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²¹ See, for example, Armingeon, Klaus and Ceka, Besir, ‘The Loss of Trust in the European Union during the Great Recession since 2007: The Role of Heuristics from the National Political System’, European Union Politics, 15:1 (2014), pp. 82–107 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Harteveld, Eelco, van der Meer, Tom, and de Vries, Catherine E., ‘In Europe we Trust? Exploring three Logics of Trust in the European Union’, European Union Politics, 14:4 (2013), pp. 542–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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³⁸ Hooghe and Marks, ‘A Postfunctionalist Theory of European Integration’; Zürn, Binder, and Ecker-Erhardt, ‘International Political Authority’.

³⁹ Hurd, After Anarchy, p. 67.

⁴⁰ Hooghe and Marks, ‘Calculation, Community and Cues’, pp. 421–2; Hurd, After Anarchy, p. 68.

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⁴⁶ Harteveld, van der Meer and de Vries, ‘In Europe we Trust?’, p. 561.

⁴⁷ Armingeon and Ceka, ‘The Loss of Trust in the European Union’. Other research in this tradition refines or reverses the logic of this basic argument. Several contributions find that more knowledgeable or cognitively mobilised people rely less on heuristics from domestic politics (for example, Hobolt, ‘Citizen Satisfaction with Democracy’). Others hypothesise and find support for the reverse logic: low levels of support for national political institutions feed into greater support for the EU, which appears as a saviour from malfunctioning domestic politics ( Sánches-Cuenca, Ignacio, ‘The Political Basis of Support for European Integration’, European Union Politics, 1:2 (2000), pp. 147–71)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁵⁰ See Table A1 in Appendix A. Tables A2 and A3 in Appendix A provide summary statistics of and correlations between these variables. All material necessary to replicate the analyses in this article are published on the authors' homepages.

⁵¹ Appendix B gives an overview of the question wordings for all questions used to code the individual-level variables, as well as the coding of the answer categories.

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⁵⁸ The correlation between Perceived UN problem-solving and UN confidence is low (r=.08), indicating that these two variables capture distinct phenomena.

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⁶⁰ Cf. United Nations, ‘Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly (A/RES/64/248)’ (2010), available at: {http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=a/res/64/248}.

⁶¹ See Pippa Norris, ‘Global Governance and Cosmopolitan Citizens’.

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⁶⁵ Torgler, ‘Trust in International Organizations’.

⁶⁶ This measure captures the extent to which people rely on each other, also on those that they do not personally know, and is distinct from Government confidence, which taps confidence in specific actors and institutions, such as politicians, officials, and organisations. Cf. Brehm, John and Rahn, Wendy, ‘Individual-Level Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital’, American Journal of Political Science, 41:3 (1997), pp. 999–1023 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁶⁸ Teorell, Samanni, Holmberg, and Rothstein, ‘The Quality of Government Dataset’.

⁶⁹ Torgler, ‘Trust in International Organizations’.

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⁷³ Cf. Rabe-Hesketh and Skrondal, Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling.

⁷⁴ We calculate the intra-class correlation as follows: $\rho=Var(\zeta_{1j})/(Var(\zeta_{1j})+\pi^{2}/3)=0.265/(0.265+\pi^{2}/3)=0.076$ .

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⁸² Zürn, Binder, and Ecker-Erhardt, ‘International Political Authority’.

⁸³ Tallberg, Sommerer, Squatrito, and Jönsson, The Opening Up of International Organizations.

⁸⁴ Cf. Hurd, After Anarchy.