1 Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich, Selected Works (Moscow: Foreign Language Publishing House, 1958), 1: 362–63.
2 For some recent statements of this view see Cohen, G. A., Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defense (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978);McMurtry, John, The Structure of Marx's World-View (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978);Shaw, William A., Marx's Theory of History (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1979).
3 Ollman, Bertell, Alienation: Marx's Conception of Man in Capitalist Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977);Williams, Raymond, Marxism and Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977);Mcguire, John M., Marx's Theory of Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978);Rader, Melvin, Marx's Interpretation of History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979).
4 Acton, H. B., The Illusion of an Epoch (London: Cohen and West, 1955), pp. 159–68;Plamenatz, John, Man and Society (New York: McGraw Hill, 1963), 2: 274–83.
5 The main texts consulted here are For Marx, trans. Brewster, Ben (London: The Penguin Press, 1969); with Balibar, Etienne, Reading Capital, trans. Brewster, Ben (London: New Left Books, 1970.);Politics and History: Montesquieu, Rousseau, Hegel, and Marx, trans. Brewster, Ben (London: New Left Books, 1972);Essays in Self-Criticism, trans. Lock, Grahame (London: New Left Books, 1976): hereafter cited as FM, RC, PH, and ESC respectively.
6 For a sample of some of the works influenced by Althusser see Offe, Claus, “Structural Problems of the Capitalist State,” German Political Studies, 1 (1974), 31–56;Poulantzas, Nicos, Political Power and Social Classes, trans. O'Hagan, Timothy (London: New Left Books, 1973);Fascism and Dictatorship, trans. White, Judith N. (London: New Left Books, 1974);Skocpol, Theda, States and Social Revolutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
7 Wrong, Dennis, “The Oversocialized Conception of Man in Modern Sociology,” American Sociological Review, 2 (1961), 183–93.
8 Marx, and Engels, , Selected Works, 2: 488–90; emphasis mine.
12 Freud, Sigmund, The Interpretation of Dreams, trans. Strachey, James (New York: Avon Books, 1965), pp. 182–83, 327–30, 341–43.
13 Dodds, E. R., The Greeks and the Irrational (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), pp. 30–31.
14 Evans-Pritchard, E. E., Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1937), p. 73.
15 Cited in Anderson, Perry, Arguments Within English Marxism (London: New Left Books, 1981), p. 10.
16 Parkin, Frank, “The Academicizing of Marxism,” Dissent, Spring (1980), pp. 172–80.
17 Hirschmann, Albert O., “The Search for Paradigms as a Hindrance to Understanding,” in Interpretive Social Science: A Reader, ed. Rabinow, Paul and Sullivan, William S. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), p. 179.
18 Garaudy, Roger, “A propos des Manuscrits de 1844,” Cahiers du Communisme, 3 (1963), 119;Schmidt, Alfred, “Der strukturalistische Angriff auf die Geschichte,” Beiträge zur marxistischen Erkenntnistheorie (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1969), pp. 209, 265;Giddens, Anthony, Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), pp. 50–53, 111–15.
19 Marx, Karl, Capital (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1970), 1: 82 note.
20 The nonhistorical character of Althusser's thought has been well brought out by Thompson, E. P., The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1978).
21 Giddens, , Central Problems in Social Theory, p. 159.
22 Freud, Sigmund, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, trans. Strachey, James (New York: Norton, 1969), pp. 284–85.
23 Nair, K., “Marxisme ou structuralisme?” in Contre Althusser, ed. Vincent, J. M. (Paris: Union Generale d'Edition, 1974), p. 169: “With Sartre there is too much history, with Lévi-Strauss, Foucault, Althusser, and Lacan there is no longer any history; yesterday object and structure were dissolved into the subject; today subject and consciousness are buried in the object. The soul of the world was free and conscious choice, now the unconscious is king and the world has lost its soul.”
24 Marx, , Capital, p. 85.
26 Wrong, , “The Oversocialized Conception of Man,” pp. 184–85;Zetterbaum, Marvin, “Self and Political Order,” Interpretation, 2 (1971), 240”46.
27 On the meaningful character of action see Winch, Peter, The Idea of a Social Science and Its Relation to Philosophy (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976), pp. 45–53, 116–20; see also Giddens, Anthony, New Rules of Sociological Method: A Positive Critique of Interpretive Sociologies (New York: Basic Books, 1976).
28 Goffman, Erving, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (New York: Doubleday, 1959).
29 For a useful account of this movement see Dallmayr, Fred J., The Twilight of Subjectivity: Contributions to a Post-Individualist Theory of Politics (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1981), chap. 1;Descombes, Vincent, Modern French Philosophy, trans. Scott-Fox, L. and Harding, J. M. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
30 Deleuze, Gilles, Nietzsche et la philosophie (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1962);Klossowski, Pierre, Nietzsche et le cercle vicieux (Paris: Mercure de France, 1969);Descombes, , Modern French Philosophy, pp. 180–86.
31 Aron, Raymond, D'une sainte famille à l'autre: Essais sur les marxismes imaginaires (Paris: Gallimard, 1970), p. 341.
32 Foucault, Michel, The Order of Things, trans. Smith, A. M. Sheridan (London: Tavistock, 1970), p. 385.
35 LeoStrauss, , What Is Political Philosophy and Other Studies (New York: The Free Press, 1959), p. 38.
36 The modern origins of this critique arguably go back to Heidegger; for a stimulating comparison to Althusser see Glucksmann, André, “A Ventriloquist Structuralism,” New Left Review, 72 (1972), 88–92.
37 Arendt, Hannah, The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), p. 40.
