1 It is convenient to distinguish between ‘thomistic’ and ‘thomasian’ theology. Whereas the former refers to certain lines in modern Roman theology, the latter means the teaching of Thomas Aquinas himself. Obviously these are two different things, which can and should be judged differently. (The terminological distinction now seems to be current in Roman Catholic literature.)
2 Summa Theologiae I q. 75 art. 2
7 S. T. I q. 80 art. 2; q. 82: II qq. 6, 8ss.
8 S. T. I q. 80 art. 2; q. 81; II qq. 6, 22ss.
9 S. T. II qq. 7ss., 22ss.
10 S. T. II q. 6 intr.; q. 49 intr.; qq. 49ss.; qq. 90ss.
12 S. T. II qq. 49ss., 55ss., 71ss.
14 S. T. II q. 50 art. 2.
15 S. T. II q. 61 art. 1; q. 56 art. 3.
16 S. T. II q. 56 art. 3.
17 S. T. II q. 51 art. 1, 2, 4; q. 63.
21 S. T. II q. 65 art. 2; q. 114.
22 See Trillhaas, Wolfgang, Ethik. Berlin, 1959, pp. 140f.
23 On Schleiermacher's ethics, cf. Birkner, H.-J., Schleiermachers chrislliche Sittenlehre. Im Zusammenhang seines philosophisch-theologischen Systems. Berlin, 1964; Herms, E., ‘Die Ethik des Wissens beim späten Schleiermacher’. Z.Th.K. 73 (1976), pp. 471–523.
24 See his ‘Grundlinien einer Kritik der bisherigen Sittenlehre’, in F. Schleiermachers sämmtliche Werke, Dritte Abtheilung: Zur Philosophic, Bd. I. Berlin, 1846.
25 Frankena, W. K., Ethics. Englewood Cliffs, 1963; German edition München, 1972, p. 28.
26 F. Schleiermachers sämmtliche Werke, Dritte Abtheilung: Zur Philosophic, Bd. II Berlin, 1838, pp. 350–378.
28 cf. W. Trillhaas (supra, n. 22).
29 Thus Holl, K., Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Kirchengeschichte, Bd. I: Luther, pp. 167ff.
31 Joseph Klein, art. ‘Tugend’. RGG 3 Bd.VI.col. 1084.
32 For Luther's criticism of this aspect of scholastic anthropology cf. Joest, W.. Ontologie der Person bei Luther. Göttingen, 1967.
33 cf. S. Wibbing, art. ‘Tugend’. Evangelisches Kirchenlexikon, Bd. III, col. 1519ff.
34 Such a denial is aimed at by Prenter, Regin, Luthers Begriff vom Wirken Gottes, des Heiligen Geistes. Göttingen, 1957. — Against this thesis, and rightly: Gerdes, Hayo, ‘Zu Luthers Lehre vom Wirken des Heiligen Geistes’. Lutherjahrbuch 25 (1958), pp. 42–60.
35 As was most emphatically and effectively underlined by Weber, Max, ‘Politik als Beruf’. Gesammelte politische Schriften. 3. Aufl. Tübingen, 1958: see esp. pp. 548ff.
36 Consideration only of a man's action, of whether he is doing his duty, which at the same time proscribes any judgment as to his character and personal qualities, in short as to virtue, and consequently neglects the dynamic interdependence between acting and being, is diagnosed by Scheler, Max as ‘bourgeois’, that is, as a certain depraved style of moral life: see his ‘Zur Rehabilitierung der Tugend’. Vom Umsturz der Werte. 2. Aufl., 1919, Bd. I, pp. 13–42.
37 cf. e.g. Pieper, J., Vom Sinn der Tapferkeit (1934); Über die Hoffnung (1935); Traktat über die Klugheit (1937); Zucht and Maß (1939); Über die Gerechtigkeit (1953); Die Wirklichkeit und das Gute (3. Aufl. 1949).
38 Fides, spes und caritas beim jungen Luther unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der mittelalterlichen Tradition. Berlin, 1962.
40 What I have tried to outline obviously connects in several ways with the theory of the personal Self developed in social psychology since William James and G. H. Mead on the one hand, and with psychoanalytical characterology on the other — cf. e.g. the contributions of Erikson, Fromm and Kohut.
41 E.g. Luther in Von der Freiheit eines Christenmenschen: ‘Gute, fromme Werke machen nimmermehr einen guten, frommen Mann, sondern ein guter, frommer Mann macht gute, fromme Werke.’ (W A VII p. 32)
42 These elements are surely not wholly irrational, but resolvable.
