Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T14:16:30.363Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Actigraphically measured psychomotor slowing in depression: systematic review and meta-analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 May 2022

Florian Wüthrich Open the ORCID record for Florian Wüthrich [Opens in a new window] ,
Carver B. Nabb ,
Vijay A. Mittal ,
Stewart A. Shankman  and
Sebastian Walther
Florian Wüthrich*
Affiliation:
Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Carver B. Nabb
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Vijay A. Mittal
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston/Chicago, IL, USA Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Stewart A. Shankman
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Sebastian Walther
Affiliation:
Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
*
Author for correspondence: Florian Wüthrich, E-mail: florian.wuethrich@upd.unibe.ch
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Psychomotor slowing is a key feature of depressive disorders. Despite its great clinical importance, the pathophysiology and prevalence across different diagnoses and mood states are still poorly understood. Actigraphy allows unbiased, objective, and naturalistic assessment of physical activity as a marker of psychomotor slowing. Yet, the true effect-sizes remain unclear as recent, large systematic reviews are missing. We conducted a novel meta-analysis on actigraphically measured slowing in depression with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria for diagnosis ascertainment and sample duplications. Medline/PubMed and Web-of-Science were searched with terms combining mood-keywords and actigraphy-keywords until September 2021. Original research measuring actigraphy for ⩾24 h in at least two groups of depressed, remitted, or healthy participants and applying operationalized diagnosis was included. Studies in somatically ill patients, N < 10 participants/group, and studies using consumer-devices were excluded. Activity-levels between groups were compared using random-effects models with standardized-mean-differences and several moderators were examined. In total, 34 studies (n = 1804 patients) were included. Patients had lower activity than controls [standardized mean difference (s.m.d.) = −0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.99 to −0.57]. Compared to controls, patients with unipolar and bipolar disorder had lower activity than controls whether in depressed (unipolar: s.m.d. = −0.82, 95% CI −1.07 to −0.56; bipolar: s.m.d. = −0.94, 95% CI −1.41 to −0.46), or remitted/euthymic mood (unipolar: s.m.d. = −0.28, 95% CI −0.56 to 0.0; bipolar: s.m.d. = −0.92, 95% CI −1.36 to −0.47). None of the examined moderators had any significant effect. To date, this is the largest meta-analysis on actigraphically measured slowing in mood disorders. They are associated with lower activity, even in the remitted/euthymic mood-state. Studying objective motor behavior via actigraphy holds promise for informing screening and staging of affective disorders.

Keywords

Actigraphybipolar disorderdepressioneuthymic statemajor depressive disordermeta-analysispsychomotor disturbancepsychomotor retardationremission
Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 52 , Issue 7 , May 2022 , pp. 1208 - 1221
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akinci, E., & Ince, B. (2021). Evaluation of the process of acute treatment for depression in terms of monitoring activity and sleep efficiency with actigraphy. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 31(2), 213–218. doi: 10.5152/pcp.2021.21335CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev. ed.). Washington, DC: APA Publishing.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed. ed.). Washington, DC: APA Publishing.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed. ed.). Washington, DC: APA Publishing.Google Scholar
Armitage, R., Hoffmann, R., Emslie, G., Rintelman, J., Moore, J., & Lewis, K. (2004). Rest-activity cycles in childhood and adolescent depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(6), 761–769. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000122731.72597.4eCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aronen, E. T., Simola, P., & Soininen, M. (2011). Motor activity in depressed children. Journal of Affective Disorders, 133(1–2), 188–196. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Avila Moraes, C., Cambras, T., Diez-Noguera, A., Schimitt, R., Dantas, G., Levandovski, R., & Hidalgo, M. P. (2013). A new chronobiological approach to discriminate between acute and chronic depression using peripheral temperature, rest-activity, and light exposure parameters. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 77. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-77CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barili, F., Parolari, A., Kappetein, P. A., & Freemantle, N. (2018). Statistical primer: Heterogeneity, random- or fixed-effects model analyses? Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, 27(3), 317–321. doi: 10.1093/icvts/ivy163CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauman, A. E., Reis, R. S., Sallis, J. F., Wells, J. C., Loos, R. J., Martin, B. W., & Lancet Physical Activity Series Working, Group. (2012). Correlates of physical activity: Why are some people physically active and others not? Lancet (London, England), 380(9838), 258–271. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60735-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W. (1996). Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories-IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67(3), 588–597. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benard, V., Etain, B., Vaiva, G., Boudebesse, C., Yeim, S., Benizri, C., … Geoffroy, P. A. (2019). Sleep and circadian rhythms as possible trait markers of suicide attempt in bipolar disorders: An actigraphy study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 244, 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.054CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bracht, T., Federspiel, A., Schnell, S., Horn, H., Hofle, O., Wiest, R., … Walther, S. (2012). Cortico-cortical white matter motor pathway microstructure is related to psychomotor retardation in major depressive disorder. PLoS One, 7(12), e52238. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052238CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bracht, T., Steinau, S., Federspiel, A., Schneider, C., Wiest, R., & Walther, S. (2018). Physical activity is associated with left corticospinal tract microstructure in bipolar depression. Neuroimage Clinical, 20, 939–945. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.09.033CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradley, A. J., Webb-Mitchell, R., Hazu, A., Slater, N., Middleton, B., Gallagher, P., … Anderson, K. N. (2017). Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbance in bipolar disorder. Psychological Medicine, 47(9), 1678–1689. doi: 10.1017/S0033291717000186CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brancati, G. E., Tripodi, B., Novi, M., Barbuti, M., Medda, P., & Perugi, G. (2021). Association of treatment facets, severity of manic symptoms, psychomotor disturbances and psychotic features with response to electroconvulsive therapy in bipolar depression. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 22(3), 194–202. doi: 10.1080/15622975.2020.1770860CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burton, C., McKinstry, B., Szentagotai Tatar, A., Serrano-Blanco, A., Pagliari, C., & Wolters, M. (2013). Activity monitoring in patients with depression: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 145(1), 21–28. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buyukdura, J. S., McClintock, S. M., & Croarkin, P. E. (2011). Psychomotor retardation in depression: Biological underpinnings, measurement, and treatment. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 35(2), 395–409. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.10.019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cantisani, A., Stegmayer, K., Bracht, T., Federspiel, A., Wiest, R., Horn, H., … Walther, S. (2016). Distinct resting-state perfusion patterns underlie psychomotor retardation in unipolar vs. Bipolar depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 134(4), 329–338. doi: 10.1111/acps.12625CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dantchev, N., & Widlocher, D. J. (1998). The measurement of retardation in depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(Suppl 14), 19–25.Google ScholarPubMed
De Crescenzo, F., Economou, A., Sharpley, A. L., Gormez, A., & Quested, D. J. (2017). Actigraphic features of bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 33, 58–69. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.05.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Difrancesco, S., Lamers, F., Riese, H., Merikangas, K. R., Beekman, A. T. F., van Hemert, A. M., … Penninx, B. (2019). Sleep, circadian rhythm, and physical activity patterns in depressive and anxiety disorders: A 2-week ambulatory assessment study. Depression and Anxiety, 36(10), 975–986. doi: 10.1002/da.22949CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diler, R. S., Pan, L. A., Segreti, A., Ladouceur, C. D., Forbes, E., Cela, S. R., … Phillips, M. L. (2014). Differential anterior cingulate activity during response inhibition in depressed adolescents with bipolar and unipolar major depressive disorder. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Journal de l'Académie Canadienne de Psychiatrie de L'enfant et de l'Adolescent, 23(1), 10–19.Google ScholarPubMed
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455–463. doi: 10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egger, M., Davey Smith, G., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 315(7109), 629–634. doi: 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esaki, Y., Kitajima, T., Obayashi, K., Saeki, K., Fujita, K., & Iwata, N. (2019). Daytime light exposure in daily life and depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder: A cross-sectional analysis in the APPLE cohort. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 116, 151–156. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.06.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evenson, K. R., Goto, M. M., & Furberg, R. D. (2015). Systematic review of the validity and reliability of consumer-wearable activity trackers. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12, 159. doi: 10.1186/s12966-015-0314-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faedda, G. L., Ohashi, K., Hernandez, M., McGreenery, C. E., Grant, M. C., Baroni, A., … Teicher, M. H. (2016). Actigraph measures discriminate pediatric bipolar disorder from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and typically developing controls. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 57(6), 706–716. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12520CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, D., Colwell, E., Low, J., Orychock, K., Tobin, M. A., Simango, B., … Taylor, N. G. A. (2020). Reliability and validity of commercially available wearable devices for measuring steps, energy expenditure, and heart rate: Systematic review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 8(9), e18694. doi: 10.2196/18694CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
George, S. V., Kunkels, Y. K., Booij, S., & Wichers, M. (2021). Uncovering complexity details in actigraphy patterns to differentiate the depressed from the non-depressed. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 13447. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92890-wCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glod, C. A., Teicher, M. H., Polcari, A., McGreenery, C. E., & Ito, Y. (1997). Circadian rest-activity disturbances in children with seasonal affective disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(2), 188–195. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199702000-00009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gong, J., Wang, J., Qiu, S., Chen, P., Luo, Z., Wang, J., … Wang, Y. (2020). Common and distinct patterns of intrinsic brain activity alterations in major depression and bipolar disorder: Voxel-based meta-analysis. Translational Psychiatry, 10(1), 353. doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-01036-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, M. (1980). Rating depressive patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 41(12 Pt 2), 21–24.Google ScholarPubMed
Han, K. M., De Berardis, D., Fornaro, M., & Kim, Y. K. (2019). Differentiating between bipolar and unipolar depression in functional and structural MRI studies. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 91, 20–27. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.03.022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvey, A. G., Schmidt, D. A., Scarna, A., Semler, C. N., & Goodwin, G. M. (2005). Sleep-related functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder, patients with insomnia, and subjects without sleep problems. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(1), 50–57. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.1.50CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hauge, E. R., Berle, J. O., Oedegaard, K. J., Holsten, F., & Fasmer, O. B. (2011). Nonlinear analysis of motor activity shows differences between schizophrenia and depression: A study using Fourier analysis and sample entropy. PLoS One, 6(1), e16291. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016291CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heijnen, W. T. C. J., Kamperman, A. M., Tjokrodipo, L. D., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., van den Broek, W. W., & Birkenhager, T. K. (2019). Influence of age on ECT efficacy in depression and the mediating role of psychomotor retardation and psychotic features. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 109, 41–47. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.11.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hickie, I., Mason, C., Parker, G., & Brodaty, H. (1996). Prediction of ECT response: Validation of a refined sign-based (CORE) system for defining melancholia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169(1), 68–74. doi: 10.1192/bjp.169.1.68CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Higgins, J. P. T., Li, T., & Deeks, J. J. (2021). Chapter 6: Choosing effect measures and computing estimates of effect. In Thomas, J., Higgins, J. P. T., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J. & Welch, V. A. (Eds.), Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.2 (updated February 2021). section #6-5-2-5). Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook: Cochrane.Google Scholar
Hori, H., Koga, N., Hidese, S., Nagashima, A., Kim, Y., Higuchi, T., & Kunugi, H. (2016). 24-h Activity rhythm and sleep in depressed outpatients. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 77, 27–34. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.02.022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janney, C. A., Fagiolini, A., Swartz, H. A., Jakicic, J. M., Holleman, R. G., & Richardson, C. R. (2014). Are adults with bipolar disorder active? Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior using accelerometry. Journal of Affective Disorders, 152–154, 498–504. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.09.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, S. H., Hare, D. J., & Evershed, K. (2005). Actigraphic assessment of circadian activity and sleep patterns in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 7(2), 176–186. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00187.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., … Ryan, N. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(7), 980–988. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ketcham, C. J., & Stelmach, G. E. (2004). Movement control in the older adult. In Van Hemel, S. B. & Pew, R. W. (Eds.), National research council (US) steering committee for the workshop on technology for adaptive aging (pp. 64–92). Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).Google Scholar
Koo, P. C., Berger, C., Kronenberg, G., Bartz, J., Wybitul, P., Reis, O., & Hoeppner, J. (2019). Combined cognitive, psychomotor and electrophysiological biomarkers in major depressive disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 269(7), 823–832. doi: 10.1007/s00406-018-0952-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krane-Gartiser, K., Henriksen, T. E., Morken, G., Vaaler, A., & Fasmer, O. B. (2014). Actigraphic assessment of motor activity in acutely admitted inpatients with bipolar disorder. PLoS One, 9(2), e89574. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089574CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krane-Gartiser, K., Henriksen, T. E., Vaaler, A. E., Fasmer, O. B., & Morken, G. (2015). Actigraphically assessed activity in unipolar depression: A comparison of inpatients with and without motor retardation. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(9), 1181–1187. doi: 10.4088/JCP.14m09106CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leventhal, A. M., Pettit, J. W., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2008). Characterizing major depression phenotypes by presence and type of psychomotor disturbance in adolescents and young adults. Depression and Anxiety, 25(7), 575–592. doi: 10.1002/da.20328CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loving, R. T., Kripke, D. F., Elliott, J. A., Knickerbocker, N. C., & Grandner, M. A. (2005). Bright light treatment of depression for older adults [ISRCTN55452501]. BMC Psychiatry, 5, 41. doi: 10.1186/1471-244x-5-41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marino, M., Li, Y., Rueschman, M. N., Winkelman, J. W., Ellenbogen, J. M., Solet, J. M., … Buxton, O. M. (2013). Measuring sleep: Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of wrist actigraphy compared to polysomnography. Sleep, 36(11), 1747–1755. doi: 10.5665/sleep.3142CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martino, M., Magioncalda, P., Conio, B., Capobianco, L., Russo, D., Adavastro, G., … Northoff, G. (2020). Abnormal functional relationship of sensorimotor network with neurotransmitter-related nuclei via subcortical-cortical loops in manic and depressive phases of bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 46(1), 163–174. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbz035CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGlashan, E. M., Coleman, M. Y., Vidafar, P., Phillips, A. J. K., & Cain, S. W. (2019). Decreased sensitivity of the circadian system to light in current, but not remitted depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 256, 386–392. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.076CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGlinchey, E. L., Gershon, A., Eidelman, P., Kaplan, K. A., & Harvey, A. G. (2014). Physical activity and sleep: Day-to-day associations among individuals with and without Bipolar Disorder. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 7(3), 183–190. doi: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2014.05.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNamara, M. E., Shumake, J., Stewart, R. A., Labrada, J., Alario, A., Allen, J. J. B., … Beevers, C. G. (2021). Multifactorial prediction of depression diagnosis and symptom dimensions. Psychiatry Research, 298, 113805. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113805CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Middelkoop, H. A., van Dam, E. M., Smilde-van den Doel, D. A., & Van Dijk, G. (1997). 45-hour Continuous quintuple-site actimetry: Relations between trunk and limb movements and effects of circadian sleep-wake rhythmicity. Psychophysiology, 34(2), 199–203. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02132.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minaeva, O., Riese, H., Lamers, F., Antypa, N., Wichers, M., & Booij, S. H. (2020). Screening for depression in daily life: Development and external validation of a prediction model based on actigraphy and experience sampling method. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(12), e22634. doi: 10.2196/22634CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, P. B., & Malhi, G. S. (2004). Bipolar depression: Phenomenological overview and clinical characteristics. Bipolar Disorders, 6(6), 530–539. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00137.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montgomery, S. A., & Asberg, M. (1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 382–389. doi: 10.1192/bjp.134.4.382CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ng, T. H., Chung, K. F., Ho, F. Y., Yeung, W. F., Yung, K. P., & Lam, T. H. (2015). Sleep-wake disturbance in interepisode bipolar disorder and high-risk individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 20, 46–58. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2014.06.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Novick, J. S., Stewart, J. W., Wisniewski, S. R., Cook, I. A., Manev, R., Nierenberg, A. A., … Investigators, Star D. (2005). Clinical and demographic features of atypical depression in outpatients with major depressive disorder: Preliminary findings from STAR*D. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66(8), 1002–1011. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v66n0807CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Brien, J. T., Gallagher, P., Stow, D., Hammerla, N., Ploetz, T., Firbank, M., … Olivier, P. (2017). A study of wrist-worn activity measurement as a potential real-world biomarker for late-life depression. Psychological Medicine, 47(1), 93–102. doi: 10.1017/s0033291716002166CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, G. (2000). Classifying depression: Should paradigms lost be regained? American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(8), 1195–1203. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1195CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, G., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Austin, M. P., Mitchell, P., Wilhelm, K., Hickie, I., … Eyers, K. (1995). Sub-typing depression, I. Is psychomotor disturbance necessary and sufficient to the definition of melancholia? Psychological Medicine, 25(4), 815–823. doi: 10.1017/s0033291700035066CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, G., & Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (1996). In Parker, G. & Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (Eds.), Melancholia: A disorder of movement and mood. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pye, J., Phillips, A. J., Cain, S. W., Montazerolghaem, M., Mowszowski, L., Duffy, S., … Naismith, S. L. (2021). Irregular sleep-wake patterns in older adults with current or remitted depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281, 431–437. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.034CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reichert, M., Lutz, A., Deuschle, M., Gilles, M., Hill, H., Limberger, M. F., & Ebner-Priemer, U. W. (2015). Improving motor activity assessment in depression: Which sensor placement, analytic strategy and diurnal time frame are most powerful in distinguishing patients from controls and monitoring treatment effects. PLoS One, 10(4), e0124231. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124231CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salvatore, P., Ghidini, S., Zita, G., De Panfilis, C., Lambertino, S., Maggini, C., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2008). Circadian activity rhythm abnormalities in ill and recovered bipolar I disorder patients. Bipolar Disorders, 10(2), 256–265. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00505.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sander, C., Ueck, P., Mergl, R., Gordon, G., Hegerl, U., & Himmerich, H. (2018). Physical activity in depressed and non-depressed patients with obesity. Eating and Weight Disorders – Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 23(2), 195–203. doi: 10.1007/s40519-016-0347-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, J., Bakštein, E., Kolenič, M., Vostatek, P., Correll, C. U., Novák, D., … Španiel, F. (2020). Motor activity patterns can distinguish between interepisode bipolar disorder patients and healthy controls. CNS Spectrums, 27(1), 82–92. doi: 10.1017/s1092852920001777.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schrijvers, D., Hulstijn, W., & Sabbe, B. G. (2008). Psychomotor symptoms in depression: A diagnostic, pathophysiological and therapeutic tool. Journal of Affective Disorders, 109(1-2), 1–20. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2007.10.019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, J., Grierson, A., Gehue, L., Kallestad, H., MacMillan, I., & Hickie, I. (2019). Can consumer grade activity devices replace research grade actiwatches in youth mental health settings? Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 17(2), 223–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shankman, S. A., Mittal, V. A., & Walther, S. (2020). An examination of psychomotor disturbance in current and remitted MDD: An RDoC study. Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Science, 5, e200007. doi:10.20900/jpbs.20200007.Google ScholarPubMed
Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., … Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(Suppl 20), 22–33, quiz 34-57.Google ScholarPubMed
Slyepchenko, A., Allega, O. R., Leng, X., Minuzzi, L., Eltayebani, M. M., Skelly, M., … Frey, B. N. (2019). Association of functioning and quality of life with objective and subjective measures of sleep and biological rhythms in major depressive and bipolar disorder. The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 53(7), 683–696. doi: 10.1177/0004867419829228CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sobin, C., Mayer, L., & Endicott, J. (1998). The motor agitation and retardation scale: A scale for the assessment of motor abnormalities in depressed patients. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 10(1), 85–92. doi: 10.1176/jnp.10.1.85CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sobin, C., & Sackeim, H. A. (1997). Psychomotor symptoms of depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(1), 4–17. doi: 10.1176/ajp.154.1.4Google ScholarPubMed
Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., Gibbon, M., & First, M. B. (1992). The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). I: History, rationale, and description. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(8), 624–629. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080032005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
St-Amand, J., Provencher, M. D., Belanger, L., & Morin, C. M. (2013). Sleep disturbances in bipolar disorder during remission. Journal of Affective Disorders, 146(1), 112–119. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.057CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sterne, J. A., Sutton, A. J., Ioannidis, J. P., Terrin, N., Jones, D. R., Lau, J., … Higgins, J. P. (2011). Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ, 343, d4002. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d4002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Straiton, N., Alharbi, M., Bauman, A., Neubeck, L., Gullick, J., Bhindi, R., & Gallagher, R. (2018). The validity and reliability of consumer-grade activity trackers in older, community-dwelling adults: A systematic review. Maturitas, 112, 85–93. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.03.016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tazawa, Y., Wada, M., Mitsukura, Y., Takamiya, A., Kitazawa, M., Yoshimura, M., … Kishimoto, T. (2019). Actigraphy for evaluation of mood disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 253, 257–269. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.087CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teicher, M. H., Glod, C. A., Magnus, E., Harper, D., Benson, G., Krueger, K., & McGreenery, C. E. (1997). Circadian rest-activity disturbances in seasonal affective disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54(2), 124–130. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830140034007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trivedi, M. H., Hollander, E., Nutt, D., & Blier, P. (2008). Clinical evidence and potential neurobiological underpinnings of unresolved symptoms of depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(2), 246–258. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v69n0211CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ulbricht, C. M., Dumenci, L., Rothschild, A. J., & Lapane, K. L. (2018). Changes in depression subtypes Among Men in STAR*D: A latent transition analysis. American Journal of Men's Health, 12(1), 5–13. doi: 10.1177/1557988315607297CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valerio, M. P., Szmulewicz, A. G., & Martino, D. J. (2018). A quantitative review on outcome-to-antidepressants in melancholic unipolar depression. Psychiatry Research, 265, 100–110. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.088CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Diermen, L., Vanmarcke, S., Walther, S., Moens, H., Veltman, E., Fransen, E., … Schrijvers, D. (2019). Can psychomotor disturbance predict ECT outcome in depression? Journal of Psychiatric Research, 117, 122–128. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.07.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Harten, P. N., Walther, S., Kent, J. S., Sponheim, S. R., & Mittal, V. A. (2017). The clinical and prognostic value of motor abnormalities in psychosis, and the importance of instrumental assessment. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 476–487. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vares, E. A., Salum, G. A., Spanemberg, L., Caldieraro, M. A., & Fleck, M. P. (2015). Depression dimensions: Integrating clinical signs and symptoms from the perspectives of clinicians and patients. PLoS One, 10(8), e0136037. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136037CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verkooijen, S., Stevelink, R., Abramovic, L., Vinkers, C. H., Ophoff, R. A., Kahn, R. S., … van Haren, N. E. (2017). The association of sleep and physical activity with integrity of white matter microstructure in bipolar disorder patients and healthy controls. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 262, 71–80. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.01.013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Volkers, A. C., Tulen, J. H., van den Broek, W. W., Bruijn, J. A., Passchier, J., & Pepplinkhuizen, L. (2003). Motor activity and autonomic cardiac functioning in major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 76(1–3), 23–30. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00066-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walther, S., Bernard, J. A., Mittal, V. A., & Shankman, S. A. (2019). The utility of an RDoC motor domain to understand psychomotor symptoms in depression. Psychological Medicine, 49(2), 212–216. doi: 10.1017/S0033291718003033CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walther, S., Hofle, O., Federspiel, A., Horn, H., Hugli, S., Wiest, R., … Muller, T. J. (2012a). Neural correlates of disbalanced motor control in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(1-2), 124–133. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walther, S., Hugli, S., Hofle, O., Federspiel, A., Horn, H., Bracht, T., … Muller, T. J. (2012b). Frontal white matter integrity is related to psychomotor retardation in major depression. Neurobiology of Disease, 47(1), 13–19. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.03.019CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinberg, A., & Shankman, S. A. (2017). Blunted reward processing in remitted melancholic depression. Clinical Psychological Science, 5(1), 14–25. doi: 10.1177/2167702616633158CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wells, G.A., Shea, B., O'Connell, D., Peterson, J., Welch, V., Losos, M., & Tugwell, P. (2000). The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Retrieved from http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp.Google Scholar
Withrow, D., Roth, T., Koshorek, G., & Roehrs, T. (2019). Relation between ambulatory actigraphy and laboratory polysomnography in insomnia practice and research. Journal of Sleep Research, 28(4), e12854. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12854CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wittchen, H. U. (1994). Reliability and validity studies of the WHO – Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI): A critical review. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 28(1), 57–84. doi: 10.1016/0022-3956(94)90036-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. (2004). ICD-10: International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems: Tenth revision. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Wright, J. (2016). Duplicate checking guidance. Retrieved from https://information-specialists.leeds.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/71/2019/03/Duplicate_checking_guidance.pdf.Google Scholar
Zwetsloot, P. P., Van Der Naald, M., Sena, E. S., Howells, D. W., IntHout, J., De Groot, J. A., … Wever, K. E. (2017). Standardized mean differences cause funnel plot distortion in publication bias assessments. Elife, 6, e24260. doi:10.7554/eLife.24260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Wüthrich et al. supplementary material

Wüthrich et al. supplementary material

Download Wüthrich et al. supplementary material(File)
File 25.8 KB