Skip to main content

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
Cancel
×
×
Home
  • Home
Article
  • Cited by 134
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Calafiore, Daniela Rossell, Susan L. and Van Rheenen, Tamsyn E. 2018. Cognitive abilities in first-degree relatives of individuals with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 225, Issue. , p. 147.
    Lu, Ru-Band Chang, Yun-Hsuan Wang, Tzu-Yun Lee, Sheng-Yu Chen, Po See Yang, Yen Kuang and Lu, Lin 2018. The aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 polymorphisms on neuropsychological performance in bipolar II disorder with or without comorbid anxiety disorder. PLOS ONE, Vol. 13, Issue. 2, p. e0192229.
    Torres, Imma Garriga, Marina Sole, Brisa Bonnín, Caterina M. Corrales, Montse Jiménez, Esther Sole, Eva Ramos-Quiroga, Josep A. Vieta, Eduard Goikolea, Jose M. and Martínez-Aran, Anabel 2018. Functional impairment in adult bipolar disorder with ADHD. Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 227, Issue. , p. 117.
    Marotta, Andrea Delle Chiaie, Roberto Bernabei, Laura Grasso, Rosangela Biondi, Massimo and Casagrande, Maria 2018. Investigating gaze processing in euthymic bipolar disorder: Impaired ability to infer mental state and intention, but preservation of social attentional orienting. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, p. 174702181773776.
    Mak, Arthur D. P. Lau, Domily T. Y. Chan, Alicia K. W. So, Suzanne H. W. Leung, Owen Wong, Sheila L. Y. Lam, Linda Leung, C. M. and Lee, Sing 2018. Cognitive Impairment In Treatment-Naïve Bipolar II and Unipolar Depression. Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue. 1,
    Bora, Emre 2018. Neurocognitive features in clinical subgroups of bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 229, Issue. , p. 125.
    Feyerabend, Julia Lüttke, Stefan Grosse-Wentrup, Fabienne Wolter, Sibylla Hautzinger, Martin and Wolkenstein, Larissa 2018. Theory of mind in remitted bipolar disorder: Younger patients struggle in tasks of higher ecological validity. Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 231, Issue. , p. 32.
    Raucher-Chéné, Delphine Achim, Amélie M. Kaladjian, Arthur and Besche-Richard, Chrystel 2017. Verbal fluency in bipolar disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 207, Issue. , p. 359.
    Jabbar, Qammar Ansari, Iqra Shah, Ali and Shah, Asim A. 2017. A 28-Year-Old Man with Lack of Concentration and Inability to Focus. Psychiatric Annals, Vol. 47, Issue. 6, p. 285.
    Zhao, Lianping Wang, Ying Jia, Yanbin Zhong, Shuming Sun, Yao Qi, Zhangzhang Zhang, Zhongping and Huang, Li 2017. Altered interhemispheric functional connectivity in remitted bipolar disorder: A Resting State fMRI Study. Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue. 1,
    Hammond, Laura Louise and Debney, Conrad 2017. Recovery and dementia: promoting choice and challenging controversy. Mental Health and Social Inclusion, Vol. 21, Issue. 5, p. 297.
    Sharma, Aditya Narain Barron, Evelyn Le Couteur, James Close, Andrew Rushton, Steven Grunze, Heinz Kelly, Thomas Nicol Ferrier, Ian and Le Couteur, Ann Simone 2017. Facial emotion labeling in unaffected offspring of adults with bipolar I disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 208, Issue. , p. 198.
    Roy Chengappa, K. N. Gannon, Jessica M. Acharya, Luna and Rai, Abhishek 2017. Science of Ashwagandha: Preventive and Therapeutic Potentials. p. 345.
    Dickinson, Tania Becerra, Rodrigo and Coombes, Jacqui 2017. Executive functioning deficits among adults with Bipolar Disorder (types I and II): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 218, Issue. , p. 407.
    Gold, Alexandra K. Montana, Rebecca E. Sylvia, Louisa G. Nierenberg, Andrew A. and Deckersbach, Thilo 2016. Cognitive Remediation and Bias Modification Strategies in Mood and Anxiety Disorders. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, Vol. 3, Issue. 4, p. 340.
    Kuswanto, Carissa Chin, Rowena Sum, Min Yi Sengupta, Somnath Fagiolini, Andrea McIntyre, Roger S. Vieta, Eduard and Sim, Kang 2016. Shared and divergent neurocognitive impairments in adult patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Whither the evidence?. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 61, Issue. , p. 66.
    Duarte, Walace Becerra, Rodrigo and Cruise, Kate 2016. The relationship between neurocognitive functioning and occupational functioning in bipolar disorder: A literature review. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, Vol. 12, Issue. 4, p. 659.
    Beblo, Thomas 2016. Cardiovascular Diseases and Depression. p. 123.
    Solé, Brisa Jiménez, Esther Torrent, Carla del Mar Bonnin, Caterina Torres, Imma Reinares, María Priego, Ángel Salamero, Manel Colom, Francesc Varo, Cristina Vieta, Eduard and Martínez-Arán, Anabel 2016. Cognitive variability in bipolar II disorder: who is cognitively impaired and who is preserved. Bipolar Disorders, Vol. 18, Issue. 3, p. 288.
    Dimelis, Dimos Gonda, Xenia and Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N. 2016. Melatonin, Neuroprotective Agents and Antidepressant Therapy. p. 385.
    Download full list
    ×
  • Access

Cognitive impairment in bipolar II disorder

  • Carla Torrent (a1), Anabel Martínez-Arán (a1), Claire Daban (a1), Jose Sánchez-Moreno (a2), Mercè Comes (a3), José Manuel Goikolea (a3), Manel Salamero (a3) and Eduard Vieta (a3)...
Abstract
Background

Persistent impairments in neurocognitive function have been described in bipolar disorder.

 Aims

To compare the cognitive performance of patients with bipolar II disorder with that of patients with bipolar I disorder and a healthy control group.

 Method

The study included 71 euthymic patients with bipolar disorder (38 bipolar I, 33 bipolar II), who were compared on clinical and neuropsychological variables (e.g. executive function, attention, verbal and visual memory) and contrasted with 35 healthy controls on cognitive performance.

 Results

Compared with controls, both bipolar groups showed significant deficits in most cognitive tasks including working memory (Digit Span Backwards, P=0.002) and attention (Digit Span Forwards, P=0.005; Trail Making Test, P=0.001). Those with type II disorders had an intermediate level of performance between the bipolar I group and the control group in verbal memory (P < 0.005) and executive functions (Stroop interference task, P=0.020).

 Conclusions

Cognitive impairment exists in both subtypes of bipolar disorder, although more so in the bipolar I group. The best predictors of poor psychosocial functioning in bipolar II disorder were subclinical depressive symptoms, early onset of illness and poor performance on a measure related to executive function.
      • Send article to Kindle

      To send this article to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about sending to your Kindle. Find out more about sending to your Kindle.

      Note you can select to send to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be sent to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

      Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

      Cognitive impairment in bipolar II disorder
      Available formats
      ×
      Send article to Dropbox

      To send this article to your Dropbox account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your <service> account. Find out more about sending content to Dropbox.

      Cognitive impairment in bipolar II disorder
      Available formats
      ×
      Send article to Google Drive

      To send this article to your Google Drive account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your <service> account. Find out more about sending content to Google Drive.

      Cognitive impairment in bipolar II disorder
      Available formats
      ×
Copyright
COPYRIGHT: © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2006 
Corresponding author
Dr Eduard Vieta, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, University Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain. Tel: +34 93 2275401; fax: +34932275477; email: evieta@clinic.ub.es
Footnotes
Hide All

Declaration of interest

None.

Funding detailed in Acknowledgements.

Footnotes
References
Hide All
Altshuler, L. L., Ventura, J., van Gorp, W. G., et al (2004) Neurocognitive function in clinically stable men with bipolar I disorder or schizophrenia and normal control subjects. Biological Psychiatry, 56, 560–569.
American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn) (DSM–IV). Washington, DC: APA.
Ayuso-Gutierrez, J. L. & Ramos-Brieva, J. A. (1982) The course of manic-depressive illness. A comparative study of bipolar I and bipolar II patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 4, 9–14.
Balanza-Martinez, V., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Selva-Vera, G., et al (2005) Persistent cognitive dysfunctions in bipolar I disorder and schizophrenic patients: a 3-year follow-up study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 74, 113–119.
Benazzi, F. (2001) Prevalence and clinical correlates of residual depressive symptoms in bipolar II disorder. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatik, 70, 232–238.
Cassano, G. B. & Savino, M. (1997) Chronic and residual major depressions. In Dysthymia and the Spectrum of Chronic Depressions (eds Akiskal, H. S. & Cassano, G. B.), pp. 54–65. New York: Guilford.
Cavanagh, J. T., Van Beck, M., Muir, W., et al (2002) Case–control study of neurocognitive function in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder: an association with mania. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 320–326.
Clark, L., Iversen, S. D. & Goodwin, G. M. (2002) Sustained attention deficit in bipolar disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 313–319.
Cohen, J. (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Colom, F., Vieta, E., Martinez-Aran, A., et al (2002) Spanish version of ascale for the assessment of mania: validity and reliability of the Young Mania Rating Scale (in Spanish). Medicina Clinica, 119, 366–371.
Deckersbach, T., Savage, C. R., Dougherty, D. D., et al (2005) Spontaneous and directed application of verbal learning strategies in bipolar disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 7, 166–175.
Delis, D. C., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E., et al (1987) California Verbal Learning Test Manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corp.
Dickerson, F. B., Boronow, J. J., Stallings, C. R., et al (2004) Association between cognitive functioning and employment status of persons with bipolar disorder. Psychiatric Services, 55, 54–58.
Dixon, T., Kravariti, E., Frith, C., et al (2004) Effect of symptoms on executive function in bipolar illness. Psychological Medicine, 34, 811–821.
Donaldson, S., Goldstein, L. H., Landau, S., et al (2003) The Maudsley Bipolar Disorder Project: the effect of medication, family history, and duration of illness on IQ and memory in bipolar I disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64, 86–93.
Fava, G. A. (1999) Subclinical symptoms in mood disorders: pathophysiological and therapeutic implications. Psychological Medicine, 29, 47–61.
Ferrier, I. N., Stanton, B. R., Kelly, T. P., et al (1999) Neuropsychological function in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 175, 246–251.
First, M., Spitzer, R., Gibbon, M., et al (1997) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV Axis I Disorder, Research Version. New York: Biometrics Research.
Fleck, D. E., Shear, P. K. & Strakowski, S. M. (2005) Processing efficiency and sustained attention in bipolar disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 49–57.
Glahn, D. C., Bearden, C. E., Niendam, T. A., et al (2004) The feasibility of neuropsychological endophenotypes in the search for genes associated with bipolar affective disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 6, 171–182.
Goldberg, J. F. & Harrow, M. (1999) Poor-outcome bipolar disorders. In Bipolar Disorders: Clinical Course and Outcome (eds Goldberg, J. F. and Harrow, M.), pp. 1–19. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Golden, C. J. (1978) Stroop Color and Word Test: A Manual for Clinical and Experimental Uses. Chicago, IL: Stoelting.
Hamilton, M. (1960) Arating scalefor depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 23, 56–62.
Heaton, R. K. (1981) Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., Schettler, P. J., et al (2003) The comparative clinical phenotype and long term longitudinal episode course of bipolar I and II: a clinical spectrum or distinct disorders? Journal of Affective Disorders, 73, 19–32.
Kieseppa, T., Tuulio-Henriksson, A., Haukka, J., et al (2005) Memory and verbal learning functions in twins with bipolar-I disorder, and the role of information-processing speed. Psychological Medicine, 35, 205–215.
Kravariti, E., Dixon, T., Frith, C., et al (2005) Association of symptoms and executive function in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 74, 221–231.
Lezak, M. D. (1995) Neuropsychological Assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.
Martinez-Aran, A., Vieta, E., Colom, F., et al (2002) Neuropsychological performance in depressed and euthymic bipolar patients. Neuropsychobiology 46 (suppl. l): 16–21.
Martinez-Aran, A., Vieta, E., Colom, F., et al (2004a) Cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar patients: implications for clinical and functional outcome. Bipolar Disorders, 6, 224–232.
Martinez-Aran, A., Vieta, E., Reinares, M., et al (2004b) Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and euthymic states in bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 262–270.
Martinez-Aran, A., Vieta, E., Torrent, C., et al (2006) Functional outcome in bipolar disorder: the role of clinical and cognitive factors. Bipolar Disorders, in press.
McKay, A. P., Tarbuck, A. F., Shapleske, J., et al (1995) Neuropsychological function in manic-depressive psychosis. Evidence for persistent deficits in patients with chronic, severe illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 51–57.
Ramos-Brieva, J. A. & Cordero-Villafafila, A. (1988) A new validation of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 22, 21–28.
Reitan, R. M. (1958) Validity of the Trail Making Test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8, 271–276.
Selva, G., Salazar, J., Balanza-Martinez, V., et al (2006) Bipolar I patients with and without an history of psychotic symptoms: do they differ in their cognitive functioning? Journal of Psychiatric Research, in press.
Spreen, O. & Strauss, E. (1998) A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests (2nd edn). New York: Oxford University Press.
Stip, E., Dufresne, J., Lussier, I., et al (2000) A ouble-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of lithium on cognition in healthy subjects: mild and selective effects on learning. Journal of Affective Disorders, 60, 147–157.
Thompson, J. M., Gallagher, P., Hughes, J. H., et al (2005) Neurocognitive impairment in euthymic patients with bipolar affective disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 32–40.
Van Gorp, W. G., Altshuler, L., Theberge, D. C., et al (1998) Cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar patients with and without prior alcohol dependence. A preliminary study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 41–46.
Vieta, E., Gasto, C., Otero, A., et al (1997) Differential features between bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 38, 98–101.
Vieta, E., Colom, F., Martinez-Arán, A., et al (2000) Bipolar II and comorbidity. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 339–343.
Vieta, E., Colom, F. & Martinez-Aran, A. (2002) Chronicity, milder forms, and cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder. In Bipolar Disorders (eds Maj, M., Akiskal, H. S., Lopez-Ibor, J. J., et al), pp. 182–184. Chichester: Wiley.
Wechsler, D. (1955) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Revised. Cleveland, OH: Psychological Corporation.
Young, R. C., Biggs, J. T., Ziegler, V. E., et al (1978) A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 429–435.
Zarate, C. A., Tohen, M., Land, M., et al (2000) Functional impairment and cognition in bipolar disorder. Psychiatric Quarterly, 71, 309–329.
Zubieta, J. K., Huguelet, P., O'Neil, R. L., et al (2001) Cognitive function in euthymic bipolar I disorder. Psychiatry Research, 102, 9–20.
Recommend this journal

Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation's collection.

The British Journal of Psychiatry
  • ISSN: 0007-1250
  • EISSN: 1472-1465
  • URL: /core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry
Please enter your name
Please enter a valid email address
Who would you like to send this to? *

CAPTCHA *

Skip to the audio challenge
×

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 84 *
Loading metrics...

Abstract views

Total abstract views: 625 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between 2nd January 2018 - 12th June 2018. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

  • Cited by 134
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Calafiore, Daniela Rossell, Susan L. and Van Rheenen, Tamsyn E. 2018. Cognitive abilities in first-degree relatives of individuals with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 225, Issue. , p. 147.
    Lu, Ru-Band Chang, Yun-Hsuan Wang, Tzu-Yun Lee, Sheng-Yu Chen, Po See Yang, Yen Kuang and Lu, Lin 2018. The aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 polymorphisms on neuropsychological performance in bipolar II disorder with or without comorbid anxiety disorder. PLOS ONE, Vol. 13, Issue. 2, p. e0192229.
    Torres, Imma Garriga, Marina Sole, Brisa Bonnín, Caterina M. Corrales, Montse Jiménez, Esther Sole, Eva Ramos-Quiroga, Josep A. Vieta, Eduard Goikolea, Jose M. and Martínez-Aran, Anabel 2018. Functional impairment in adult bipolar disorder with ADHD. Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 227, Issue. , p. 117.
    Marotta, Andrea Delle Chiaie, Roberto Bernabei, Laura Grasso, Rosangela Biondi, Massimo and Casagrande, Maria 2018. Investigating gaze processing in euthymic bipolar disorder: Impaired ability to infer mental state and intention, but preservation of social attentional orienting. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, p. 174702181773776.
    Mak, Arthur D. P. Lau, Domily T. Y. Chan, Alicia K. W. So, Suzanne H. W. Leung, Owen Wong, Sheila L. Y. Lam, Linda Leung, C. M. and Lee, Sing 2018. Cognitive Impairment In Treatment-Naïve Bipolar II and Unipolar Depression. Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue. 1,
    Bora, Emre 2018. Neurocognitive features in clinical subgroups of bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 229, Issue. , p. 125.
    Feyerabend, Julia Lüttke, Stefan Grosse-Wentrup, Fabienne Wolter, Sibylla Hautzinger, Martin and Wolkenstein, Larissa 2018. Theory of mind in remitted bipolar disorder: Younger patients struggle in tasks of higher ecological validity. Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 231, Issue. , p. 32.
    Raucher-Chéné, Delphine Achim, Amélie M. Kaladjian, Arthur and Besche-Richard, Chrystel 2017. Verbal fluency in bipolar disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 207, Issue. , p. 359.
    Jabbar, Qammar Ansari, Iqra Shah, Ali and Shah, Asim A. 2017. A 28-Year-Old Man with Lack of Concentration and Inability to Focus. Psychiatric Annals, Vol. 47, Issue. 6, p. 285.
    Zhao, Lianping Wang, Ying Jia, Yanbin Zhong, Shuming Sun, Yao Qi, Zhangzhang Zhang, Zhongping and Huang, Li 2017. Altered interhemispheric functional connectivity in remitted bipolar disorder: A Resting State fMRI Study. Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue. 1,
    Hammond, Laura Louise and Debney, Conrad 2017. Recovery and dementia: promoting choice and challenging controversy. Mental Health and Social Inclusion, Vol. 21, Issue. 5, p. 297.
    Sharma, Aditya Narain Barron, Evelyn Le Couteur, James Close, Andrew Rushton, Steven Grunze, Heinz Kelly, Thomas Nicol Ferrier, Ian and Le Couteur, Ann Simone 2017. Facial emotion labeling in unaffected offspring of adults with bipolar I disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 208, Issue. , p. 198.
    Roy Chengappa, K. N. Gannon, Jessica M. Acharya, Luna and Rai, Abhishek 2017. Science of Ashwagandha: Preventive and Therapeutic Potentials. p. 345.
    Dickinson, Tania Becerra, Rodrigo and Coombes, Jacqui 2017. Executive functioning deficits among adults with Bipolar Disorder (types I and II): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 218, Issue. , p. 407.
    Gold, Alexandra K. Montana, Rebecca E. Sylvia, Louisa G. Nierenberg, Andrew A. and Deckersbach, Thilo 2016. Cognitive Remediation and Bias Modification Strategies in Mood and Anxiety Disorders. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, Vol. 3, Issue. 4, p. 340.
    Kuswanto, Carissa Chin, Rowena Sum, Min Yi Sengupta, Somnath Fagiolini, Andrea McIntyre, Roger S. Vieta, Eduard and Sim, Kang 2016. Shared and divergent neurocognitive impairments in adult patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Whither the evidence?. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 61, Issue. , p. 66.
    Duarte, Walace Becerra, Rodrigo and Cruise, Kate 2016. The relationship between neurocognitive functioning and occupational functioning in bipolar disorder: A literature review. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, Vol. 12, Issue. 4, p. 659.
    Beblo, Thomas 2016. Cardiovascular Diseases and Depression. p. 123.
    Solé, Brisa Jiménez, Esther Torrent, Carla del Mar Bonnin, Caterina Torres, Imma Reinares, María Priego, Ángel Salamero, Manel Colom, Francesc Varo, Cristina Vieta, Eduard and Martínez-Arán, Anabel 2016. Cognitive variability in bipolar II disorder: who is cognitively impaired and who is preserved. Bipolar Disorders, Vol. 18, Issue. 3, p. 288.
    Dimelis, Dimos Gonda, Xenia and Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N. 2016. Melatonin, Neuroprotective Agents and Antidepressant Therapy. p. 385.
    Download full list
    ×
  • Access

Cognitive impairment in bipolar II disorder

  • Carla Torrent (a1), Anabel Martínez-Arán (a1), Claire Daban (a1), Jose Sánchez-Moreno (a2), Mercè Comes (a3), José Manuel Goikolea (a3), Manel Salamero (a3) and Eduard Vieta (a3)...
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.

×

Reply to: Submit a response

Your details

Conflicting interests

Do you have any conflicting interests? *

Cancel
Confirm
×