Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Home
Hostname: page-component-ffbbcc459-5mjdh Total loading time: 0.483 Render date: 2022-03-14T18:57:05.832Z Has data issue: true Feature Flags: { "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, "shouldUseHypothesis": true, "isUnsiloEnabled": true, "useRatesEcommerce": false, "useNewApi": true }
  • English
Public Health Nutrition Public Health Nutrition

Article contents

Foods contributing to sodium intake and urinary sodium excretion in a group of Australian women

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 August 2012

Jennifer B Keogh ,
Kylie Lange ,
Rebecca Hogarth  and
Peter M Clifton
Jennifer B Keogh*
Affiliation:
School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Kylie Lange
Affiliation:
Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Nutritional Physiology, Interventions and Outcomes, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Rebecca Hogarth
Affiliation:
CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, SA, Australia Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Peter M Clifton
Affiliation:
Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Nutritional Physiology, Interventions and Outcomes, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
*
*Corresponding author: Email Jennifer.keogh@unisa.edu.au
Rights & Permissions[Opens in a new window]

Abstract

HTML view is not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Objectives

To identify food sources of Na in a group of community-dwelling women in Adelaide, South Australia. A secondary aim was to measure Na excretion in this group.

Design

Survey.

Setting

Community setting, Adelaide, South Australia.

Subjects

Seventy healthy women (mean age 48·6 (sd 8·1) years, mean BMI 28·6 (sd 6·3) kg/m2) living in metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia and participating in a validation study of an FFQ. Dietary intake was derived from two 4 d weighed food records. Foods from the 4 d weighed food records were grouped according to foods or food groups to establish contributors to Na intake. Na excretion was measured in two 24 h urine samples. Completeness of urine collections was verified using creatinine excretion.

Results

Bread alone contributed 19·0 % of Na intake, with an overall contribution from the breads and cereals group of 32·5 %. Meat products contributed 14·4 % of intake, the dairy and eggs group (excluding cheese) 9·6 % and combination dishes (e.g. pizza, quiche, sandwiches and stir fry dishes) 8·4 %. Na excretion was 126 (sd 42) mmol/d, i.e. approximately 7·6 (sd 2.5) g salt/d. Seventy per cent of participants (n 48) had Na excretion ≥100 mmol/d (146 (sd 34) mmol/d).

Conclusions

Effective Na reduction could be achieved by reducing the amount in staple foods such as bread and meat products.

Keywords

Dietary sodium intakeUrinary sodium excretionFood supply
Type
Nutrition and health
Information
Public Health Nutrition , Volume 16 , Issue 10 , October 2013 , pp. 1837 - 1842
Copyright
Copyright © The Authors 2012 

References

1.He, FJ & MacGregor, GA (2010) Reducing population salt intake worldwide: from evidence to implementation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 52, 363–382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Bibbins-Domingo, K, Chertow, GM, Coxson, PGet al. (2010) Projected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 362, 590–599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Cook, NR, Cutler, JA, Obarzanek, Eet al. (2007) Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP). BMJ 334, 885–888.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Whelton, PK, Appel, L, Charleston, Jet al. (1992) The effects of nonpharmacologic interventions on blood pressure of persons with high normal levels. Results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, Phase I. JAMA 267, 1213–1220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.The Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group (1997) Effects of weight loss and sodium reduction intervention on blood pressure and hypertension incidence in overweight people with high-normal blood pressure. The Trials of Hypertension Prevention, Phase II. Arch Intern Med 157, 657–667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Dickinson, KM, Keogh, JB & Clifton, PM (2009) Effects of a low-salt diet on flow-mediated dilatation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 89, 485–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Dickinson, KM, Clifton, PM & Keogh, JB (2011) Endothelial function is impaired after a high-salt meal in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 93, 500–505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Todd, AS, Macginley, RJ, Schollum, JBet al. (2010) Dietary salt loading impairs arterial vascular reactivity. Am J Clin Nutr 91, 557–564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Langenfeld, MR & Schmieder, RE (1995) Salt and left ventricular hypertrophy: what are the links? J Hum Hypertens 9, 909–916.Google ScholarPubMed
10.Devine, A, Criddle, RA, Dick, IMet al. (1995) A longitudinal study of the effect of sodium and calcium intakes on regional bone density in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 62, 740–745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.National Health and Medical Research Council (2006) Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes. http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/n35syn.htm (accessed June 2012).Google Scholar
12.Beard, TC, Woodward, DR, Ball, PJet al. (1997) The Hobart Salt Study 1995: few meet national sodium intake target. Med J Aust 166, 404–407.Google ScholarPubMed
13.Charlton, K, Yeatman, H, Houweling, Fet al. (2010) Urinary sodium excretion, dietary sources of sodium intake and knowledge and practices around salt use in a group of healthy Australian women. Aust N Z J Public Health 34, 356–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Keogh, JB & Clifton, PM (2008) Salt intake and health in the Australian population. Med J Aust 189, 526.Google ScholarPubMed
15.Anderson, CA, Appel, LJ, Okuda, Net al. (2010) Dietary sources of sodium in China, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, women and men aged 40 to 59 years: the INTERMAP study. J Am Diet Assoc 110, 736–745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16.Brown, IJ, Tzoulaki, I, Candeias, Vet al. (2009) Salt intakes around the world: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol 38, 791–813.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17.Webster, JL, Dunford, EK & Neal, BC (2010) A systematic survey of the sodium contents of processed foods. Am J Clin Nutr 91, 413–420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Thomson, BM, Vannoort, RW & Haslemore, RM (2008) Dietary exposure and trends of exposure to nutrient elements iodine, iron, selenium and sodium from the 2003–4 New Zealand Total Diet Survey. Br J Nutr 99, 614–625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Thomson, BM (2009) Nutritional modelling: distributions of salt intake from processed foods in New Zealand. Br J Nutr 102, 757–765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Boorman J, Cunningham J & Mackerras D (2008) Salt intake from processed foods and discretionary salt use in Australia. http://wwwfoodstandardsgovau/_srcfiles/Salt_Intake_5pdf (accessed June 2012).Google Scholar
21.Lassale, C, Guilbert, C, Keogh, Jet al. (2009) Estimating food intakes in Australia: validation of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) food frequency questionnaire against weighed dietary intakes. J Hum Nutr Diet 22, 559–566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Food Standards Australia New Zealand (2006) NUTTAB 2006. http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumerinformation/nuttab2006/ (accessed July 2012).Google Scholar
23.Food Standards Australia New Zealand (2006) Development of NUTTAB 2006. http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/Development%20of%20NUTTAB%202006.pdf (accessed July 2012).Google Scholar
24.Sydney South West Pathology Service (2009) Creatinine. Reference range. http://www.sswahs.nsw.gov.au/sswps/default_hb.htm (accessed June 2012).Google Scholar
25.Margerison, C, Nowson, CA, Worsley, Tet al. (2004) Food sources of sodium prior to and during the OZDASH study. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 13, 58.Google Scholar
26.Villani, A, Clifton, PM & Keogh, JB (2012) Sodium intake and excretion in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional analysis of overweight and obese males and females in Australia. J Hum Nutr Diet 25, 129–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Cleanthous, X, Mackintosh, AM & Anderson, S (2010) Breads in the current Australian market: sodium and fibre content report. Food Australia 62, issue 4, 134–136.Google Scholar
28.Bolhuis, DP, Temme, EHM, Koeman, FTet al. (2011) A salt reduction of 50 % in bread does not decrease bread consumption or increase sodium intake by the choice of sandwich fillings. J Nutr 141, 2249–2255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29.Grimes, CA, Nowson, CA & Lawrence, M (2008) An evaluation of the reported sodium content of Australian food products. Int J Food Sci Technol 43, 2219–2229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Voss, S, Kroke, A, Klipstein-Grobusch, Ket al. (1997) Obesity as a major determinant of underreporting in a self-administered food frequency questionnaire: results from the EPIC-Potsdam Study. Z Ernahrungswiss 36, 229–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.Bingham, S & Cummings, JH (1983) The use of 4-aminobenzoic acid as a marker to validate the completeness of 24 h urine collections in man. Clin Sci (Lond) 64, 629–635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Bingham, SA (2003) Urine nitrogen as a biomarker for the validation of dietary protein intake. J Nutr 133, Suppl. 3, S921–S924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.Food Standards Australia New Zealand (2007) NUTTAB 2006 Australian food composition tables. http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/Final%20NUTTAB%202006%20Food%20Composition%20Tables%20-%20May%2020071.pdf (accessed July 2012).Google Scholar
You have Access
10
Cited by

Send article to Kindle

To send this article to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about sending to your Kindle. Find out more about sending to your Kindle.

Note you can select to send to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be sent to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Foods contributing to sodium intake and urinary sodium excretion in a group of Australian women
Available formats
×

Send article to Dropbox

To send this article to your Dropbox account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your <service> account. Find out more about sending content to Dropbox.

Foods contributing to sodium intake and urinary sodium excretion in a group of Australian women
Available formats
×

Send article to Google Drive

To send this article to your Google Drive account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your <service> account. Find out more about sending content to Google Drive.

Foods contributing to sodium intake and urinary sodium excretion in a group of Australian women
Available formats
×
×

Reply to: Submit a response

Please enter your response.

Your details

Please enter a valid email address.

Conflicting interests

Do you have any conflicting interests? *