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Fernández-Guasti, Alonso Olivares-Nazario, Maribel Reyes, Rebeca and Martínez-Mota, Lucía 2017. Sex and age differences in the antidepressant-like effect of fluoxetine in the forced swim test. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Vol. 152, p. 81.
Hoy-Ellis, Charles P. Shiu, Chengshi Sullivan, Kathleen M. Kim, Hyun-Jun Sturges, Allison M. and Fredriksen-Goldsen, Karen I. 2017. Prior Military Service, Identity Stigma, and Mental Health Among Transgender Older Adults. The Gerontologist, Vol. 57, Issue. suppl 1, p. S63.
Skoog, Ingmar 2017. International Encyclopedia of Public Health.
Bacon, Kathryn L. Heeren, Timothy Keysor, Julie J. Stuver, Sherri O. Cauley, Jane A. and Fredman, Lisa 2016. Longitudinal and Reciprocal Relationships Between Depression and Disability in Older Women Caregivers and Noncaregivers. The Gerontologist, Vol. 56, Issue. 4, p. 723.
Barry, Lisa C. and Byers, Amy L. 2016. Handbook of the Psychology of Aging.
Chen, Yan-Yan Wong, Gloria H.Y. Lum, Terry Y. Lou, Vivian W.Q. Ho, Andy H.Y. Luo, Hao and Tong, Tracy L.W. 2016. Neighborhood support network, perceived proximity to community facilities and depressive symptoms among low socioeconomic status Chinese elders. Aging & Mental Health, Vol. 20, Issue. 4, p. 423.
Chigogora, S Zaninotto, P Kivimaki, M Steptoe, A and Batty, G D 2016. Insulin-like growth factor 1 and risk of depression in older people: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Translational Psychiatry, Vol. 6, Issue. 9, p. e898.
Crespy, Scott D. Van Haitsma, Kimberly Kleban, Morton and Hann, Carolyn J. 2016. Reducing Depressive Symptoms in Nursing Home Residents. Journal for Healthcare Quality, Vol. 38, Issue. 6, p. e76.
Davidson, Sandra K. Dowrick, Christopher F. and Gunn, Jane M. 2016. Impact of functional and structural social relationships on two year depression outcomes: A multivariate analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 193, p. 274.
Diaz, Silvina Laura Narboux-Nême, Nicolas Boutourlinsky, Katia Doly, Stéphane and Maroteaux, Luc 2016. Mice lacking the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor as an animal model of resistance to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors antidepressants. European Neuropsychopharmacology, Vol. 26, Issue. 2, p. 265.
Gougeon, Laura 2016. Dietary Patterns and Depression in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: State of the Evidence. Current Nutrition Reports, Vol. 5, Issue. 2, p. 106.
Hayman, Karen J. Kerse, Ngaire and Consedine, Nathan S. 2016. Resilience in context: the special case of advanced age. Aging & Mental Health, p. 1.
Hoy-Ellis, Charles P. and Fredriksen-Goldsen, Karen I. 2016. Lesbian, gay, & bisexual older adults: linking internal minority stressors, chronic health conditions, and depression. Aging & Mental Health, Vol. 20, Issue. 11, p. 1119.
Jeuring, H. W. Huisman, M. Comijs, H. C. Stek, M. L. and Beekman, A. T. F. 2016. The long-term outcome of subthreshold depression in later life. Psychological Medicine, Vol. 46, Issue. 13, p. 2855.
Meltzer, Erica P. Kapoor, Ashu Fogel, Joshua Elbulok-Charcape, Milushka M. Roth, Robert M. Katz, Mindy J. Lipton, Richard B. and Rabin, Laura A. 2016. Association of psychological, cognitive, and functional variables with self-reported executive functioning in a sample of nondemented community-dwelling older adults. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, p. 1.
Messina, Mark and Gleason, Carey 2016. Evaluation of the potential antidepressant effects of soybean isoflavones. Menopause, Vol. 23, Issue. 12, p. 1348.
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Olivares-Nazario, Maribel Fernández-Guasti, Alonso and Martínez-Mota, Lucía 2016. Age-related changes in the antidepressant-like effect of desipramine and fluoxetine in the rat forced-swim test. Behavioural Pharmacology, Vol. 27, Issue. 1, p. 22.
Oseland, Lauren M. Bishop, Alex J. Gallus, Kami L. and Randall, G. Kevin 2016. Early and Late Life Exposure to Trauma and Biopsychosocial Well-Being in Centenarians. Journal of Loss and Trauma, Vol. 21, Issue. 5, p. 433.
Portellano-Ortiz, Cristina Garre-Olmo, Josep Calvó-Perxas, Laia and Conde-Sala, Josep Lluís 2016. Depresión y variables asociadas en personas mayores de 50 años en España. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental,
Background. Despite the burden of depression in late life, its origins present a paradox to investigators and clinicians alike.
Method. We review biological (genetics and heredity factors, neurotransmitter dysfunction, endocrine changes, vascular disorders, and medical co-morbidities), psychological (personality attributes, neuroticism, cognitive distortions, and the lack of emotional control and self-efficacy) and social (stressful life events, bereavement, chronic stress or strain, socio-economic disadvantage and impaired social support) origins of late-life depression based upon an extensive though not exhaustive review of the extant literature. In addition, modifying psychological and social factors are discussed.
Results. Older adults appear to be at greater risk for major depression biologically, such as depression resulting from vascular changes, yet the frequency of depression is lower compared to younger adults. Older adults may be protected psychologically due to factors such as socio-emotional selectivity and wisdom, compared to younger adults, and perhaps relatively protected from social risks.
Conclusions. A biopsychosocial approach to evaluating the origins of late-life depression is heuristically valuable, a continual reminder of the many factors that contribute to the onset and persistence of clinically significant symptoms in late life.
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