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Transforming Beaker Culture in North-West Europe; Processes of Fusion and Fission

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2014

Stuart Needham
Stuart Needham
Affiliation:
Department of Prehistory and Europe, British Museum, Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3DG
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Abstract

‘It is the slippery assemblages and the social traditions they represent, that we are trying to precipitate from the mass of beaker data’. Clarke 1970, 33

The pottery we collectively call ‘Beakers’ is united by the thread of a potting and style tradition, Wrapped up in that tradition are also expressions concerning what such a pot is for and who it may represent. Both style and those embedded meanings mutate through the long currency of British Beakers. Indeed, the newly emerging chronology for Beaker grave groups suggests that there was one critical point of rapid mutation in both pot form and associated artefacts. This phase is referred to as a fission horizon, c. 2250–2150 cal BC, and it underlines the difficulties that past schemes of steady evolution have run into.

In reviewing the continental background for Beaker-carrying cultures, a corridor of Bell Beaker/Corded Ware fusion is perceived along the southern flanks of the Channel. This created a modified spectrum of Beaker culture which stands at the head of the insular phenomenon. The long ensuing currency of Beaker pottery and Beaker graves in Britain does not hold up as a unified, steadily evolving entity. Instead, three ‘phases of meaning’ can be suggested: 1) Beaker as circumscribed, exclusive culture; 2) Beaker as instituted culture; 3) Beaker as past reference. The fission horizon initiates phase 2.

Résumé

C'est la tradition de fabrication et de style qui constitue le fil d'Ariane qui unit la poterie qu'on appelle collectivement ‘Beakers’ (campaniformes). Intimements liés à cette tradition se trouvent également les expressions concernant à quoi servait ce pot et qui il pouvait représenter. A la fois le style et ces significations intégrées effectuent une mutation au cours de la longue histoire des campaniformes britanniques. En vérité, la chronologie nouvellement apparue pour les groupes de tombes campaniformes donne à penser qu'il y a eu un moment crucial de mutation rapide aussi bien dans la forme du pot que dans les objets associés. On se réfère à cette phase sous le nom d'horizon de fission, vers 2250–2150 av. J.-C, et elle met en évidence les difficultés qu'ont rencontrées les anciens schémas d'évolution régulière.

En révisant l'arrière-plan continental des cultures porteuses de gobelets, on perçoit un couloir de fusion Vases Campaniformes/Céramique Cordée le long des flancs sud de la Manche. Ceci a produit un spectre modifié de culture des campaniformes qui se situe à la tête du phénomène insulaire. La longue occurrence de poterie campaniforme et de tombes campaniforme qui a suivi en Grande-Bretagne ne constitue pas unr entité unifiée ayant évolué régulièrement. Au contraire, on peut suggérer trois phases significatives 1) campaniforme comme culture circonstrite, exclusive 2) campaniforme comme culture instituée 3) campaniforme comme référence passée. L'horizon de fission marque le début de la phase 2.

Zusammenfassung

Die Keramik, die wir insgesamt als ‘Becher’ bezeichnen, sieht man auf der Grundlage einer Töpfer- und Stiltradition als Einheit an. Hierin eingeschlossen sind Äußerungen zum möglichen Gebrauch und wen ein solches Gefäß repräsentieren könnte. Sowohl der Stil als auch darin liegende Bedeutungen verändern sich des langen Umlaufs britischer Becher. In der Tat deutet die neue Chronologie für Becher Grabgruppen an, dass es einen kritischen Punkt radikaler Veränderung sowohl in der Gefäßform als auch bei den Begleitfunden gegeben hat. Diese Phase wird als ein Teilungshorizont bezeichnet (c. 2250–2150 BC). Dies unterstreicht die Schwierigkeiten früherer Modelle stetiger Evolution.

Indem der kontinentale Hintergrund der Becherführenden Kulturen neu betrachtet wird, kann man einem Korridor einer Glockenbecher/Schnurkeramikkultur Fusion erkennen, der entlang den südlichen Flanken des Kanals verläuft. Dies schafft ein verändertes Spektrum der Becherkultur, die an der Spitze des insularen Phänomens steht. Der lang andauernde Umlauf der Becherkeramik und Becher Gräber kann nicht als eine vereinigte, ständig sich entwickelnde Einheit betrachtet werden. Stattdessen können drei ‘Beutungsphasen’ vorgeschlagen werden: 1) Becher als eine begrenzte, exklusive Kultur; 2) Becher als errichtete Kultur; 3) Becher als eine vergangene Referenz. Der Trennungshorizont bringt die Phase 2 in Gang.

Résumen

La cerámica que colectivamente denominamos ‘Campaniforme’ está unida por el hilo común de una tradición y estilo de producción cerámica. Envueltas en esa misma tradición están también expresiones acerca del sentido de esa vasija y a quién puede representar. Tanto el estilo como los significados contenidos cambian a través de la larga secuencia de Vasos Campaniformes británicos. De hecho, la nueva cronología para los grupos funerarios campaniformes que se está desarrollando, sugiere que hubo un momento crítico de rápida mutación tanto en la forma de la vasija como en los objetos con ella asociados. Nos referimos a esta fase como a un horizonte de fisión, alrededor de 2250–2150 BC, que subraya las dificultades encontradas por pasados esquemas de evolución constante. Al examinar el origen continental de las culturas que utilizaron vasos campaniformes, se puede apreciar un espacio de fusión entre las culturas de Vaso Campaniforme/Cerámica de Cuerdas a lo largo de las orillas sur del Canal. Este creó un espectro modificado de la Cultura Campaniforme que se encuentra al comienzo del fenómeno insular. La larga cadena de cerámica y enterramientos campaniformes en Gran Bretaña que siguió a continuación no se explica como una entidad unificada que evolucionó de modo constante, sino que más bien se pueden definir tres ‘fases de significado’: 1) La Cultura Campaniforme como una cultura restringida y exclusiva; 2) La Cultura Campaniforme como la cultura establecida; 3) La Cultura Campaniforme como una referencia al pasado. El horizonte de fisión inicia la fase 2.

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 71 , 2005 , pp. 171 - 217
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 2005

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