 1995. The earliest occupation of Europe: The Elbe-Saale Region (Germany). In Roebroeks, & van Kolfschoten, (eds) 1995, 85102Google Scholar
Mania, D & Baumann, W. 1980. Neufunde des Acheuléen von Markkleeberg bei Leipzig (DDR). Anthropologie 18, 237–48Google Scholar
McBurney, C.B.M. 1950. The geographical study of the older Palaeolithic stages in Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 16, 163–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNabb, J. 1992. The Clactonian: British Lower Palaeolithic flint technology in biface and non-biface assemblages. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of LondonGoogle Scholar
McNabb, J. 1996a. More from the cutting edge: Further discoveries of Clactonian bifaces. Antiquity 70, 428–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNabb, J. 1996b. Through a glass darkly: an historical perspective on archaeological research at Barnfield Pit, Swanscombe ca. 1900–1964. In Conway, et al. (eds) 1995, 3152Google Scholar
McNabb, J. & Ashton, N.M. 1992. The cutting edge: bifaces in the Clactonian. Lithics 13, 410Google Scholar
McNabb, J. & Ashton, N.M. 1995. Thoughtful flakers: a reply to Mithen. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 5(2), 289–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McPherron, S.P. 1994. A Reduction Model for Variability in Acheulian Biface Morphology. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of PennsylvaniaGoogle Scholar
Meijer, T & Preece, R.C. 1995. Malacological evidence relating to the insularity of the British Isles during the Quaternary. In Preece, (ed.) 1995, 89110Google Scholar
Mellars, P.A. 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy. Princeton: University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, G.H. & Mangerud, J. 1985. Aminostratigraphy of European marine interglacial deposits. Quaternary Science Reviews 96, 217–25Google Scholar
Mitchell, J.C. 1996. Studying biface butchery at Boxgrove: roe deer butchery with replica handaxes. Lithics 16, 64–9Google Scholar
Mitchell, G.F., Penny, L.F., Shotton, F.W. & West, R.G. (eds). 1973. A correlation of Quaternary deposits in the British Isles. Special Report of the Geological Society of London 4Google Scholar
Mithen, S.J. 1994. Technology and Society during the Middle Pleistocene. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4, 333CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mithen, S.J. 1996. Social learning and cultural tradition: interpreting early Palaeolithic technology. In Steele, J. & Shennan, S. (eds), The Archaeology of Human Ancestry: power, sex and Tradition, 207–29. London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
Mol, D. & Essen, H. van. 1992. De Mammoet; sporen uit de ijstijd. Den Haag: BZZTôhGoogle Scholar
Monnier, J-L & Molines, N. 1993. Le ‘Colombanien’: un facies régional du Paléolithique inférieur sur le littoral Armoricano-Atlantique. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 90, 283–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morwood, M.J., O'Sullivan, P.B., Aziz, F. & Raza, A. 1998. Fission–track ages of stone tools and fossils on the east Indonesian island of Flores. Nature 392, 173–6Google Scholar
Mottershead, D.M., Gibertson, D.D. & Keen, D.H. 1987. The raised beaches and shore platform of Torbay: a reappraisal. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 98, 241–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narr, K. 1979. Comment on Ohel. Current Anthropology 20, 717Google Scholar
Newcomer, M. 1971. Some quantitative experiments in handaxe manufacture. World Archaeology 3(1), 8594CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oakley, K. 1949. Man the Tool-Maker (1st edition). London: British Museum (Natural History)Google Scholar
Oakley, K. 1961. Man the Tool-Maker (5th edition). London: British Museum (Natural History)Google Scholar
Oakley, K.P. & Leakey, M. 1937. Report on excavations at Jaywick Sands, Essex (1934), with some observations on the Clactonian industry, and on the fauna and geological significance of the Clacton Channel. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 3, 217–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obermaier, H. 1924. Fossil Man in Spain. Yale: University PressGoogle Scholar
Ohel, M. 1979. The Clactonian: an independent complex or an integral part of the Acheulean. Current Anthropology 20(4), 685726CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peretto, C, La Rosa, M., Liboni, A., Milliken, S., Sozzi, M., & Zarattini, A. 1997. Le gisement de Quarto delle Cinfonare dans le cadre Paléolithique inférieur de l'Italie Ouest-Centrale. L'Anthropologie 101, 597615Google Scholar
Peretto, C., Amore, F.O., Antoniazzi, A., Antoniazzi, A., Bahain, J.J., Cattani, L., Cavallini, E., Esposito, P., Falgueres, C., Gagnepain, J., Hedley, I., Laurent, M., Lebreton, V., Longo, L., Milliken, S., Monegatti, P., Ollé, A., Pugliese, N., Renault-Miskovsky, J., Sozzi, M., Ungaro, S., Vannucci, S., Vergès, J.M., Wagner, J.J., & Yokoyama, Y. 1998. Industrie lithique de Ca'Belvedere di Monte Poggiolo: stratigraphie, matière première, typologie, remontages et traces d'utilisation. L'Anthropologie 102, 343465Google Scholar
Pitts, M. & Roberts, M.B. 1997. Fairweather Eden: life in Britain half a million years ago as revealed by the excavations at Boxgrove. London: CenturyGoogle Scholar
Preece, R.C. (ed.). 1995. Island Britain: a Quaternary perspective. London: Geological Society Special Publication 96Google Scholar
Preece, R.C., Lewis, S.G., Wymer, J.J., Bridgland, D.R. & Parfitt, S. 1991. Beeches Pit, West Stow, Suffolk (TL 798719). In Lewis, S.G.Whiteman, C.A. & Bridgland, D.R. (eds), Central East Anglia and the Fen Basin. Field Guide, 94104. London: Quaternary Research Association.Google Scholar
Proctor, C.J. & Smart, P.L. 1991. A dated cave sediment record of Pleistocene transgressions on Berry Head, Southwest England. Journal of Quaternary Science 6(3), 233–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radmilli, A.M. 1984. Scavi nel giacimento del Paleolitico inferiore a Castel di Guido presso Roma. In Sestieri, A.M. Bietti (ed.), Preistoria e Protostoria nel territorio di Roma, Lavori e Studi di Archaeologia pubblicati dalla Soprintendza Archeologica di Roma, Roma, 7585Google Scholar
Reynolds, P.J. 1987. Lepe Cliffe: the evidence for a pre-Devensian Brickearth. In Barber, K.E. (ed.), Wessex and the Isle of Wight: field guide 21–3. Cambridge: Quaternary Research AssociationGoogle Scholar
Roberts, M.B. 1986. Excavations at the Lower Palaeolithic site at Amey's Eartham Pit, Boxgrove West Sussex: a preliminary report. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 52, 215–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, M.B., Stringer, C.B. & Parfitt, S.A. 1994. A hominid tibia from Middle Pleistocene sediments at Boxgrove U.K. Nature 369, 311–13Google Scholar
Roberts, M.B., Gamble, C.S & Bridgland, D.R. 1995. The earliest occupation of Europe: the British Isles. In Roebroeks, & van Kolfschoten, (eds) 1995, 165–92Google Scholar
Roberts, M.B., Parfitt, S.A., Pope, M.I. & Wenban-Smith, F.F. 1997. Boxgrove, West Sussex: rescue excavations of a Lower Palaeolithic landsurface (Boxgrove Project B, 1989–91). Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 63, 303–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roe, D.A. 1968. British Lower and Middle Palaeolithic handaxe groups. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 34, 182CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roe, D.A. 1981. The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Periods in Britain. London: Routledge and Kegan PaulGoogle Scholar
Roe, D.A. 1996. The start of the British Lower Palaeolithic: some old and new thoughts and speculations. Lithics 16, 1726Google Scholar
Roe, H.M. 1995. The Cudmore Grove Channel site (TM 067144). In Bridgland, D.R.Allen, P. and Haggert, B.A. (eds), The Quaternary of the lower reaches of the Thames. Field Guide, 258–69. Durham: Quaternary Research AssociationGoogle Scholar
Roe, H.M. 1999. Late Middle Pleistocene sea-level change in the southern North Sea: the record from eastern Essex. Quaternary International 55, 115–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roe, H.M. & Preece, R.C. 1995. A new discovery of the Middle Pleistocene ‘Rhenish’ fauna in Essex. Journal of Conchology 35, 272–3Google Scholar
Roebroeks, W. & Kolfschoten, T. van. 1994. The earliest occupation of Europe: a short chronology. Antiquity 68, 489503CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roebroeks, W. & Kolfschoten, T. van. (eds) 1995. The Earliest Occupation of Europe (Proceedings of the European Science Foundation Workshop at Tautavel (France), 1993). Leiden: Institute of Prehistory, Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 27Google Scholar
Roebroeks, W., Conard, N.J. & Kolfschoten, T. van. 1992a. Dense forests, cold steppes, and the Palaeolithic settlement of northern Europe. Current Anthropology 33(5), 551–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roebroeks, W., Loecker, D. de, Hennekens, P. & Ieperen, M. van. 1992b. On the archaeology of the Maastricht-Bélvèdere Pit. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 47, 6979Google Scholar
Roep, Th. B., Holst, H., Vissers, R.L.M., Pagnier, H. & Postma, D. 1975. Deposits of south-flowing Pleistocene rivers in the Channel region near Wissant, NW France. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 17, 289308CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rolland, N. 1998. The Lower Palaeolithic settlement of Eurasia, with special reference to Europe. In Petraglia, M.D. & Korisettar, R. (eds), Early Human Behaviour in Global Context: the rise diversity of the Lower Palaeolithic record, 187220. London and New York: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
Rousseau, D.-D., Puisségur, J-J. & Lécolle, F. 1992. West-European terrestrial molluscs assemblages of isotopic stage 11 (Middle Pleistocene): climatic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 99, 1529CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, P.J., Richards, D.A., Atkinson, T.C., Bottrell, S.H. & Cliff, R.A. 1997. Geochemistry and radiometric dating of a Middle Pleistocene peat. Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta 61, 4201–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowley-Conwy, P. 1999. Introduction: human occupation of the Arctic. World Archaeology 30, 349–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schreve, D.C. 1997. Mammalian Biostratigraphy of the Later Middle Pleistocene in Britain. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, University of LondonGoogle Scholar
Schwarcz, H.P. & Grün, R.. 1988. Comment on M. Sarnthein H.E. Stremme and A. Mangini: The Holstein interglaciation: Time-stratigraphic position and and correlations to the stable-isotope stratigraphy of deep-sea sediments. Quaternary Research 29, 75–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shackleton, N. 1987. Oxygen isotopes, ice volume and sea-level. Quaternary Science Reviews 6, 1835–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shackleton, N. & Opdyke, N.D. 1973. Oxygen isotope and palaeomagnetic stratigraphy of Equitorial Pacific Core V28–328, oxygen isotope temperatures and ice volume on a 105 year – 106 year scale. Quaternary Research 3, 3955CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A.J. 1985. A catastrophic origin for the palaeovalley system of the eastern English Channel. Marine Geology 64, 6575CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A.J. 1989. The English Channel – by geological design or accident? Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 100, 325–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sommé, J., Paepe, R., Baeteman, C., Beyens, L., Cunat, N., Geeraerts, R., Hardy, A.F., Hus, J., Juvigné, E., Mathieu, L., Thorez, J. & Vanhoorne, R. 1978. La Formation d'Herzeele: un nouveau stratotype du Pléistocène moyen marin de la Mer du Nord. Bulletin de l'Association Française pour l'Etude du Quaternaire 54–6, 81149CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steele, J. & Shennan, S. 1996. Introduction. In: Steele, J. & Shennan, S. (eds), The Archaeology of Human Ancestry: power, sex and tradition, 141. London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
Stringer, C.B., Currant, A.P., Schwarcz, H.P. & Collcutt, S.N. 1986 Age of Pleistocene faunas from Bacon Hole, Wales. Nature 320, 5962CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuart, A.J. 1995. Insularity and Quaternary vertebrate faunas in Britain and Ireland. In Preece, (ed.) 1995, 111–26Google Scholar
Sutcliffe, A.J. 1964. The mammalian fauna. In Ovey, C.D. (ed.), The Swanscombe Skull: a survey of research on a Pleistocene Site, 85111. London: Royal Anthropological Institute Occasional Paper 20Google Scholar
Sutcliffe, A.J. 1995. Insularity of the British Isles 250,000–30,000 years ago: the mammalian, including human, evidence. In Preece, (ed.) 1995, 127–40Google Scholar
Swainston, S. 1999. Unlocking the inhospitable. In Davies, W. & Charles, R. (eds), Dorothy Garrod and the progress of the Palaeolithic: studies in the Prehistoric archaeology of Europe and the Near East. 4156, Oxford: OxbowGoogle Scholar
Ter Wee, W.M. 1983. The Elsterian glaciation in the Netherlands. In Ehlers, J. (ed.), Glacial Deposits in North West Europe, 413–15. Rotterdam: BalkemaGoogle Scholar
Tester, P.J. 1965. An Acheulian site at Cuxton. Archaeologia Cantiana 80, 3060Google Scholar
Thieme, H. 1997. Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature 385, 807–10Google Scholar
Tode, A. 1953. Die Untersuchung der paläolithischen Frielandstation von Salzgitter-Lebenstedt. Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart 3, 144220Google Scholar
Toepfer, V. 1961. Das Altpälaolithische feuersteinwertzeng von Hundisberg. Jahresschrift für Mitteldeutche Vorgeschichte 45, 3569Google Scholar
Toth, N. & Schick, K.D. 1993. Early stone industries and inferences regarding language and cognition. In Gibson, K. & Ingold, T. (eds), Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution, 346–62. Cambridge: University Press.Google Scholar
Tuffreau, A. & Antoine, P. 1995. The earliest occupation of Europe: Continental Northwestern Europe. In Roebroeks, & van Kolfschoten, (eds) 1995, 147–63Google Scholar
Turner, C. 1970. Middle Pleistocene deposits at Marks Tey, Essex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B257, 373440Google Scholar
Turner, C. & Kerney, M.P. 1971. A note on the age of the Freshwater Beds of the Clacton Channel. Journal of the Geological Society of London 127, 8793Google Scholar
Turner, A. 1995. Evidence for Pleistocene contact between the British Isles and European Continent based on distributions of larger carnivores. In Preece, (ed.) 1995, 141–50Google Scholar
Tzedakis, P.C., Andrieu, V., De Beaulieu, J-L., Crowhurst, S., Follieri, M., Hooghiemstra, H., Magri, D., Reille, M., Sadori, L., Shackleton, N. & Wijmstra, T.A. 1997. Comparison of terrestrial and marine records of changing climate of the last 500, 000 years. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 150, 171–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ventris, P.A. 1986. The Nar Valley. In West, R.G. & Whiteman, C.A. (eds), The Nar Valley and North Norfolk. Field Guide, 655. Coventry: Quaternary Research AssociationGoogle Scholar
Ventris, P.A. 1996. Hoxnian Interglacial freshwater and marine deposits in northwest Norfolk, England and their implications for sea-level reconstruction. Quaternary Science Reviews 15, 437–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, S.H. 1922. The Mesvinian industry of Clacton-on-Sea. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia 3, 597602CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, S.H. 1951. The Clacton flint industry: a new interpretation. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 62, 107–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wenban-Smith, F.F. 1996. Another one bites the dust. Lithics 16, 99107Google Scholar
Wenban-Smith, F.F. 1998. Clactonian and Acheulian industries in Britain: their chronology and significance reconsidered. In Ashton, N.Healy, F. & Pettitt, P. (eds), Stone Age Archaeology essays in honour of John Wymer, 90–7. London: Lithic Studies SocietyGoogle Scholar
West, R.G. 1987. A note on the March gravels and Fenland sea levels. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Norfolk 37, 2734Google Scholar
West, R.G. & Sparks, B.W. 1960. Coastal interglacial deposit of the English Channel. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B243, 95133Google Scholar
White, M.J. 1998a. On the significance of Acheulean biface variability in Southern Britain. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 64, 1545CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, M.J. 1998b. Twisted ovate bifaces in the British Lower Palaeolithic. In Ashton, N.Healy, F. & Pettitt, P. (eds), Stone Age Archaeology: essays in honour of John Wymer, 98104. London: Lithic Studies SocietyGoogle Scholar
White, M.J. 1996. Biface Variability and Human Behaviour in the Earlier Palaeolithic: a Study from South-Eastern England. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of CambridgeGoogle Scholar
White, M.J. 1999. Review of Ashton et al. Antiquity 282, 954–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, M.J. 2000. The Clactonian question: on the interpretation of core and flake assemblages in the British Lower Palaeolithic. Journal of World Prehistory 14, 163CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, M.J. & Pettitt, P.B.. 1996. Technology of Early Palaeolithic Western Europe: innovation, variability and a unified framework. Lithics 16, 2740Google Scholar
White, M.J., Bridgland, D.R., Ashton, N.M., McNabb, J. & Berger, M.A. 1995. Wansunt Pit, Dartford Heath (TQ 513737). In Bridgland, D.R.Allen, P. & Haggart, B.A. (eds), The Quaternary of the Lower Reaches of the Thames: Field Guide, 117–28. London: Quaternary Research AssociationGoogle Scholar
Whiten, A., Goodall, J., McGrew, W.C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., Tutin, C.E.G., Wrangham, R.W. & Boesch, C. 1999. Cultures in Chimpanzees. Nature 399, 682–85Google Scholar
Wymer, J.J. 1961. The Lower Palaeolithic succession in the Thames Valley and the date of the ancient channel between Caversham and Henley. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 27, 127CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wymer, J.J. 1964. Excavations at Barnfield Pit, 1955–1960. In Ovey, C.D. (ed.), The Swanscombe Skull: a survey of research on a Pleistocene Site, 1960. London: Royal Anthropological Institute Occasional Paper 20Google Scholar
Wymer, J.J. 1968. Lower Palaeolithic Archaeology in Britain as Represented by the Thames Valley. London: John BakerGoogle Scholar
Wymer, J.J. 1974. Clactonian and Acheulean industries in Britain: their chronology and significance. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 85, 391421CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wymer, J.J. 1985. Palaeolithic Sites of East Anglia. Norwich: GeobooksGoogle Scholar
Wymer, J.J. 1988. Palaeolithic archaeology and the British Quaternary Sequence. Quaternary Science Reviews 7, 7998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wymer, J.J. 1991. The use of hand-axes for dating purposes. In Lewis, S.G.Whiteman, C.A. & Bridgland, D.R. (eds), Central East Anglia and the Fen Basin. Field Guide, 45–8. London: Quaternary Research AssociationGoogle Scholar
Wymer, J.J & Singer, R. 1993. Flint industries and human activity. In Singer, R.Gladfelter, B.G. & Wymer, J.J. (eds), The Lower Palaeolithic Site at Hoxne, England, 74128. Chicago: University PressGoogle Scholar
Wymer, J.J., Lewis, S.G. & Bridgland, D.R. 1991. Warren Hill, Mildenhall, Suffolk (TL 744743). In Lewis, S.G., Whiteman, C.A. & Bridgland, D.R. (eds), Central East Anglia and the Fen Basin. Field Guide, 50–8. London: Quaternary Research AssociationGoogle Scholar