1. Good examples of previous discussions of the impact of intergovernmental organizations include: Jacobson, Harold K., Networks of Interdependence; International Organizations and the Global Political System, 2nd edn. (New York, 1984), pp. 171–86; Gordenker, Leon, ‘Multilateral Aid and Influence on Government Policies’, in Cox, Robert W. (ed.), International Organisation: World Politics. Studies in Economic and Social Agencies (London, 1969); Schiff, Benjamin N., International Nuclear Technology Transfer. Dilemmas of Dissemination and Control (London, 1983); Honeywell, Martin (ed.), The Poverty Brokers. The IMF and Latin America (London, 1983), especially pp. 49–69 and 85–108.
2. Harold K. Jacobson and David A. Kay, ‘The Environmental Protection Activities of International Organizations: An Appraisal and Some Suggestions’. Paper delivered at the 1979 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 31 August-3 September 1979, p. 40. See also: Kay, David A. and Jacobson, Harold K. (eds), Environmental Protection; The International Dimension (Totowa, NJ, 1983), especially pp. 323–7.
3. Kay, David A., The Functioning and Effectiveness of Selected United Nations System Programs, The American Society of International Law Studies in Transnational Legal Policy No. 18 (St. Paul, 1980), p. 189.
4. Hoole, F. W., Evaluation Research and Development Activities (Beverly Hills, 1978), p. 21.
5. Sewell, James, UNESCO and World Politics. Engaging in International Relations (Princeton, NJ, 1979), p. 299.
6. Argyris, Chris, ‘Organizations: Effectiveness’, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, xi, 1968, pp. 311–12.
7. Weiss, Carol H., ‘Evaluation Research in a Political Context’, in Struening, Elmer L. and Guttentag, Marcia (eds), Handbook of Evaluation Research, vol. I (Beverly Hills, 1975), p. 18.
8. Lindberg, Leon N. and Scheingold, Stuart A., Europe's Would-Be Polity. Patterns of Change in the European Community (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1970), pp. 25–6.
9. Cox, Robert W. and Jacobson, Harold K., The Anatomy of Influence. Decision Making in International Organization (New Haven, 1973), p. 371.
10. McLin, Jon, ‘Surrogate International Organization and the Case of World Food Security, 1949–1969’, International Organization, xxx (Winter 1979), pp. 54–5 and 57. See also, Miles, Edward, ‘Structure and Effects of the Decision-Process in the Seabed Committee and the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea’, International Organization, xxxi (1977).
11. Karen A. Mingst, ‘Evaluating Organizational Impact Using Multiple Indicators: The ECSC and IDB Experiences’, Paper presented at the 1979 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 31 August-3 September, Washington, DC, p. 2.
12. Karen A. Mingst, ‘Strategies for Evaluating Policy Effectiveness of Intergovernmental Organizations’, Paper presented at the 1978 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, 20–22 April, Chicago.
14. Norman A. Graham and Stephan M. Haggard, ‘The Impact of Ad Hoc Global Conferences: Evaluating Effects at the National and International Level’, Paper presented at the 1979 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 30 August-3 September, Washington, p. 14. See also: Graham, Norman A., Kaufman, Richard L., Oppenheimer, Michael F., The United States and Multilateral Diplomacy (New York, 1984).
15. See Francis W. Hoole, ‘Assessing the Impact of International Organizations: Problems, Prospects, Research Strategies’, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, Toronto, 21–24 March 1979, pp. 2–6. See also: Mingst, Karen A., ‘Linkages Between International Organizations and Individuals: Three Cases’, International Interactions vi (1979), pp. 24–5.
16. Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S., Power and Interdependence. World Politics in Transition (Boston, 1977).
17. Lindberg and Scheingold, Europe's Would-Be Polity, op. cit., pp. 64–100.
18. Gordenker, Leon, International Aid and National Decisions. Development Programs in Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia (Princeton, NJ, 1976). See also: International Legal Center, The Impact of International Organizations on Legal and Institutional Change in the Developing Countries (New York, 1977).
19. Schechter, Michael G., ‘The Impact of Intergovernmental Commodity Organizations on the Final Consumer’, International Interactions, vi (1979), pp. 73–98. See also: Schechter, Michael G., Assessing the Impact of Intergovernmental Economic Organizations: The Case of the World Bank and Nonformal Education, ERIC Document, ED 235 987, 3 April 1984.
20. See for example, DeVries, Margaret, The International Monetary Fund, 1966–1971: The System Under Stress (Washington, International Monetary Fund, 1976); Nicholas, H. G., The United Nations as a Political Institution, 5th edn (London, 1975); Daltrop, Anne, Politics and the European Community (Essex, 1982).
21. See Fisher, Bart S., The International Coffee Agreement. A Study in Coffee Diplomacy (New York, 1972); Hoole, Francis W., Politics and Budgeting in the World Health Organization (Bloomington, 1976); Mikdashi, Zuhayr, The Community of Oil Exporting Countries. A Study in Governmental Cooperation (Ithaca, New York, 1972).
22. Haas, Ernst B., Butterworth, Robert L., and Nye, Joseph S., Conflict Management by International Organizations (Morristown, 1972). For example, see Wilkenfeld, Jonathan and Brecher, Michael, ‘International Crises 1945–1975: The UN Dimension’, International Studies Quarterly, xxviii (1984), pp. 45–67.
23. Haas, et al, Conflict Management by International Organizations, op. cit., p. 5.
24. See Kay, The Functioning and Effectiveness of Selected United Nations System Programs, op. cit.; Jacobson and Kay, ‘The Environmental Protection Activities of International Organizations’, op. cit.; Meltzer, Ronald I., ‘The Politics of Policy Reversal: The U.S. Response to Granting Trade Preferences to Developing Countries and Linkages Between International Organizations and National Policy Making’, International Organization, xxx (1976), pp. 649–68.
25. Leive, David M., International Regulatory Regimes. Case Studies in Health, Meteorology, and Food, vols. I, II (Lexington, Mass., 1976).
26. Mingst, Karen A. and Stauffer, Robert E., ‘Intervention Analysis of Political Disturbances, Market Shocks, and Policy Initiatives in International Commodity Markets’, International Organization, xxxiii (1978-1979), pp. 105–18.
27. For more information, see Guttentag, M., ‘Subjectivity and Its Use in Evaluating Research’, Evaluation, i (1973), pp. 60–5; Raiffa, H., Decision Analysis. Introductory Lectures on Choice Under Uncertainty (Reading, Mass., 1968).
28. For methodological strategies, see Hoole, Francis W., ‘Evaluating the Impacts of International Organizations’, International Organization, xxxiii (1977), pp. 541–63.
