Hostname: page-component-76d6cb85b7-7262s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-07-10T11:15:47.364Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The temporal association between social isolation, distress, and psychotic experiences in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 January 2024

Zeynep Akcaoglu Open the ORCID record for Zeynep Akcaoglu [Opens in a new window] ,
Thomas Vaessen Open the ORCID record for Thomas Vaessen [Opens in a new window] ,
Eva Velthorst ,
Ginette Lafit ,
Robin Achterhof ,
Barnaby Nelson ,
Patrick McGorry ,
Frederike Schirmbeck ,
Craig Morgan  and
Jessica Hartmann
...Show all authors
Zeynep Akcaoglu
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Thomas Vaessen*
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Psychology, Health & Technology, Faculty of Behavioural, Management and Social Sciences (BMS), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
Eva Velthorst
Affiliation:
Department of Research, Community Mental Health Service GGZ Noord-Holland-Noord, Heerhugowaard, The Netherlands
Ginette Lafit
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Robin Achterhof
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Barnaby Nelson
Affiliation:
Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Patrick McGorry
Affiliation:
Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Frederike Schirmbeck
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands Arkin, Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands
Craig Morgan
Affiliation:
ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health and Social Epidemiology Research Group, King's College London, London, London, UK Health Service and Population Research Department, Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Jessica Hartmann
Affiliation:
Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Public Mental Health, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Mark van der Gaag
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands Department of Psychosis Research, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, South Holland, The Netherlands
Lieuwe de Haan
Affiliation:
Department of Early Psychosis, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands
Lucia Valmaggia
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Philip McGuire
Affiliation:
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Matthew Kempton
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, UK
Henrietta Steinhart
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Annelie Klippel
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Lifespan Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
Wolfgang Viechtbauer
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Tim Batink
Affiliation:
Department of Lifespan Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
Ruud van Winkel
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Thérèse van Amelsvoort
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Machteld Marcelis
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands, https://www.ggze.nl/
Evelyne van Aubel
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Ulrich Reininghaus
Affiliation:
ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health and Social Epidemiology Research Group, King's College London, London, London, UK Health Service and Population Research Department, Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK Department of Public Mental Health, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Inez Myin-Germeys
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
EU-GEI High Risk Study
Affiliation:
See Acknowledgements
*
Corresponding author: Thomas Vaessen; Email: t.r.vaessen@utwente.nl
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Psychotic experiences (PEs) and social isolation (SI) seem related during early stages of psychosis, but the temporal dynamics between the two are not clear. Literature so far suggests a self-perpetuating cycle wherein momentary increases in PEs lead to social withdrawal, which, subsequently, triggers PEs at a next point in time, especially when SI is associated with increased distress. The current study investigated the daily-life temporal associations between SI and PEs, as well as the role of SI-related and general affective distress in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis.

Methods

We used experience sampling methodology in a sample of 137 CHR participants. We analyzed the association between SI, PEs, and distress using time-lagged linear mixed-effects models.

Results

SI did not predict next-moment fluctuations in PEs, or vice versa. Furthermore, although SI-related distress was not predictive of subsequent PEs, general affective distress during SI was a robust predictor of next-moment PEs.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that SI and PEs are not directly related on a moment-to-moment level, but a negative emotional state when alone does contribute to the risk of PEs. These findings highlight the role of affective wellbeing during early-stage psychosis development.

Keywords

clinical high-riskdistressexperience sampling methodologynegative affectsolitary stresspsychotic experiencessocial isolation

Information

Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 54 , Issue 8 , June 2024 , pp. 1684 - 1692
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Betz, L. T., Penzel, N., Kambeitz-Ilankovic, L., Rosen, M., Chisholm, K., & Stainton, A., & … PRONIA consortium (2020). General psychopathology links burden of recent life events and psychotic symptoms in a network approach. NPJ Schizophrenia, 6(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-020-00129-wCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulteel, K., Mestdagh, M., Tuerlinckx, F., & Ceulemans, E. (2018). VAR (1) based models do not always outpredict AR (1) models in typical psychological applications. Psychological Methods, 23(4), 740. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000178CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Correll, C. U., & Schooler, N. R. (2020). Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: A review and clinical guide for recognition, assessment, and treatment. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 16, 519–534. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S225643CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erickson, D. H., Beiser, M., Iacono, W. G., Fleming, J. A., & Lin, T. Y. (1989). The role of social relationships in the course of first-episode schizophrenia and affective psychosis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(11), 1456–1461. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.146.11.1456Google ScholarPubMed
EU-GEI. (2016, January 21). European network of national schizophrenia networks studying gene-environment interactions. Retrieved from https://cordis.europa.euGoogle Scholar
Fett, A. J., Hanssen, E., Eemers, M., Peters, E., & Shergill, S. S. (2022). Social isolation and psychosis: An investigation of social interactions and paranoia in daily life. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 272(1), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-021-01278-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
First, M. B., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorders. New York, NY: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_66Google Scholar
Freeman, D. (2007). Suspicious minds: The psychology of persecutory delusions. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(4), 425–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.10.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fusar-Poli, P. (2017). The clinical high-risk state for psychosis (CHR-P), version II. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 43(1), 44–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw158CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fusar-Poli, P., Borgwardt, S., Bechdolf, A., Addington, J., Riecher-Rössler, A., Schultze-Lutter, F., … Yung, A. (2013). The psychosis high-risk state: A comprehensive state-of-the-art review. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(1), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.269CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fusar-Poli, P., Tantardini, M., De Simone, S., Ramella-Cravaro, V., Oliver, D., Kingdon, J., … McGuire, P. (2017). Deconstructing vulnerability for psychosis: Meta-analysis of environmental risk factors for psychosis in subjects at ultra high-risk. European Psychiatry, 40, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.09.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gayer-Anderson, C., & Morgan, C. (2013). Social networks, support and early psychosis: A systematic review. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 22(2), 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796012000406CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giacco, D., McCabe, R., Kallert, T., Hansson, L., Fiorillo, A., & Priebe, S. (2012) Friends and symptom dimensions in patients with psychosis: A pooled analysis. PLoS ONE, 7(11): e50119. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050119CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gomes, N., & Semin, G. R. (2020). Mapping human vigilance: The influence of conspecifics. Evolution and Human Behavior, 41(1), 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2019.10.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guloksuz, S., Pries, L. K., Ten Have, M., de Graaf, R., van Dorsselaer, S., Klingenberg, B., … van Os, J. (2020). Association of preceding psychosis risk states and non-psychotic mental disorders with incidence of clinical psychosis in the general population: A prospective study in the NEMESIS-2 cohort. World Psychiatry, 19(2), 199–205. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20755CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, R. C. (1995). Global assessment of functioning. A modified scale. Psychosomatics, 36(3), 267–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(95)71666-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hampson, M. E. (2014). Employment barriers and support needs of people living with psychosis. Doctoral dissertation, Bond University. Bond University Research Portal. Retrieved from https://research.bond.edu.au/en/studentTheses/employment-barriers-and-support-needs-of-people-living-with-psychGoogle Scholar
Hampson, M. E., Watt, B. D., & Hicks, R. E. (2020). Impacts of stigma and discrimination in the workplace on people living with psychosis. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02614-zCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassan, E. (2005). Recall bias can be a threat to retrospective and prospective research designs. Internet Journal of Epidemiology, 3(2), 339–412.Google Scholar
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hermans, K., Myin-Germeys, I., Gayer-Anderson, C., Kempton, M. J., Valmaggia, L., McGuire, P., … Reininghaus, U. (2021). Elucidating negative symptoms in the daily life of individuals in the early stages of psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 51(15), 2599–2609. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720001154CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kasanova, Z., Oorschot, M., & Myin-Germeys, I. (2018). Social anhedonia and asociality in psychosis revisited. An experience sampling study. Psychiatry Research, 270, 375–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.057CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klippel, A., Schick, A., Myin-Germeys, I., Rauschenberg, C., Vaessen, T., & Reininghaus, U. (2022). Modelling the temporal interplay between stress and affective disturbances in pathways to psychosis: An experience sampling study. Psychological Medicine, 52(13), 2776–2785. doi: 10.1017/S0033291720004894CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klippel, A., Viechtbauer, W., Reininghaus, U., Wigman, J., van Borkulo, C., MERGE, … Wichers, M. (2018). The cascade of stress: A network approach to explore differential dynamics in populations varying in risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 44(2), 328–337. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx037CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, I., Simons, C. J. P., Wigman, J. T. W., Collip, D., Jacobs, N., Derom, C., … Wichers, M. (2014). Time-lagged moment-to-moment interplay between negative affect and paranoia: New insights in the affective pathway to psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(2), 278–286. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs194CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krijnen, L., Lemmers-Jansen, I., Fett, A. J., & Krabbendam, L. (2021). Benefits of social contact in individuals with psychotic symptoms: Do closeness of the contact and empathic skills make the difference?. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 769091. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.769091CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lafit, G., Meers, K., & Ceulemans, E. (2021). A systematic study into the factors that affect the predictive accuracy of multilevel VAR(1) models. Psychometrika, 87(3), 1–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-021-09803-zGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lim, M. H., & Gleeson, J. F. (2014). Social connectedness across the psychosis spectrum: Current issues and future directions for interventions in loneliness. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5, 154. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00154CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lima-Costa, A., & Hauck-Filho, N. (2019). Methods for the control of extreme response styles in self-report instruments: A review. Temas em Psicologia, 27(2), 309–323. doi: 10.9788/TP2019.2-02CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linscott, R. J., & van Os, J. (2013). An updated and conservative systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence on psychotic experiences in children and adults: On the pathway from proneness to persistence to dimensional expression across mental disorders. Psychological Medicine, 43(6), 1133–1149. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712001626CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lipton, F., Cohen, C., Fischer, E., & Katz, S. (1981). Schizophrenia: A network crisis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 7(1), 144–151. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/7.1.144CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macdonald, E., Sauer, K., Howie, L., & Albiston, D. (2009). What happens to social relationships in early psychosis? A phenomenological study of young people's experiences. Journal of Mental Health, 14(2), 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638230500060052CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marder, S. R., & Galderisi, S. (2017). The current conceptualization of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. World Psychiatry, 16(1), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20385CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGrath, J. J., Saha, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Bromet, E. J., Bruffaerts, R., … Kessler, R. C. (2015). Psychotic experiences in the general population: A cross-national analysis based on 31 261 respondents from 18 countries. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(7), 697–705. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0575CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monsonet, M., Kwapil, T. R., & Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2022). A time-lagged study of predictors of paranoia and psychotic-like experiences in daily life across the schizotypy continuum. Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science, 131(1), 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000726CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moreno-Küstner, B., Martín, C., & Pastor, L. (2018). Prevalence of psychotic disorders and its association with methodological issues. A systematic review and meta-analyses. PLoS ONE, 13(4), e0195687. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195687CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mote, J., & Fulford, D. (2020). Ecological momentary assessment of everyday social experiences of people with schizophrenia: A systematic review. Schizophrenia Research, 216, 56–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.10.021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myin-Germeys, I., Kasanova, Z., Vaessen, T., Vachon, H., Kirtley, O., Viechtbauer, W., & Reininghaus, U. (2018). Experience sampling methodology in mental health research: New insights and technical developments. World Psychiatry, 17(2), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20513CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myin-Germeys, I., & Kuppens, P. (2022). The open handbook of experience sampling methodology: A step-by-step guide to designing, conducting, and analyzing ESM studies (2nd ed.). Leuven: Center for Research on Experience Sampling and Ambulatory Methods Leuven. Retrieved from https://www.kuleuven.be.Google Scholar
Myin-Germeys, I., Nicolson, N., & Delespaul, P. (2001a). The context of delusional experiences in the daily life of patients with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 31(3), 489–498. doi: 10.1017/S0033291701003646CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myin-Germeys, I., Oorschot, M., Collip, D., Lataster, J., Delespaul, P., & van Os, J. (2009). Experience sampling research in psychopathology: Opening the black box of daily life. Psychological Medicine, 39(9), 1533–1547. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708004947CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myin-Germeys, I., van Aubel, E., Vaessen, T., Steinhart, H., Klippel, A., Lafit, G., … Reininghaus, U. (2022). Efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Daily Life (ACT-DL) in early psychosis: Results from the multi-center INTERACT randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 91(6), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1159/000522274CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myin-Germeys, I., & van Os, J. (2007). Stress-reactivity in psychosis: Evidence for an affective pathway to psychosis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(4), 409–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myin-Germeys, I., van Os, J., Schwartz, J., Stone, A., & Delespaul, P. (2001b). Emotional reactivity to daily life stress in psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(12), 1137–1144. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.58.12.1137CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmier-Claus, J. E., Dunn, G., & Lewis, S. W. (2012). Emotional and symptomatic reactivity to stress in individuals at ultra-high risk of developing psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 42(5), 1003–1012. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711001929CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rauschenberg, C., van Os, J., Cremers, D., Goedhard, M., Schieveld, J., & Reininghaus, U. (2017). Stress sensitivity as a putative mechanism linking childhood trauma and psychopathology in youth's daily life. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 136(4), 373–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12775CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reininghaus, U., Kempton, M. J., Valmaggia, L., Craig, T. K., Garety, P., Onyejiaka, A., … Morgan, C. (2016). Stress sensitivity, aberrant salience, and threat anticipation in early psychosis: An experience sampling study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(3), 712–722. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv190CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reininghaus, U., Klippel, A., Steinhart, H., Vaessen, T., van Nierop, M., Viechtbauer, W., … Myin-Germeys, I. (2019). Efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Daily Life (ACT-DL) in early psychosis: Study protocol for a multi-centre randomized controlled trial. Trials, 20(1), 769. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-019-3912-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rights, J. D., & Sterba, S. K. (2019). Quantifying explained variance in multilevel models: An integrative framework for defining R-squared measures. Psychological Methods, 24(3), 309–338. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000184CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robustelli, B., Newberry, R., Whisman, M., & Mittal, V. (2017). Social relationships in young adults at ultra high risk for psychosis. Psychiatry Research, 247, 345–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryan, J. J., Weilage, M. E., & Spaulding, W. D. (1999). Accuracy of the seven subtest WAIS-R short form in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 39(1), 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00016-xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., … Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(20), 22–57. Retrieved from https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/Google ScholarPubMed
Stain, H., Galletly, C., Clark, S., Wilson, J., Killen, E., Anthes, L., … Harvey, C. (2012). Understanding the social costs of psychosis: The experience of adults affected by psychosis identified within the second Australian national survey of psychosis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46(9), 879–889. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867412449060CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sündermann, O., Onwumere, J., Kane, F., Morgan, C., & Kuipers, E. (2014). Social networks and support in first-episode psychosis: Exploring the role of loneliness and anxiety. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(3), 359–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-013-0754-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tee, H., Chevalier, A., Webber, M., Xanthopoulou, P., Priebe, S., & Giacco, D. (2022). Who wants more social contacts? A cross-sectional study of people with psychotic disorders in England. Schizophrenia Research, 240, 46–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2021.11.047CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tessner, K. D., Mittal, V., & Walker, E. F. (2011). Longitudinal study of stressful life events and daily stressors among adolescents at high risk for psychotic disorders, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(2), 432–441. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp087CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaessen, T. (2018). Stress sensitivity in psychosis: Assessment, mechanism & intervention. Doctoral Thesis, Maastricht University. Gildeprint Drukkerijen. https://doi.org/10.26481/dis.20180613tvCrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Steen, Y. C. O. (2018). Dissecting the psychosis continuum: Risk factors along the pathway from experiences to disorder. Doctoral Thesis, Maastricht University. Gildeprint Drukkerijen. https://doi.org/10.26481/dis.20180615ysCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Os, J., Linscott, R., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., & Krabbendam, L. (2009). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: Evidence for a psychosis proneness–persistence–impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine, 39(2), 179–195. doi: 10.1017/S0033291708003814CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Os, J., Pries, L. K., Ten Have, M., de Graaf, R., van Dorsselaer, S., Delespaul, P., … Guloksuz, S. (2022). Evidence, and replication thereof, that molecular-genetic and environmental risks for psychosis impact through an affective pathway. Psychological Medicine, 52(10), 1910–1922. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720003748CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Velthorst, E., Nieman, D. H., Becker, H. E., van de Fliert, R., Dingemans, P. M., Klaassen, R., … Linszen, D. H. (2009). Baseline differences in clinical symptomatology between ultra high risk subjects with and without a transition to psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 109(1–3), 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.02.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verdoux, H., Husky, M., Tournier, M., Sorbara, F., & Swendsen, J. D. (2003). Social environments and daily life occurrence of psychotic symptoms – an experience sampling test in a non-clinical population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38(11), 654–661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-003-0702-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verhagen, S., Berben, J. A., Leue, C., Marsman, A., Delespaul, P., van Os, J., & Lousberg, R. (2017). Demonstrating the reliability of transdiagnostic mHealth Routine Outcome Monitoring in mental health services using experience sampling technology. PLoS ONE, 12(10), e0186294. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186294CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ward, L. C. (1990). Prediction of verbal, performance and full scale IQs from seven subsets of the WAIS-R. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46(4), 436–440. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(199007)46:4<436::AID-JCLP2270460411>3.0.CO;2-M3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, E. C., Collins, R. L., Cerully, J., Seelam, R., & Roth, B. (2017). Racial and ethnic differences in mental illness stigma and discrimination among Californians experiencing mental health challenges. Rand Health Quarterly, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.7249/RR1441Google ScholarPubMed
Yung, A. R., & Lin, A. (2016). Psychotic experiences and their significance. World Psychiatry, 15(2), 130. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20328CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yung, A. R., Yung, A. R., Pan Yuen, H., Mcgorry, P. D., Phillips, L. J., Kelly, D., … Buckby, J. (2005). Mapping the onset of psychosis: The comprehensive assessment of at-risk mental states. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39(11–12), 964–971. doi: 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01714.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Akcaoglu et al. supplementary material

Akcaoglu et al. supplementary material
Download Akcaoglu et al. supplementary material(File)
File 37.6 KB