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Article contents
Crusading Proposals in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016
Extract
One of the striking features of crusading in the aftermath of the fall of Acre (1291) was the sudden profusion of treatises written to offer advice on how the Holy Land could be recovered. In the years between 1290 and 1335, around thirty such proposals were written containing often detailed information about the Mamluks and practical recommendations on how they could be defeated and expelled from the holy places. This practicality distinguishes the ‘recovery treatises’ from other crusading literature. Prior to this period, non-descriptive writing on the crusades tended to be theological, dealing with the justification of crusading or the morals of participants. After the brief flurry of proposals written in the decades prior to 1335, similar works were rare until the treatises outlining plans for crusades against the Ottomans written in the mid-fifteenth century by such authors as John Torzelo and James Tedaldi. However, a few new proposals dealing with the crusade to the Holy Land were written during the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. This is striking, given the great obstacles posed to such a crusade by the twin scourges of war and plague in Europe, and the greater immediacy of the Ottoman threat. It is possible that these later works were influenced by recovery treatises written between 1290 and 1335, since some of the latter survive in copies made during the later fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries which were held in European libraries, notably that of the dukes of Burgundy. These copies, and the new treatises on the subject, illustrate that the idea of a crusade to recover Jerusalem continued to exert an appeal on later generations at certain times during the period.
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- Studies in Church History , Volume 36: The Holy Land, Holy Lands, and Christian History , 2000 , pp. 216 - 227
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- Copyright © Ecclesiastical History Society 2000
References
1 I would like to express my gratitude to Dr Alan Forey and Dr Len Scales for their comments on a draft version of this paper.
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13 ‘Le pèlerinage du moine augustin Jacques de Vérone’, pp. 224, 239-40, 250-1, 302. Similar sentiments are found at the opening of John Mandeville’s Travels, ed. M. C. Seymour (Oxford, 1967), pp. 1-4.
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39 Iorga, Philippe de Mézières, p. 71.
40 Traité d’Emmanuel Piloti, pp. xviii-xxi. See also A. Luttrell, ‘Emmanuele Piloti and criticism of the Knights Hospitallers of Rhodes, 1306-1444’, Annales de l’Ordre Souverain Militaire de Malte, 20 (1962), pp. 11-12 (also in idem, The Hospitallers in Cyprus, Rhodes, Greece and the West 1291-1444 (London, 1978), ch. XXIV); Atiya, Crusade in the Later Middle Ages, pp. 208-12.
41 Traité d’Emmanuel Piloti, pp. v-vi, 3.
42 Ibid., p. 92.
43 Ibid., pp. 160-4.
44 Ibid., pp. 116-20, 128-34, 176-8. Piloti’s treatise is confused, and the advice on the crusade is interspersed with digressions on the decadence of Famagusta (blamed on Genoese occupation), commerce in Alexandria, and a comparison between the sultan’s court in Cairo and the papal Curia (to the detriment of the latter). Piloti had acted on behalf of Venetian merchants in Egypt, and took a pro-Venetian stance in his work, just as Sanudo did in the Liber secretorum.
45 Traité d’Emmanuel Piloti, p. 223.
46 Sanudo, ‘Liber secretorum’, pp. 37-95.
47 ‘Pariso’ for the sea near Egypt, ‘Sturion’ for one branch of the Nile (Traité d’Emmanuel Piloti, pp. 71-2, 177 and n.b; Sanudo, ‘Liber secretorum’, pp. 25, 37, 57, 69, 259).
48 Traite d’Emmanuel Piloti, pp. 7-14, 171-2, 183-8. These subjects are discussed by theorists such as Ramon Lull, Charles II of Anjou, Pierre Dubois, Fulk of Villaret, and William Adam.
49 Oeuvres de Ghillebert de Lannoy: voyageur, diplomate et moraliste, ed. C. Potvin with notes by J.-C. Houzeau (Louvain, 1878), p. 51: ‘emprins le voyaige de Jhérusalem par terre à la requeste du roy d’Angleterre et du roy de France et de monseigneur le duc Phillippe, principal esmouveur’.
50 Ibid., pp. 99-118 (Alexandria and Cairo), 119-21 (the army), 123-35 (the Nile and Damietta).
51 Oeuvres de Ghillebert de Lannoy: voyageur, diplomate et moraliste, pp. 139-59 (Jerusalem, Damascus, and the Syrian ports), 160-1 (Gallipoli).
52 Le voyage d’Outremer de Bertrandon de la Broquière, ed. C. Schefer, Recueil de voyages et de documents pour servir à l’histoire de la géographie, 12 (Paris, 1892); T. Wright, Early Travels in Palestine (London, 1848), pp. 283-382, gives an English translation. See also Atiya, Crusade in the Later Middle Ages, pp. 190-202; Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 268-73.
53 Le voyage d’Outremer de Bertrandon de la Broquière, p. 1.
54 Ibid., pp. 2-167.
55 Ibid., pp. 263-74.
56 Kohler, introduction to RHC.Arm, 2, pp. clxv, clxxi-clxxvi: Brussels, Bibliothèque royale, MSS 9095, 9176-7; Paris, Arsenal, MS 4798; BN, MSS fr. 5593, 9087.
57 Le voyage d’Outremer de Berlrandon de la Broquière, pp. vi, lxxv-lxxvi.
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