Skip to main content
×
×
Home

Seed banking in ancient forest species: why total sampled area really matters

  • Jan Plue (a1), Ken Thompson (a2), Kris Verheyen (a3) and Martin Hermy (a1)
Abstract

This study investigates how methodological aspects of seed-bank sampling affect seed-bank records in temperate deciduous forests. We focused explicitly on seed-bank records of ancient forest species, which are assumed to lack a persistent seed bank; a hypothesis suspected to be partly due to methodological shortcomings. Through a quantitative review of 31 seed-bank studies in temperate deciduous forests of central and north-west Europe, we quantified the role of sampling methodology in constraining total seed-bank records and seed-bank records of ancient forest species (γ-diversity, average species' retrieval frequency and average seed density). A major methodological trade-off was established between sampled plot area and the number of plots: at an increased number of plots, the area sampled per plot decreased significantly. The total surface area sampled in a study was the primary determinant of γ-diversity, both for overall species richness and for ancient forest species richness. A high retrieval frequency of ancient forest species indicated that few plots were intensively sampled. The parallel increase in total species richness and ancient forest species richness and the non-significance of their ratio in relation to methodological variables suggests that ancient forest species are not particularly rare in the seed bank compared to other species. These results imply that sampling methodology has a far-reaching impact on seed-bank records such as γ-diversity, the detection of ancient forest species and ultimately seed-bank composition. We formulate a set of guidelines to improve the quality of seed-bank studies in temperate deciduous forests.

Copyright
Corresponding author
*Correspondence Fax: +468164955 Email: Jan.plue@natgeo.su.se
References
Hide All
Ambrosio, L., Iglesias, L., Marin, C. and Del Monte, J.P. (2004) Evaluation of sampling methods and assessment of the sample size to estimate the weed seed bank in soil, taking into account spatial variability. Weed Research 44, 224236.
Amrein, D., Rusterholz, H.P. and Baur, B. (2005) Disturbance of suburban Fagus forests by recreational activities: effects on soil characteristics, above-ground vegetation and seed bank. Applied Vegetation Science 8, 175182.
Augusto, L., Dupouey, J.-L., Picard, J.-F. and Ranger, J. (2001) Potential contribution of the seed bank in coniferous plantations to the restoration of native deciduous forest vegetation. Acta Oecologia 22, 8798.
Baeten, L., Jacquemyn, H., Van Calster, H., Van Beek, E., Devlaeminck, R., Verheyen, K. and Hermy, M. (2009) Low recruitment across life stages partly accounts for the slow colonization of forest herbs. Journal of Ecology 97, 109117.
Bekker, R.M., Bakker, J.P., Grandin, U., Kalamees, R., Milberg, P., Poschlod, P., Thompson, K. and Willems, J.H. (1998) Seed size, shape and vertical distribution in the soil: indicators of seed longevity. Functional Ecology 12, 834842.
Bigwood, D.W. and Inouye, D.W. (1988) Spatial pattern analysis of seed banks: an improved method and optimized sampling. Ecology 69, 497507.
Bossuyt, B. and Hermy, M. (2001) Influence of land use history on seed banks in European temperate forest ecosystems: a review. Ecography 24, 225238.
Bossuyt, B. and Honnay, O. (2008) Can the seed bank be used for ecological restoration? An overview of seed bank characteristics in European communities. Journal of Vegetation Science 19, 875884.
Bossuyt, B., Heyn, M. and Hermy, M. (2002) Seed bank and vegetation composition of forest stands of varying age in central Belgium: consequences for regeneration of ancient forest vegetation. Plant Ecology 162, 3348.
Bossuyt, B., Van Wichelen, J. and Hoffmann, M. (2007) Predicting future community composition from random soil seed bank sampling – evidence from a drained lake bottom. Journal of Vegetation Science 18, 443450.
Brown, A.H.F. and Oosterhuis, L. (1981) The role of buried seeds in coppicewoods. Biological Conservation 21, 1938.
Buckley, G.P., Howell, R. and Anderson, M.A. (1997) Vegetation succession following ride edge management in lowland plantations and woods. 2. The seed bank resource. Biological Conservation 82, 305316.
De Frenne, P., Baeten, L., Graae, B.J., Brunet, J., Wulf, M., Orczewska, A., Kolb, A., Jansen, I., Jamoneau, A., Jacquemyn, H., Hermy, M., Diekmann, M., De Schrijver, A., De Sanctis, M., Decocq, G., Cousins, S.A.O. and Verheyen, K. (2011) Interregional variation in the floristic recovery of post-agricultural forests. Journal of Ecology 99, 600609.
Devlaeminck, R., Bossuyt, B. and Hermy, M. (2004) The effect of sampling period on results of seedling germination experiments in cropland and forest. Belgian Journal of Botany 137, 2735.
Dougall, T.A.G. and Dodd, J.C. (1997) A study of species richness and diversity in seed banks and its use for the environmental mitigation of a proposed holiday village development in a coniferized woodland in south east England. Biological Conservation 6, 14131428.
Dupuy, J.M. and Chazdon, R.L. (1998) Long-term effects of forest regrowth and selective logging on the soil seed bank of tropical forests in NE Costa Rica. Biotropica 30, 223237.
Ebrecht, L. and Schmidt, W. (2008) Bedeutung der bodensamenbank und des diasporentransports durch forstmaschinen für die entwicklung der vegetation auf rückegassen. Forstarchiv 79, 91105 (in German).
Glass, G.V. and Hopkins, D.V. (1995) Statistical methods in education and psychology (3rd edition). Boston, Allyn & Bacon.
Gross, K.L. (1990) A comparion of methods for estimating seed numbers in the soil. Journal of Ecology 78, 10791093.
Harrison, F. (2011) Getting started with meta-analysis. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 2, 110.
Hermy, M. and Verheyen, K. (2007) Legacies of the past in present-day forest biodiversity: a review of past land-use effects on forest plant species composition and diversity. Ecological Research 22, 361371.
Hermy, M., Honnay, O., Firbank, L., Grashof-Bokdam, C. and Lawesson, J.E. (1999) An ecological comparison between ancient and other forest plant species of Europe, and the implications for forest conservation. Biological Conservation 91, 922.
Holderegger, R. (1996) Effects of litter removal on the germination of Anemone nemorosa. Flora 191, 175178.
Hopfensperger, K.N. (2007) A review of similarity between seed bank and standing vegetation across ecosystems. Oikos 116, 14381448.
Jankowska-Blaszczuk, M. and Grubb, P.J. (1997) Soil seed banks in primary and secondary deciduous forest in Bialowieza, Poland. Seed Science Research 7, 281292.
Jankowska-Blaszczuk, M. and Grubb, P.J. (2006) Changing perspectives on the role of the soil seed bank in northern temperate deciduous forests and in tropical lowland rain forests: parallels and contrasts. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 8, 321.
Jankowska-Blaszczuk, M., Kwiatkowska, A.J., Panufnik, D. and Tanner, E. (1998) The size and diversity of the soil seed banks and the light requirements of the species in sunny and shady natural communities of the Bialowieza Primeval Forest. Plant Ecology 136, 105118.
Kjellson, G. (1992) Seed banks in Danish deciduous forests – species composition, seed influx and distribution pattern in soil. Ecography 15, 86100.
Kostel-Hughes, F., Young, T.P. and Carreiro, M.M. (1998) Forest leaf litter quantity and seedling occurrence along an urban–rural gradient. Urban Ecosystems 2, 263278.
Leckie, S., Vellend, M., Bell, G., Waterway, M.J. and Lechowicz, M. (2000) The seed bank in an old-growth, temperate deciduous forest. Canadian Journal of Botany 78, 181192.
Legendre, P. and Legendre, L. (1998) Numerical ecology (2nd English edition). Amsterdam, Elsevier.
Måren, I.E., Janovksy, Z., Spindelbock, J.P., Daws, M.I., Kaland, P.E. and Vandvik, V. (2010) Prescribed burning of northern heathlands: Calluna vulgaris germination cues and seed-bank dynamics. Plant Ecology 207, 245256.
Peterken, G.P. (1976) Long-term changes in the woodlands of Rockingham forest and other areas. Journal of Ecology 64, 123146.
Petrov, V.V. (1987) Seed bank in the soil of broad-leaved forests (new data). Biologiya 42, 5559.
Plue, J., Goyens, G., Van Meirvenne, M., Verheyen, K. and Hermy, M. (2010) Small-scale seed bank spatial structure in a forest soil. Seed Science Research 20, 1322.
Price, J.N., Wright, B.D., Gross, C.L. and Whalley, W.R.D.N. (2010) Comparison of seedling emergence and seed extraction techniques for estimating the composition of soil seed banks. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 1, 151157.
Satterthwaite, W.H. (2010) Competition for space can drive the evolution of dormancy in a temporally invariant environment. Plant Ecology 208, 167185.
Schmidt, M., Ewald, J., Fischer, A., von Oheimb, G., Kriebitsch, W.-U., Schmidt, W. and Ellenberg, H. (2003) Liste der typischen Waldgefäβpflanzen Deutschlands. Mitteilung der Bundesforschungsanstalt für Forst- und Holzwirtschaft 212, 134 (in German).
Snyder, R.E. (2006) Multiple risk reduction mechanisms: can dormancy substitute for dispersal? Ecology Letters 9, 11061114.
Staaf, H., Jonsson, M. and Olsen, L.-G. (1987) Buried germinative seeds in mature beech forests with different herbaceous vegetation and soil types. Holarctic Ecology 10, 268277.
Stark, K.E., Arsenault, A. and Bradfield, G.E. (2008) Variation in soil seed bank species composition of a dry coniferous forest: spatial scale and sampling considerations. Plant Ecology 197, 173181.
Ter Heerdt, G.N.J., Schutter, A. and Bakker, J.P. (1999) The effect of water supply on seed-bank analysis using the seedling-emergence method. Functional Ecology 13, 428430.
Thompson, K. (1986) Small-scale heterogeneity in the seed bank of an acidic grassland. Journal of Ecology 74, 733738.
Thompson, K., Bakker, J.P., Bekker, R.M. and Hodgson, J.G. (1998) Ecological correlates of seed persistence in soil in the north-west European flora. Journal of Ecology 86, 163169.
Verheyen, K., Honnay, O., Motzkin, G., Hermy, M. and Foster, D.R. (2003) Response of forest plant species to land-use change: a life-history trait-based approach. Journal of Ecology 91, 563577.
Warr, S.J., Thompson, K. and Kent, M. (1993) Seed banks as a neglected area of biogeographic research: a review of literature and sampling techniques. Progress in Physical Geography 17, 329347.
Wódkiewicz, M. and Kwiatkowska-Falinska, A.J. (2010) Similarity between seed bank and herb layer in a natural deciduous temperate lowland forest. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 79, 157166.
Zobel, M., Kalamees, R., Püssa, K., Roosaluste, E. and Moora, M. (2007) Soil seed bank and vegetation in mixed coniferous forest stands with different disturbance regimes. Forest, Ecology and Management 250, 7176.
Recommend this journal

Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation's collection.

Seed Science Research
  • ISSN: 0960-2585
  • EISSN: 1475-2735
  • URL: /core/journals/seed-science-research
Please enter your name
Please enter a valid email address
Who would you like to send this to? *
×

Keywords:

Type Description Title
WORD
Supplementary Tables

Plue Supplementary Table 1
Table S1. All 36 studies (including additional references not listed in the article reference list) with their main methodological characteristics (a) and data quality remarks (b). Studies marked in grey were excluded due to methodological aberrations.

 Word (610 KB)
610 KB
EXCEL
Supplementary Tables

Plue Supplementary Table 2
Table S2: Three full unpublished datasets including basic details on the various studies. As these studies remain unpublished until today, seed bank data are only presented as presence-absence data.

 Excel (95 KB)
95 KB

Metrics

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 2
Total number of PDF views: 15 *
Loading metrics...

Abstract views

Total abstract views: 170 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between September 2016 - 12th June 2018. This data will be updated every 24 hours.