Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T13:23:51.027Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Physical injury and psychotic experiences in 48 low- and middle-income countries

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 October 2019

A. Stickley Open the ORCID record for A. Stickley [Opens in a new window] ,
T. Sumiyoshi ,
Z. Narita ,
H. Oh ,
J. E. DeVylder ,
L. Jacob  and
A. Koyanagi
A. Stickley*
Affiliation:
Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan The Stockholm Center for Health and Social Change (SCOHOST), Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
T. Sumiyoshi
Affiliation:
Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
Z. Narita
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
H. Oh
Affiliation:
Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
J. E. DeVylder
Affiliation:
Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA
L. Jacob
Affiliation:
Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux 78180, France Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
A. Koyanagi
Affiliation:
Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
*
Author for correspondence: A. Stickley, E-mail: amstick66@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Psychotic experiences (PEs) may be associated with injuries, but studies focusing specifically on low- and middle-income countries (LAMICs) are scarce. Thus, the current study examined the link between injuries and PEs in a large number of LAMICs.

Method

Cross-sectional data were used from 242 952 individuals in 48 LAMICs that were collected during the World Health Survey in 2002–2004 to examine the association between traffic-related and other (non-traffic-related) forms of injury and PEs. Multivariable logistic regression analysis and meta-analysis were used to examine associations while controlling for a variety of covariates including depression.

Results

In fully adjusted analyses, any injury [odds ratio (OR) 2.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.85–2.31], traffic injury (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.53–2.21) and other injury (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.84–2.37) were associated with higher odds for PEs. Results from a country-wise analysis showed that any injury was associated with significantly increased odds for PEs in 39 countries with the overall pooled OR estimated by meta-analysis being 2.46 (95% CI 2.22–2.74) with a moderate level of between-country heterogeneity (I2 = 56.3%). Similar results were observed across all country income levels (low, lower-middle and upper-middle).

Conclusions

Different types of injury are associated with PEs in LAMICs. Improving mental health systems and trauma capacity in LAMICs may be important for preventing injury-related negative mental health outcomes.

Keywords

DelusionepidemiologyhallucinationinjuriesWorld Health Survey
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 50 , Issue 16 , December 2020 , pp. 2751 - 2758
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alsawy, S, Wood, L, Taylor, PJ and Morrison, AP (2015) Psychotic experiences and PTSD: exploring associations in a population survey. Psychological Medicine 45, 2849–2859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blows, S, Ivers, RQ, Connor, J, Ameratunga, S, Woodward, M and Norton, R (2005) Marijuana use and car crash injury. Addiction 100, 605–611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ciaramitaro, P, Mondelli, M, Logullo, F, Grimaldi, S, Battiston, B, Sard, A, Scarinzi, C, Migliaretti, G, Faccani, G and Cocito, D and the Italian Network for Traumatic Neuropathies (2010) Traumatic peripheral nerve injuries: epidemiological findings, neuropathic pain and quality of life in 158 patients. Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System 15, 120–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clausen, T, Martinez, P, Towers, A, Greenfield, T and Kowal, P (2015) Alcohol consumption at any level increases risk of injury caused by others: data from the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 9, 125–132.Google Scholar
Cooper, L, Peters, L and Andrews, G (1998) Validity of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) psychosis module in a psychiatric setting. Journal of Psychiatric Research 32, 361–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Degenhardt, L, Saha, S, Lim, CCW, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Al-Hamzawi, A, Alonso, J, Andrade, LH, Bromet, EJ, Bruffaerts, R, Caldas-de-Almeida, JM, de Girolamo, G, Florescu, S, Gureje, O, Haro, JM, Karam, EG, Karam, G, Kovess-Masfety, V, Lee, S, Lepine, JP, Makanjuola, V, Medina-Mora, ME, Mneimneh, Z, Navarro-Mateu, F, Piazza, M, Posada-Villa, J, Sampson, NA, Scott, KM, Stagnaro, JC, Ten Have, M, Kendler, KS, Kessler, RC and McGrath, JJ and the WHO WMHS Collaborators (2018) The associations between psychotic experiences and substance use and substance use disorders: findings from the World Health Organization World Mental Health surveys. Addiction 113, 924–934.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeVylder, JE, Burnette, D and Yang, LH (2014) Co-occurrence of psychotic experiences and common mental health conditions across four racially and ethnically diverse population samples. Psychological Medicine 44, 3503–3513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freeman, D and Fowler, D (2009) Routes to psychotic symptoms: trauma, anxiety and psychosis-like experiences. Psychiatry Research 169, 107–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fujii, D and Ahmed, I (2002) Characteristics of psychotic disorder due to traumatic brain injury: an analysis of case studies in the literature. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 14, 130–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators (2017) Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 390, 1260–1344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geddes, G, Ehlers, A and Freeman, D (2016) Hallucinations in the months after a trauma: an investigation of the role of cognitive processing of a physical assault in the occurrence of hallucinatory experiences. Psychiatry Research 246, 601–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilboa, D (2001) Long-term psychosocial adjustment after burn injury. Burns 27, 335–341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gracie, A, Freeman, D, Green, S, Garety, PA, Kuipers, E, Hardy, A, Ray, K, Dunn, G, Bebbington, P and Fowler, D (2007) The association between traumatic experience, paranoia and hallucinations: a test of the predictions of psychological models. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 116, 280–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanssen, M, Bak, M, Bijl, R, Vollebergh, W and van Os, J (2005) The incidence and outcome of subclinical psychotic experiences in the general population. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 44, 181–191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrera-Escobar, JP, Al Rafai, SS, Seshadri, AJ, Weed, C, Apoj, M, Harlow, A, Brasel, K, Kasotakis, G, Kaafarani, HMA, Velmahos, G, Salim, A, Haider, AH and Nehra, D (2018) A multicenter study of post-traumatic stress disorder after injury: mechanism matters more than injury severity. Surgery 164, 1246–1250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Higgins, JP and Thompson, SG (2002) Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine 21, 1539–1558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, RE (2007) A social deafferentation hypothesis for induction of active schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 1066–1070.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Honings, S, Drukker, M, Groen, R and van Os, J (2016) Psychotic experiences and risk of self-injurious behaviour in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine 46, 237–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacob, KS, Sharan, P, Mirza, I, Garrido-Cumbrera, M, Seedat, S, Mari, JJ, Sreenivas, V and Saxena, S (2007) Mental health systems in countries: where are we now? Lancet 370, 1061–1077.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeavons, S (2000) Predicting who suffers psychological trauma in the first year after a road accident. Behaviour Research and Therapy 38, 499–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keraite, A, Sumathipala, A, Siriwardhana, C, Morgan, C and Reininghaus, U (2016) Exposure to conflict and disaster: a national survey on the prevalence of psychotic experiences in Sri Lanka. Schizophrenia Research 171, 79–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, RC and Ustun, TB (2004) The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative Version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 13, 93–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konings, M, Bak, M, Hanssen, M, van Os, J and Krabbendam, L (2006) Validity and reliability of the CAPE: a self-report instrument for the measurement of psychotic experiences in the general population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 114, 55–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koyanagi, A and Stickley, A (2015 a) The association between psychosis and severe pain in community-dwelling adults: findings from 44 low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Psychiatric Research 69, 19–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koyanagi, A and Stickley, A (2015 b) The association between sleep problems and psychotic symptoms in the general population: a global perspective. Sleep 38, 1875–1885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koyanagi, A, Stickley, A and Haro, JM (2015) Psychotic-like experiences and nonsuicidal self-injury in England: results from a national survey. PLoS One 10, e0145533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linscott, RJ and van Os, J (2013) An updated and conservative systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence on psychotic experiences in children and adults: on the pathway from proneness to persistence to dimensional expression across mental disorders. Psychological Medicine 43, 1133–1149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGrath, JJ, Saha, S, Al-Hamzawi, A, Alonso, J, Bromet, EJ, Bruffaerts, R, Caldas-de-Almeida, JM, Chiu, WT, de Jonge, P, Fayyad, J, Florescu, S, Gureje, O, Haro, JM, Hu, C, Kovess-Masfety, V, Lepine, JP, Lim, CC, Mora, ME, Navarro-Mateu, F, Ochoa, S, Sampson, N, Scott, K, Viana, MC and Kessler, RC (2015) Psychotic experiences in the general population: a cross-national analysis based on 31,261 respondents from 18 countries. JAMA Psychiatry 72, 697–705.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGrath, JJ, Saha, S, Lim, CCW, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Alonso, J, Andrade, LH, Bromet, EJ, Bruffaerts, R, Caldas de Almeida, JM, Cardoso, G, de Girolamo, G, Fayyad, J, Florescu, S, Gureje, O, Haro, JM, Kawakami, N, Koenen, KC, Kovess-Masfety, V, Lee, S, Lepine, JP, McLaughlin, KA, Medina-Mora, ME, Navarro-Mateu, F, Ojagbemi, A, Posada-Villa, J, Sampson, N, Scott, KM, Tachimori, H, Ten Have, M, Kendler, KS and Kessler, RC and the WHO WMHS Collaborators (2017) Trauma and psychotic experiences: transnational data from the World Mental Health Survey. British Journal of Psychiatry 211, 373–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mock, C, Peck, M, Krug, E and Haberal, M (2009) Confronting the global burden of burns: a WHO plan and a challenge. Burns 35, 615–617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moreno, C, Nuevo, R, Chatterji, S, Verdes, E, Arango, C and Ayuso-Mateos, JL (2013) Psychotic symptoms are associated with physical health problems independently of a mental disorder diagnosis: results from the WHO World Health Survey. World Psychiatry 12, 251–257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nantulya, VM and Reich, MR (2003) Equity dimensions of road traffic injuries in low- and middle-income countries. Injury Control and Safety Promotion 10, 13–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Navarro-Mateu, F, Alonso, J, Lim, CCW, Saha, S, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Al-Hamzawi, A, Andrade, LH, Bromet, EJ, Bruffaerts, R, Chatterji, S, Degenhardt, L, de Girolamo, G, de Jonge, P, Fayyad, J, Florescu, S, Gureje, O, Haro, JM, Hu, C, Karam, EG, Kovess-Masfety, V, Lee, S, Medina-Mora, ME, Ojagbemi, A, Pennell, BE, Piazza, M, Posada-Villa, J, Scott, KM, Stagnaro, JC, Xavier, M, Kendler, KS, Kessler, RC and McGrath, JJ and the WHO WMHS Collaborators (2017) The association between psychotic experiences and disability: results from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 136, 74–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nuevo, R, Chatterji, S, Verdes, E, Naidoo, N, Arango, C and Ayuso-Mateos, JL (2012) The continuum of psychotic symptoms in the general population: a cross-national study. Schizophrenia Bulletin 38, 475–485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oh, H and DeVylder, J (2015) Psychotic symptoms predict health outcomes even after adjusting for substance use, smoking and co-occurring psychiatric disorders: findings from the NCS-R and NLAAS. World Psychiatry 14, 101–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oh, H, DeVylder, JE and Chen, P (2015) To treat or not to treat: responding to psychotic experiences. British Journal of Social Work 45, 2003–2019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oh, H, Koyanagi, A, Kelleher, I and DeVylder, J (2018) Psychotic experiences and disability: findings from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys. Schizophrenia Research 193, 343–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oh, H, Waldman, K, Stickley, A, DeVylder, JE and Koyanagi, A (2019) Psychotic experiences and physical health conditions in the United States. Comprehensive Psychiatry 90, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patten, SB, Williams, JV, Lavorato, DH and Eliasziw, M (2010) Major depression and injury risk. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 55, 313–318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, TA, Stewart, B, Drewett, I, Salerno, S, Sawe, HR, Toroyan, T and Mock, C (2017) The impact of trauma care systems in low- and middle-income countries. Annual Review of Public Health 38, 507–532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachdev, P, Smith, JS and Cathcart, S (2001) Schizophrenia-like psychosis following traumatic brain injury: a chart-based descriptive and case-control study. Psychological Medicine 31, 231–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saha, S, Varghese, D, Slade, T, Degenhardt, L, Mills, K, McGrath, J and Scott, J (2011) The association between trauma and delusional-like experiences. Psychiatry Research 189, 259–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, J, Chant, D, Andrews, G, Martin, G and McGrath, J (2007) Association between trauma exposure and delusional experiences in a large community-based sample. British Journal of Psychiatry 190, 339–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, KM, Saha, S, Lim, CCW, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Al-Hamzawi, A, Alonso, J, Benjet, C, Bromet, EJ, Bruffaerts, R, Caldas-de-Almeida, JM, de Girolamo, G, de Jonge, P, Degenhardt, L, Florescu, S, Gureje, O, Haro, JM, Hu, C, Karam, EG, Kovess-Masfety, V, Lee, S, Lepine, JP, Mneimneh, Z, Navarro-Mateu, F, Piazza, M, Posada-Villa, J, Sampson, NA, Stagnaro, JC, Kessler, RC and McGrath, JJ (2018) Psychotic experiences and general medical conditions: a cross-national analysis based on 28 002 respondents from 16 countries in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Psychological Medicine 48, 2730–2739.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selten, JP and Cantor-Graae, E (2005) Social defeat: risk factor for schizophrenia? British Journal of Psychiatry 187, 101–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selten, JP, van der Ven, E, Rutten, BP and Cantor-Graae, E (2013) The social defeat hypothesis of schizophrenia: an update. Schizophrenia Bulletin 39, 1180–1186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selten, JP, Booij, J, Buwalda, B and Meyer-Lindenberg, A (2017) Biological mechanisms whereby social exclusion may contribute to the etiology of psychosis: a narrative review. Schizophrenia Bulletin 43, 287–292.Google ScholarPubMed
Semrau, M, Alem, A, Abdulmalik, J, Docrat, S, Evans-Lacko, S, Gureje, O, Kigozi, F, Lempp, H, Lund, C, Petersen, I, Shidhaye, R, Thornicroft, G and Hanlon, C (2018) Developing capacity-building activities for mental health system strengthening in low- and middle-income countries for service users and caregivers, service planners, and researchers. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 27, 11–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharifi, V, Eaton, WW, Wu, LT, Roth, KB, Burchett, BM and Mojtabai, R (2015) Psychotic experiences and risk of death in the general population: 24–27 year follow-up of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. British Journal of Psychiatry 207, 30–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spauwen, J, Krabbendam, L, Lieb, R, Wittchen, HU and van Os, J (2006) Impact of psychological trauma on the development of psychotic symptoms: relationship with psychosis proneness. British Journal of Psychiatry 188, 527–533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stickley, A, Oh, H, Sumiyoshi, T, McKee, M and Koyanagi, A (2019) Injury and depression among 212 039 individuals in 40 low- and middle-income countries. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796019000210Google ScholarPubMed
Stubbs, B, Koyanagi, A, Schuch, FB, Firth, J, Rosenbaum, S, Veronese, N, Solmi, M, Mugisha, J and Vancampfort, D (2016 a) Physical activity and depression: a large cross-sectional, population-based study across 36 low- and middle-income countries. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 134, 546–556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stubbs, B, Koyanagi, A, Veronese, N, Vancampfort, D, Solmi, M, Gaughran, F, Carvalho, AF, Lally, J, Mitchell, AJ, Mugisha, J and Correll, CU (2016 b) Physical multimorbidity and psychosis: comprehensive cross sectional analysis including 242,952 people across 48 low- and middle-income countries. BMC Medicine 14, 189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, EG, Gupta, S, Deckelbaum, DL, Razek, T and Kushner, AL (2015) Prioritizing injury care: a review of trauma capacity in low and middle-income countries. Journal of Surgical Research 193, 217–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (2002) International Guide for Monitoring Alcohol Consumption and Related Harm. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2014) Injuries and Violence: The Facts 2014. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Stickley et al. supplementary material

Tables S1-S3

Download Stickley et al. supplementary material(File)
File 21.9 KB