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Tracing palaeoecological footprints of Late Holocene monsoon variability and vegetation dynamics in the tropical sal forest of India’s Core Monsoon Zone

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 June 2026

Anjali Trivedi Open the ORCID record for Anjali Trivedi [Opens in a new window] ,
Anupam Nag Open the ORCID record for Anupam Nag [Opens in a new window]  and
M.G. Thakkar Open the ORCID record for M.G. Thakkar [Opens in a new window]
Anjali Trivedi*
Affiliation:
Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP), Lucknow, UP, India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, India
Anupam Nag
Affiliation:
Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP), Lucknow, UP, India
M.G. Thakkar
Affiliation:
Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP), Lucknow, UP, India
*
Corresponding author: Anjali Trivedi; Email: anjali_trivedi@bsip.res.in
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Abstract

This study reconstructs Late Holocene vegetation and Indian summer monsoon (ISM) variability over the past ∼2700 years from the Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, located in central India’s Core Monsoon Zone (CMZ). High-resolution pollen data reveal five distinct vegetational phases, with the period between ∼2700 and 2300 cal yr BP characterized by a dense moist deciduous forest dominated by Shorea robusta, indicating strong monsoonal activity. The interval between ∼2300 and 1600 cal yr BP shows four distinct sub-phases: a warm and humid episode (∼2300–2200 cal yr BP), a pronounced dry spell (∼2200–2030 cal yr BP), an ameliorating phase (∼2030–1680 cal yr BP), and renewed monsoon intensification (∼1680–1600 cal yr BP). A moderately strong and stable ISM persisted until ∼820 cal yr BP, followed by a dry, open vegetation regime (∼820–400 cal yr BP) coinciding with increased anthropogenic indicators. Since ∼400 cal yr BP, the resurgence of moist deciduous taxa reflects climatic recovery and forest regeneration. Pollen-based climate reconstructions provide valuable insights into long-term monsoon–vegetation interactions in tropical India.

Keywords

Late HoloceneCore Monsoon Zonecentral Indiapollenclimate changepalaeoclimateIndian summer monsoonShorea robustatropical deciduous forestclimate modelling

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Research Article
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Quaternary Research , First View , pp. 1 - 17
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© The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Quaternary Research Center.

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