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  • Cited by 44
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    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Wellman, Robert J. Sylvestre, Marie-Pierre O’Loughlin, Erin K. Dutczak, Hartley Montreuil, Annie Datta, Geetanjali D. and O’Loughlin, Jennifer 2018. Socioeconomic status is associated with the prevalence and co-occurrence of risk factors for cigarette smoking initiation during adolescence. International Journal of Public Health, Vol. 63, Issue. 1, p. 125.
    Sheerin, Christina M. Lind, Mackenzie J. Brown, Emily A. Gardner, Charles O. Kendler, Kenneth S. and Amstadter, Ananda B. 2018. The impact of resilience and subsequent stressful life events on MDD and GAD. Depression and Anxiety, Vol. 35, Issue. 2, p. 140.
    2018. Veterinary Epidemiology. p. 694.
    van Zon, Sander K.R. Reijneveld, Sijmen A. van der Most, Peter J. Swertz, Morris A. Bültmann, Ute and Snieder, Harold 2018. The interaction of genetic predisposition and socioeconomic position with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Psychosomatic Medicine, p. 1.
    Cohen-Woods, S. Fisher, H.L. Ahmetspahic, D. Douroudis, K. Stacey, D. Hosang, G.M. Korszun, A. Owen, M. Craddock, N. Arolt, V. Dannlowski, U. Breen, G. Craig, I.W. Farmer, A. Baune, B.T. Lewis, C.M. Uher, R. and McGuffin, P. 2018. Interaction between childhood maltreatment on immunogenetic risk in depression: Discovery and replication in clinical case-control samples. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, Vol. 67, Issue. , p. 203.
    Schäfer, Ralf B. and Piggott, Jeremy J. 2018. Advancing understanding and prediction in multiple stressor research through a mechanistic basis for null models. Global Change Biology, Vol. 24, Issue. 5, p. 1817.
    Sylvestre, Marie-Pierre Wellman, Robert J. O'Loughlin, Erin K. Dugas, Erika N. and O'Loughlin, Jennifer 2017. Gender differences in risk factors for cigarette smoking initiation in childhood. Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 72, Issue. , p. 144.
    Bishop, N Martin, DL and Ross, C 2017. Effects of multi-stress exposure on the infection dynamics of a Labyrinthula sp.-turtle grass pathosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series, Vol. 581, Issue. , p. 119.
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    O’Shea, Taryn Thomas, Nathaniel Webb, Bradley Todd Dick, Danielle M. Kendler, Kenneth S. and Chartier, Karen G. 2017. ALDH2*2 and peer drinking in East Asian college students. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Vol. 43, Issue. 6, p. 678.
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    Chartier, Karen G. Karriker-Jaffe, Katherine J. Cummings, Cory R. and Kendler, Kenneth S. 2017. Review: Environmental influences on alcohol use: Informing research on the joint effects of genes and the environment in diverse U.S. populations. The American Journal on Addictions, Vol. 26, Issue. 5, p. 446.
    van Zon, Sander K. R. Reijneveld, Sijmen A. Mendes de Leon, Carlos F. and Bültmann, Ute 2017. The impact of low education and poor health on unemployment varies by work life stage. International Journal of Public Health, Vol. 62, Issue. 9, p. 997.
    Kendler, Kenneth S. Ohlsson, Henrik Edwards, Alexis C. Karriker-Jaffe, Katherine J. Sundquist, Jan and Sundquist, Kristina 2016. Clinical features of registry-ascertained alcohol use disorders that reflect familial risk. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 164, Issue. , p. 135.
    Grigorenko, Elena L. Bick, Johanna Campbell, Daniel J. Lewine, Gabrielle Abrams, Jennifer Nguyen, Victoria and Chang, Joseph T. 2016. Developmental Psychopathology. p. 1.
    Aaltonen, Mikko Martikainen, Pekka Moustgaard, Heta Peltonen, Riina and Remes, Hanna 2016. Childhood Family Income and Violent Victimization During Youth and Young Adulthood. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol. 31, Issue. 13, p. 2338.
    Trotta, Antonella Iyegbe, Conrad Di Forti, Marta Sham, Pak C. Campbell, Desmond D. Cherny, Stacey S. Mondelli, Valeria Aitchison, Katherine J. Murray, Robin M. Vassos, Evangelos Fisher, Helen L. and Walss-Bass, Consuelo 2016. Interplay between Schizophrenia Polygenic Risk Score and Childhood Adversity in First-Presentation Psychotic Disorder: A Pilot Study. PLOS ONE, Vol. 11, Issue. 9, p. e0163319.
    Mehta, Neil and Preston, Samuel 2016. Are major behavioral and sociodemographic risk factors for mortality additive or multiplicative in their effects?. Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 154, Issue. , p. 93.
    Cooke, Megan E. Meyers, Jacquelyn L. Latvala, Antti Korhonen, Tellervo Rose, Richard J. Kaprio, Jaakko Salvatore, Jessica E. and Dick, Danielle M. 2015. Gene–Environment Interaction Effects of Peer Deviance, Parental Knowledge and Stressful Life Events on Adolescent Alcohol Use. Twin Research and Human Genetics, Vol. 18, Issue. 05, p. 507.
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Interpretation of interactions: guide for the perplexed

  • Kenneth S. Kendler (a1) and Charles O. Gardner (a2)
Summary

In this issue, Zammit et al explore how five dichotomised risk factors work together to predict risk for non-affective psychosis in a large Swedish cohort. In this editorial, we review these findings, and comment on both the nature of additive v. multiplicative models and the meaning of statistical interactions.

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Copyright
COPYRIGHT: © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2010 
Corresponding author
Dr Kenneth S. Kendler, Psychiatric Genetics Research Program, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, 800 East Leigh Street, Room 1-122, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298-0126, USA. Email: kendler@hsc.vcu.edu
Footnotes
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†

See pp. 207–211, this issue

Declaration of interest

None.

Footnotes
References
Hide All
1 Zammit, S, Lewis, G, Dalman, C, Allebeck, P. Examining interactions between risk factors for psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 196: 207–11.
2 Risch, N, Herrell, R, Lehner, T, Liang, KY, Eaves, L, Hoh, J, et al. Interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), stressful life events, and risk of depression: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2009; 301: 2462–71.
3 Caspi, A, Hariri, AR, Holmes, A, Uher, R, Moffitt, TE. Genetic sensitivity to the environment: the case of the serotonin transporter gene and its implications for studying complex diseases and traits. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167: 509–27.
4 Everitt, BS. The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics (2nd edn). Cambridge University Press, 2002.
5 Allison, PD. Comparing logit and probit coefficients across groups. Sociol Methods Res 1999; 28: 186–208.
6 Eaves, LJ. Genotype x Environment interaction in psychopathology: fact or artifact? Twin Res Hum Genet 2006; 9: 1–8.
7 Rothman, KJ, Greenland, S, Lash, TL. Modern Epidemiology (3rd edn). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.
8 Kendler, KS, Kessler, RC, Walters, EE, MacLean, C, Neale, MC, Heath, AC, et al. Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 833–42.
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  • Cited by 44
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Wellman, Robert J. Sylvestre, Marie-Pierre O’Loughlin, Erin K. Dutczak, Hartley Montreuil, Annie Datta, Geetanjali D. and O’Loughlin, Jennifer 2018. Socioeconomic status is associated with the prevalence and co-occurrence of risk factors for cigarette smoking initiation during adolescence. International Journal of Public Health, Vol. 63, Issue. 1, p. 125.
    Sheerin, Christina M. Lind, Mackenzie J. Brown, Emily A. Gardner, Charles O. Kendler, Kenneth S. and Amstadter, Ananda B. 2018. The impact of resilience and subsequent stressful life events on MDD and GAD. Depression and Anxiety, Vol. 35, Issue. 2, p. 140.
    2018. Veterinary Epidemiology. p. 694.
    van Zon, Sander K.R. Reijneveld, Sijmen A. van der Most, Peter J. Swertz, Morris A. Bültmann, Ute and Snieder, Harold 2018. The interaction of genetic predisposition and socioeconomic position with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Psychosomatic Medicine, p. 1.
    Cohen-Woods, S. Fisher, H.L. Ahmetspahic, D. Douroudis, K. Stacey, D. Hosang, G.M. Korszun, A. Owen, M. Craddock, N. Arolt, V. Dannlowski, U. Breen, G. Craig, I.W. Farmer, A. Baune, B.T. Lewis, C.M. Uher, R. and McGuffin, P. 2018. Interaction between childhood maltreatment on immunogenetic risk in depression: Discovery and replication in clinical case-control samples. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, Vol. 67, Issue. , p. 203.
    Schäfer, Ralf B. and Piggott, Jeremy J. 2018. Advancing understanding and prediction in multiple stressor research through a mechanistic basis for null models. Global Change Biology, Vol. 24, Issue. 5, p. 1817.
    Sylvestre, Marie-Pierre Wellman, Robert J. O'Loughlin, Erin K. Dugas, Erika N. and O'Loughlin, Jennifer 2017. Gender differences in risk factors for cigarette smoking initiation in childhood. Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 72, Issue. , p. 144.
    Bishop, N Martin, DL and Ross, C 2017. Effects of multi-stress exposure on the infection dynamics of a Labyrinthula sp.-turtle grass pathosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series, Vol. 581, Issue. , p. 119.
    Suppli, Nis P. Bukh, Jens D. Moffitt, Terrie E. Caspi, Avshalom Johansen, Christoffer Tjønneland, Anne Kessing, Lars V. and Dalton, Susanne O. 2017. Genetic variants in 5-HTTLPR , BDNF , HTR1A , COMT , and FKBP5 and risk for treated depression after cancer diagnosis. Depression and Anxiety, Vol. 34, Issue. 9, p. 845.
    O’Shea, Taryn Thomas, Nathaniel Webb, Bradley Todd Dick, Danielle M. Kendler, Kenneth S. and Chartier, Karen G. 2017. ALDH2*2 and peer drinking in East Asian college students. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Vol. 43, Issue. 6, p. 678.
    Córdova-Palomera, Aldo de Reus, Marcel A. Fatjó-Vilas, Mar Falcón, Carles Bargalló, Nuria van den Heuvel, Martijn P. and Fañanás, Lourdes 2017. FKBP5 modulates the hippocampal connectivity deficits in depression: a study in twins. Brain Imaging and Behavior, Vol. 11, Issue. 1, p. 62.
    Peyrot, Wouter J. Van der Auwera, Sandra Milaneschi, Yuri Dolan, Conor V. Madden, Pamela A.F. Sullivan, Patrick F. Strohmaier, Jana Ripke, Stephan Rietschel, Marcella Nivard, Michel G. Mullins, Niamh Montgomery, Grant W. Henders, Anjali K. Heat, Andrew C. Fisher, Helen L. Dunn, Erin C. Byrne, Enda M. Air, Tracy A. Baune, Bernhard T. Breen, Gerome Levinson, Douglas F. Lewis, Cathryn M. Martin, Nick G. Nelson, Elliot N. Boomsma, Dorret I. Grabe, Hans J. Wray, Naomi R. Penninx, Brenda W.J.H. Wray, Naomi R. Ripke, Stephan Mattheisen, Manuel Trzaskowski, Maciej Byrne, Enda M. Abdellaoui, Abdel Adams, Mark J. Agerbo, Esben Air, Tracy M. Andlauer, Till F.M. Bacanu, Silviu-Alin Bækvad-Hansen, Marie Beekman, Aartjan T.F. Bigdeli, Tim B. Binder, Elisabeth B. Blackwood, Douglas H.R. Bryois, Julien Buttenschøn, Henriette N. Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas Cai, Na Castelao, Enrique Christensen, Jane Hvarregaard Clarke, Toni-Kim Coleman, Jonathan R.I. Colodro-Conde, Lucía Couvy-Duchesne, Baptiste Craddock, Nick Crawford, Gregory E. Davies, Gail Deary, Ian J. Degenhardt, Franziska Derks, Eske M. Direk, Nese Dolan, Conor V. Dunn, Erin C. Eley, Thalia C. Escott-Price, Valentina Farnush Kiadeh, Farhadi Hassan Finucane, Hilary K. Forstner, Andreas J. Frank, Josef Gaspar, Héléna A. Gill, Michael Goes, Fernando S. Gordon, Scott D. Grove, Jakob Hall, Lynsey S. Hansen, Christine Søholm Hansen, Thomas F. Herms, Stefan Hicki, Ian B. Hoffmann, Per Homuth, Georg Horn, Carsten Hottenga, Jouke-Jan Hougaard, David M. Ising, Marcus Jansen, Rick Jorgenson, Eric Knowles, James A. Kohane, Isaac S. Kraft, Julia Kretzschmar, Warren W. Krogh, Jesper Kutalik, Zoltán Li, Yihan Lind, Penelope A. MacIntyre, Donald J. MacKinnon, Dean F. Maier, Robert M. Maier, Wolfgang Marchini, Jonathan Mbarek, Hamdi McGrath, Patrick McGuffin, Peter Medland, Sarah E. Mehta, Divya Middeldorp, Christel M. Mihailov, Evelin Milaneschi, Yuri Milani, Lili Mondimore, Francis M. Montgomery, Grant W. Mostafavi, Sara Mullins, Niamh Nauck, Matthias Ng, Bernard Nivard, Michel G. Nyholt, Dale R. O’Reilly, Paul F. Oskarsson, Hogni Owen, Michael J. Painter, Jodie N. Pedersen, Carsten Bøcker Pedersen, Marianne Giørtz Peterson, Roseann E. Pettersson, Erik Peyrot, Wouter J. Pistis, Giorgio Posthuma, Danielle Quiroz, Jorge A. Qvist, Per Rice, John P. Riley, Brien P. Rivera, Margarita Mirza, Saira Saeed Schoevers, Robert Schulte, Eva C. Shen, Ling Shi, Jianxin Shyn, Stanley I. Sigurdsson, Engilbert Sinnamon, Grant C.B. Smit, Johannes H. Smith, Daniel J. Stefansson, Hreinn Steinberg, Stacy Streit, Fabian Strohmaier, Jana Tansey, Katherine E. Teismann, Henning Teumer, Alexander Thompson, Wesley Thomson, Pippa A. Thorgeirsson, Thorgeir E. Traylor, Matthew Treutlein, Jens Trubetskoy, Vassily Uitterlinden, André G. Umbricht, Daniel Van der Auwera, Sandra van Hemert, Albert M. Viktorin, Alexander Visscher, Peter M. Wang, Yunpeng Webb, Bradley T. Weinsheimer, Shantel Marie Wellmann, Jürgen Willemsen, Gonneke Witt, Stephanie H. Wu, Yang Xi, Hualin S. Yang, Jian Zhang, Futao Arolt, Volker Baune, Bernhard T. Berger, Klaus Boomsma, Dorret I. Cichon, Sven Dannlowski, Udo de Geus, E.J.C. DePaulo, J. Raymond Domenici, Enrico Domschke, Katharina Esko, Tõnu Grabe, Hans J. Hamilton, Steven P. Hayward, Caroline Heath, Andrew C. Kendler, Kenneth S. Kloiber, Stefan Lewis, Glyn Li, Qingqin S. Lucae, Susanne Madden, Pamela A.F. Magnusson, Patrik K. Martin, Nicholas G. McIntosh, Andrew M. Metspalu, Andres Mors, Ole Mortensen, Preben Bo Müller-Myhsok, Bertram Nordentoft, Merete Nöthen, Markus M. O'Donovan, Michael C. Paciga, Sara A. Pedersen, Nancy L. Penninx, Brenda W.J.H. Perlis, Roy H. Porteous, David J. Potash, James B. Preisig, Martin Rietschel, Marcella Schaefer, Catherine Schulze, Thomas G. Smoller, Jordan W. Stefansson, Kari Tiemeier, Henning Uher, Rudolf Völzke, Henry Weissman, Myrna M. Werge, Thomas Lewis, Cathryn M. Levinson, Douglas F. Breen, Gerome Børglum, Anders D. and Sullivan, Patrick F. 2017. Does Childhood Trauma Moderate Polygenic Risk for Depression? A Meta-analysis of 5765 Subjects From the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Biological Psychiatry,
    Chartier, Karen G. Karriker-Jaffe, Katherine J. Cummings, Cory R. and Kendler, Kenneth S. 2017. Review: Environmental influences on alcohol use: Informing research on the joint effects of genes and the environment in diverse U.S. populations. The American Journal on Addictions, Vol. 26, Issue. 5, p. 446.
    van Zon, Sander K. R. Reijneveld, Sijmen A. Mendes de Leon, Carlos F. and Bültmann, Ute 2017. The impact of low education and poor health on unemployment varies by work life stage. International Journal of Public Health, Vol. 62, Issue. 9, p. 997.
    Kendler, Kenneth S. Ohlsson, Henrik Edwards, Alexis C. Karriker-Jaffe, Katherine J. Sundquist, Jan and Sundquist, Kristina 2016. Clinical features of registry-ascertained alcohol use disorders that reflect familial risk. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 164, Issue. , p. 135.
    Grigorenko, Elena L. Bick, Johanna Campbell, Daniel J. Lewine, Gabrielle Abrams, Jennifer Nguyen, Victoria and Chang, Joseph T. 2016. Developmental Psychopathology. p. 1.
    Aaltonen, Mikko Martikainen, Pekka Moustgaard, Heta Peltonen, Riina and Remes, Hanna 2016. Childhood Family Income and Violent Victimization During Youth and Young Adulthood. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol. 31, Issue. 13, p. 2338.
    Trotta, Antonella Iyegbe, Conrad Di Forti, Marta Sham, Pak C. Campbell, Desmond D. Cherny, Stacey S. Mondelli, Valeria Aitchison, Katherine J. Murray, Robin M. Vassos, Evangelos Fisher, Helen L. and Walss-Bass, Consuelo 2016. Interplay between Schizophrenia Polygenic Risk Score and Childhood Adversity in First-Presentation Psychotic Disorder: A Pilot Study. PLOS ONE, Vol. 11, Issue. 9, p. e0163319.
    Mehta, Neil and Preston, Samuel 2016. Are major behavioral and sociodemographic risk factors for mortality additive or multiplicative in their effects?. Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 154, Issue. , p. 93.
    Cooke, Megan E. Meyers, Jacquelyn L. Latvala, Antti Korhonen, Tellervo Rose, Richard J. Kaprio, Jaakko Salvatore, Jessica E. and Dick, Danielle M. 2015. Gene–Environment Interaction Effects of Peer Deviance, Parental Knowledge and Stressful Life Events on Adolescent Alcohol Use. Twin Research and Human Genetics, Vol. 18, Issue. 05, p. 507.
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Interpretation of interactions: guide for the perplexed

  • Kenneth S. Kendler (a1) and Charles O. Gardner (a2)
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