Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c47g7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T20:05:05.962Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Networking to Orthodoxy: The Case of Durán of Huesca

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 February 2016

Damian J. Smith*
Affiliation:
St Louis University
Get access

Extract

While the Franciscan and Dominican Orders were greatly to influence the spiritual and intellectual life of the later Middle Ages and beyond, the religious community of the contemporary of Saints Francis and Dominic, Durán of Huesca, quickly disappeared from the scene. Yet at the beginning of the thirteenth century, the Roman Curia had spent a great deal of time in dealings with Durán and his followers, the Catholic Poor. The papal chancery spilt a fair amount of ink writing to or about Durán, at a time when the affairs of Francis, Dominic and their followers bothered it very little. For Rome, the Catholic Poor were a very exciting prospect. For they had been Christians who had (from the papal viewpoint) slipped into heresy as followers of Valdes, but had then decided to return to the fold. In an age when western Europe was overwhelmingly Catholic, but the perceived threat of heresy was enormous, Durán and the Catholic Poor were great news for the church. That they managed to re-establish themselves within the church was very much a matter of Durán's successful use of international religious networks. That it was the friars who were ultimately to flourish but not the Catholic Poor was in significant measure due to the former’s ability and the latter’s inability to combine the effective use of international networks with an equally positive approach towards the local networks they needed in order to succeed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Ecclesiastical History Society 1994 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 On the Catholic Poor, the best general works are Thouzellier, C., Catharisme et Valdéisme en Languedoc à la fin du XII’ et au début du XIII’ siècle (Paris, 1966);Google Scholar Selge, K.-V., Die ersten Waldenser: Mit Edition des Liber Antiheresis des Durandus von Osca, 2 vols (Berlin, 1967).Google Scholar

2 Dondaine, A., ‘Durand de Huesca et la polémique anti-Cathare’, AFP 24 (1959), 228–76 at 248;Google Scholar Thouzellier, , Catharisme et Valdéisme, 215;Google Scholar Sánchez, E. Sarasa, ‘Durán de Huesca, un heteredoxo aragonés en la Edad Media’, in Miscelánea de Estudios en Honor de D. Antonio Durán Gudiol (Sabiñánigo, 1981), 225–38Google Scholar, at 227. An ingenious argument by Yves Dossat, ‘À propos du prieur des Pauvres catholiques: Duránd de Huesca ou de Losque en Rouerge?’, Bulletin philologique et historique (à 1610) du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, année 1967, 2 vols (Paris, 1969), 1: 673–85 did not take into account correspondence between Innocent III and the bishop of Huesca on the subject of Durán: D. Smith, Innocent III and the Crown of Aragon: The Limits of Papal Authority (Aldershot, 2004), 252–3

3 Colección diplomática de la catedral de Huesca, ed. A. Durán Gudiol, 2 vols (Zaragoza, 1965–7, 1: 372–3 (no. 373) [hereafter: CDCH). For Durán as acolyte, see La documen tación pontificia hasta Inocencio III (965–1216), ed. D. Mansilla (Rome, 1955), 508–9 (no. 480) [hereafter: MDI\.

4 CDCH, 1: 388 (no. 390); Kehr, P., ed., Papsturkunden in Spanien. Vorarbeiten zur Hispânia Pontificia, 2: Navarra und Aragon (Berlin, 1928), 504 (no. 157);Google Scholar Gudiol, Antonio Durán, ‘La documentación pontificia del Archivo Catedral de Huesca hasta el año 1417’, Anthologica Annua 7 (1959), 350 (no. 27).Google Scholar

5 CDCH, nos 338, 345, 358, 362, 371, 373–4 377. 390, 443, 447–8 451, 454, 456, 458, 477–8 485, 497, 519, 537, 544, 547, 595, 644, 690, 738–40 749.

6 CDCH, 1: 350–2 (no. 354); Dondaine, A., ‘Aux origines du Valdéisme: Une profes sion de foi de Valdès’, AFP 16 (1946), 191–234 at 231–2.Google Scholar On Girona, see Marques, J., ed., Pergamins de la Mitra (891–1687, Arxiu Dioœsà de Girona (Girona, 1984), 17 (no. 58).Google Scholar

7 Mark 16: 15. A good description of the early Waldensians cornes from Stephen of Bourbon, Anecdotes historiques, légendes et apologues tirées du recueil inédit d’Etienne de Bourbon, dominicain du XIII’ siècle, ed. A. Lecoy de la Marche (Paris, 1887), 291–2 On Durán’s companions, see Thouzellier, , Catharisme et Valdéisme, 16–17 231, 255–6.Google Scholar

8 Martín, T. Abajo, ed., Documentación de la catedral de Palencia (1035–1247) (Palencia, 1986), 249–50 (no. 126).Google Scholar

9 Selge, , Die ersten Waldenser, I, chs 6, 1320;Google Scholar Thouzellier, C., ‘Le Liber Antiheresis de Durand de Huesca et le Contra heréticos d’Ermengaud de Béziers’, RHE 55 (1960), 130–41;Google Scholar eadem, ‘La Profession trinitaire du vaudois Durand de Huesca’, RTAM 27 (1960), 267–89 eadem, Catharisme et Valdéisme, 60–79 Dondaine, ‘Aux origines’, 231–2 Vicaire, M.-H., ‘Les Vaudois et Pauvres catholiques contre les Cathares’, Cahiers de Fanjeaux 3 (1968), 244–72 at 252–5.Google Scholar

10 Selge, K., ‘Caractéristiques du premier mouvement Vaudois et crises au cours de son expansion’, Cahiers de Fanjeaux 3 (1968), 110–42;Google Scholar idem, ‘L’Aile droite du mouve ment Vaudois et naissance des Pauvres catholiques et des Pauvres réconciliés’, Cahiers de Fanjeaux 3 (1968), 27–43 On the ignorance of some of the Waldensians exhibited at the Third Lateran Council in 1179, where they were somewhat trapped into putting the Virgin Mary on the same level as the Trinity, see Walter Map, De nugis curialium, ed. M. James (Oxford, 1914), 60–2Walter nevertheless commented there: ‘If we admit them, we shall be driven out’.

11 Baraut, C., ‘Els inicis de la inquisició a Catalunya i les sèves actuacions al bisbat d’Urgell (segles XII-XIII)’, Urgellia 13 (1996–7), 407–38 at 419–22 (nos 1-2).Google Scholar

12 La Chanson de la Croisade Albigeoise, ed. E. Martin-Chabot, 3 vols (Paris, 1931), 1: 112: ‘Ane re que preziquessen no mezon dins l’aurelha | Ans dizon per esquern: < Ara roda l’albelha.>’

13 Jordan of Saxony, On the Beginnings of the Order of Preachers 14–17, ed. S. Tugwell, Dominican Sources (Chicago, IL, 1982), 4–5; Vicaire, M.-H., Histoire de Saint Dominique (Paris, 1957), 57;Google Scholar On the mission to Denmark, see Roquebert, M., L’Épopée cathare, 2 vols (Toulouse, 2001), 1: 184–5.Google Scholar

14 Petri Vallium Sernaii monachi Hystoria Albigensis 48, ed. P. Guébin and E. Lyon, 3 vols (Paris, 1926–39, 1: 43; Guillaume de Puylaurens, Historia Albigensium 8, in Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, ed. M. Bouquet et al., new edn directed by L. Delisle, 24 vols (Paris, 1869–1904, 19: 200; Ventura, J., Els Heretges Catalans (Barcelona, 1963), 89;Google Scholar idem, ‘La Valdesía de Cataluña’, Boletín de la Real Academia de Buenas Letras de Barcelona 29 (1961–2, 275–317 at 296; Vicaire, M.-H., ‘Rencontre à Pamiers des courants Vaudois et Dominicain (1207)’, Cahiers de Fanjeaux 3 (1968), 163–94, at 164, 192;Google Scholar Thouzellier, , Catharisme et Valdéisme, 218.Google Scholar

15 Hystoria Albigensis 48 (ed. Guébin and Lyon, 1: 43); Guillaume de Puylaurens, Historia Albigensium 8 (ed. Bouquet and Delisle, 19: 200) does not suggest Arnold was sympathetic or otherwise: ‘Fuitque ibi disputatum contra Valdenses, sub magistro Arnaldo de Campranhano, tunc clerico seculari, arbitro a partibus electo, qui cum eius iudicio succubuissent, ex eis ad cor aliqui redeuntes, ad sedem apostolicam adierunt et poenitentiam habuerunt, data sibi licentia vivendi regulariter, ut audivi, in quibus Durandus de Osca fuit prior, et composuit contra haereticos quaedam scripta’.

16 The dates calculated by , M. and Rouse, R., ‘The Schools and the Waldensians: A New Work by Durand of Huesca’, in Waugh, S. and Diehl, P., eds, Christendom and its Discontents. Exclusion, Persecution, and Rebellion, 1000–1500 (Cambridge, 1996), 86–111 at 8892.Google Scholar

17 MDI, 410–14 (no. 394); Potthast, A., ed., Regesta Pontijìcum Romanorum inde ab anno 1198 ad annum 1304, 2 vols (Graz, 1957), 2: 3571; PL 215, col. 1510.Google Scholar

18 MDI, 410–14 (no. 394); Thouzellier, , Catharisme et Vaìdéisme, 218–20;Google Scholar eadem, ‘La Profession trinitaire’, 267–8; Dondaine, ‘Durand de Huesca’, 237; Foreville, R., Innocent III et la France (Stuttgart, 1992), 219–20;Google Scholar Maccarrone, M., ‘Innocenzo III, Teologo dell’Eucarestia’, in idem, Studi su Innocenzo III, Italia Sacra 17 (Padua, 1972), 341–431 at 390.Google Scholar

19 Une Somme anti-cathare: Le Liber contra Manicheos de Durand de Huesca, ed. C. Thouzellier, Spicilegium Sacrum Lovaniense 32 (Louvain, 1964), 84; Maleczek, W., Papst und Kardinalskolleg von agi bis 1216 (Vienna, 1984), 141–50 154–62 166–9 179–83.Google Scholar

20 Une Somme anti-cathare, ed. Thouzellier, 82–4 Rouse and Rouse, ‘Schools and the Waldensians’, 94.

21 Maleczek, , Papst und Kardinalskolleg, 137–9.Google Scholar

22 Maleczek, , Petrus Capuanus. Kardinal, Legat am Vierten Kreuzzug, Theologe (d. 1214) (Vienna, 1988);Google Scholar Rouse, and Rouse, ,’ Schools and the Waldensians’, 93–5.Google Scholar

23 Andrews, F., The Early Humiliati (Cambridge, 1999), 94.Google Scholar On Hugolino (Pope Gregory IX, 1227–41 and Francis, see Maleczek, W., ‘Franziskus, Innocenz III., Honorius III. und die Anfánge des Minoritenordens. Ein neuer Versuch zu einem alten Problem’, in II papato duecentesco e gli ordini mendicanti: Atti del XXV convegno internazi onale, Assisi, 13–14febbraio 1998, hm dei Convegni della Società internazionale di studi francescani … 8 (Spoleto, 1998), 23–80, at 6474.Google Scholar

24 PL 216, col. 29; Thouzellier, , Catharisme et Valdéisme, 225;Google Scholar Foreville, , Innocent III et La France, 220.Google Scholar

25 Montanari, P., ‘Valdesi a Milano tra XII e XIII secolo’, Revue de l’histoire des religions 217 (2000), 5974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

26 The Alphabetum is Yale, UL, MS Marston 266; Rouse, and Rouse, , ‘Schools and the Waldensians’, 95.Google Scholar

27 On Bernard, see Le Bras, G., ‘Bernard de Pavie’, in Naz, R., ed., Dictionnaire de droit canonique, 7 vols (Paris, 1935–65), 2: 782–9.Google Scholar

28 Celano, Vida Primera 1.13, in Escritos Completos de San Francisco de Asis y Biografías de su Época, ed. J. R. de Legísima and L. Gómez Canedo (Madrid, 1956), 305.

29 Monumenta diplomatica S. Dominici, ed. V. Koudelka and R. J. Loenertz, Monu menta Ordinis Praedicatorum Histórica 25 (Rome, 1966), nos 5, 31, 50, 52, 84.

30 MDl, 420–1 (no. 404); Potthast, ed., Regesta, 2: 3768; PL 216, col. 74; Thouzellier, Catharisme et Valdéistne, 226–7 Sánchez, Sarasa, ‘Durán de Huesca’, 231;Google Scholar Ventura, , Els Heretges Catalans, 95.Google Scholar

31 MDl, 420–1 (no. 404); Potthast, ed., Regesta, 2: 3768; PL 216, col. 74.

32 MDl, 421–4 (no. 405); Potthast, ed., Regesta, 2: 3769; PL 216, col. 75.

33 MDl, nos 433–4 438, 474, 476, 477, 479–80 Maccarrone, M., ‘Riforme e Inno vazioni di Innocenzo III nella vita religiosa’, in idem, Studi su Innocenzo III, 223–337 at 299;Google Scholar Sánchez, Sarasa, ‘Durán de Huesca’, 235;Google Scholar Thouzellier, , Catharisme et Valdéisme, 257;Google Scholar Ventura, , Els Heretges Catalans, 9Google Scholar8; idem, ‘La Valdesía de Cataluña’, 303; Vicaire, ‘Rencontre à Panders’, 179.

34 Gesta Comitum Barcinonensum 27, ed. Dihigo, L. Barrau and Torrents, J. Massó (Barcelona, 1925), 56;Google Scholar also Llibre dels Fets 12, ed. J. Bruguera, 2 vols (Barcelona, 1991), 2: 48–9 The Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña: A Fourteenth-Century Official History of the Crown of Aragon, ed. and transl. L. Nelson (Philadelphia, PA, 1991), 61 (ch. 35).

35 Celano, Vida Primera 1.20 (San Francisco de Asis, ed. Legísima and Gómez Canedo, 321); i Cogul, E. Fort, ‘Sant Francese d’Assis a Santes Creus’, Studia Monastica 2 (1960), 223–31;Google Scholar López, A., ‘Viaje de San Francisco a España’, Archivo Ibero-Americano I (1914), 13–45 257–89 433–69;Google Scholar Webster, J., Els Menorets:The Franciscans in the Realms of Aragon from St Francis to the Black Death (Wetteren, 1993), 1930.Google Scholar

36 Vicaire, M.-H., ‘La “dispersion”, la “fuite” ou la “mission” des frères en 1217?’, Mémoire dominicaine 3 (1993), 165–71;Google Scholar i Gallart, C. Batlle, L’assistència ais pobres a la Barcelona Medieval (s. XIII), (Barcelona, 1987), 6–7 85;Google Scholar Taberner, F. Valls, Sant Ramon de Penyafort (Barcelona, 1996).Google Scholar

37 Prieto, A. Quintana, ed., La documentación pontificia de Inocencio IV (1243–54, 2 vols (Rome, 1987), 1, nos 285, 304.Google Scholar

38 Un Traité cathare inedit du début du XIII’ siècle d’après le Liber contra Manicheos de Durand de Huesca, ed. C. Thouzellier (Louvain, 1961); eadem, Catharisme et Valdéisme, 303–425

39 Puylaurens, Historia Albigensium 8, ed. Bouquet and Delisle, 19: 200: ‘Et hi in quadam quidem parte Cataloniae annis pluribus sic vixerunt, sed paulatim postea defecerunt’.

40 Les Registres de Grégoire IX (1227–41), ed. L. Auvray, 4 vols, Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome, 2. sér., 9 (Paris, 1896–1955, 2, no. 3762; Les Registres d’Innocent IV (1243–54), ed. E. Berger, 4 vols (Paris, 1881–1921, 2, nos 2539, 2620, 2752; Vicaire, , ‘Les Vaudois et pauvres catholiques’, 267;Google Scholar idem, ‘Rencontre à Pamiers’, 175–6 Ventura,’La Valdesia de Cataluña’, 305–17 idem, EIs Heretges, 100; Thouzellier, , Catharisme et Valdéisme, 260;Google Scholar Dossat, Y., ‘Les Vaudois Méridionaux d’aprés les documents de l’Inquisition’, Cahiers de Fanjeaux 3 (1968), 207–26 at 218.Google Scholar