Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-m8qmq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T21:09:40.683Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Is Moral Enhancement a Right, or a Threat to Rights?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 October 2018

John R. Shook*
Affiliation:
Bowie State University

Abstract

Enhancements for morality could become technologically practical at the expense of becoming unethical and uncivil. A mode of moral enhancement intensifying a person's imposition of conformity upon others, labeled here as “moral righteousness”, is particularly problematic. Moral energies contrary to expansions of civil rights and liberties can drown out reasoned justifications for equality and freedom, delaying social progress. The technological capacity of moral righteousness in the hands of a majority could impose puritanical conformities and override some rights and liberties. Fortunately, there cannot be a human right or a civil right to access righteous moral enhancement, and governments would be prudent to forbid such technology for moral righteousness. From an enlarged perspective, less righteousness could lead to a more just society. Going further, if a neurological intervention for moral righteousness could be invented, so too could moral de-enhancement, here labeled as “moral toleration”. Perhaps moral toleration deserves as much commendation as so-called moral enhancement. Justice with less delay can be justice enhanced.

Type
Papers
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Institute of Philosophy and the contributors 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Discussions of morally relevant capacities are offered by Douglas, Thomas, ‘Moral Enhancement via Direct Emotion Modulation: A Reply to John Harris’, Bioethics 27:3 (2013), 160168CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Crockett, Molly and Rini, Regina, ‘Neuromodulators and the (In)stability of Moral Cognition’, in Decety, J. and Wheatley, T. (eds), The Moral Brain: A Multidisciplinary Perspective (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 221235Google Scholar; and Schaefer, G. Owen, ‘Direct vs. Indirect Moral Enhancement’, Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 25:3 (2015), 261289CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2 Shook, Consult John and Giordano, James, ‘Defining Contexts of Cognitive (Performance) Enhancements’, in Jotterand, F. and Dubljevic, V. (eds), Cognitive Enhancement: Ethical and Policy Implications in International Perspectives (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 7698CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3 Shook, John R., ‘Neuroethics and the Possible Types of Moral Enhancement’, AJOB Neuroscience 3:4 (2012), 314CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4 Shook, John, ‘My Brain Made Me Moral: Moral Performance Enhancement for Realists’, Neuroethics 9:3 (2016), 199211CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5 Francis, Kathryn, et al. , ‘Virtual Morality: Transitioning From Moral Judgment to Moral Action?’, PLoS ONE 11 (2015), e0164374Google Scholar.

6 The role for punishing in the development of morality is discussed by Kurzban, Robert, Burton-Chellew, Maxwell, and West, Stuart, ‘The Evolution of Altruism in Humans’, Annual Review of Psychology 66:3 (2015), 575599CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Determining conditions where people regard harms as moral punishment is the subject of research by Eriksson, Kimmo, Strimling, Pontus, and Andersson, Per, ‘Costly Punishment in the Ultimatum Game Evokes Moral Concern, in Particular When Framed as Payoff Reduction’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 69 (2017), 5964CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7 Lamkin, Matt, ‘Regulating Identity: Medical Regulation as Social Control’, BYU Law Review 2 (2016), 501573Google Scholar.

8 Moral enhancement could be linked to questionable therapeutic goals; see Wiseman, Harris, The Myth of the Moral Brain: The Limits of Moral Enhancement (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016), chap. 8CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Carter, Sarah, ‘Could Moral Enhancement Interventions Be Medically Indicated?Health Care Analysis 25:4 (2017), 338353CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

9 Shook, John and Giordano, James, ‘Neuroethics Beyond Normal: Performance Enablement and Self-Transformative Technologies’, Cambridge Quarterly of Health Care Ethics 25:1 (2016), 121140CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

10 This point, familiar to theologians, exposes incoherencies to speculation about creating morally superior beings. Rakić, Consider Vojin, ‘We Must Create Beings with Moral Standing Superior to Our Own’, Cambridge Quarterly of Health Care Ethics 24:1 (2015), 5865CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11 Baehr, Peter, Human Rights: Universality in Practice (Berlin: Springer, 2016), 4Google Scholar.

12 There are analogous civil liberties. Citizens already access ordinary means of moral improvement, to the point of righteous social action and corrective civic activism, and they should have the liberty to do so without obstructive government scrutiny or regulation. Many organisations, secular and religious, offer principled exhortations to recruit people for community activism projects and political action agendas.

13 Kabasenche, William, ‘Moral Formation and Moral Enhancement’, AJOB Neuroscience 7:2 (2016), 130131CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14 See Cohen, I. Glenn, ‘This Is Your Brain on Human Rights: Moral Enhancement and Human Rights’, Law and Ethics of Human Rights 9:1 (2015), 141CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15 ‘Ethics is for bad guys!’, as John Harris puts it, in How to Be Good: The Possibility of Moral Enhancement (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), chap. 7Google Scholar.

16 This essay is premised on rejecting liberalism's ideal of public debate proceeding without appeals to devoutly-held values. This essay's concerns about righteousness within politics presume an essential role for all citizens and their values.