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  • Cited by 13
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.

    Bratsberg, Bernt and Rogeberg, Ole 2017. Childhood socioeconomic status does not explain the IQ-mortality gradient. Intelligence, Vol. 62, p. 148.

    Christensen, G.T. Mortensen, E.L. Christensen, K. and Osler, M. 2016. Intelligence in young adulthood and cause-specific mortality in the Danish Conscription Database – A cohort study of 728,160 men. Intelligence, Vol. 59, p. 64.

    Hagger-Johnson, Gareth Deary, Ian J. Davies, Carolyn A. Weiss, Alexander Batty, G. David and Kiechl, Stefan 2014. Reaction Time and Mortality from the Major Causes of Death: The NHANES-III Study. PLoS ONE, Vol. 9, Issue. 1, p. e82959.

    Meincke, Rikke Hodal Mortensen, Erik Lykke Avlund, Kirsten Rosthøj, Susanne Sørensen, Holger Jelling and Osler, Merete 2014. Intelligence in early adulthood and mortality from natural and unnatural causes in middle-aged Danish men. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, Vol. 68, Issue. 2, p. 130.

    Sonderman, Jennifer S. Munro, Heather M. Blot, William J. Tarone, Robert E. McLaughlin, Joseph K. and Niederkrotenthaler, Thomas 2014. Suicides, Homicides, Accidents, and Other External Causes of Death among Blacks and Whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. PLoS ONE, Vol. 9, Issue. 12, p. e114852.

    Calvin, Catherine M. Batty, G. David and Deary, Ian J. 2013. The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences. p. 427.

    Kelly, Shona J. Burns, Nicholas R. Bradman, Greta Wittert, Gary and Daniel, Mark 2012. Does IQ Vary Systematically with All Measures of Socioeconomic Status in a Cohort of Middle-Aged, and Older, Men?. Sociology Mind, Vol. 02, Issue. 04, p. 394.

    Hauser, R. M. and Palloni, A. 2011. Adolescent IQ and Survival in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, Vol. 66B, Issue. Supplement 1, p. i91.

    Deary, Ian J. Weiss, Alexander and Batty, G. David 2010. Intelligence and Personality as Predictors of Illness and Death. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, Vol. 11, Issue. 2, p. 53.

    Deary, Ian J. 2010. Cognitive epidemiology: Its rise, its current issues, and its challenges. Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 49, Issue. 4, p. 337.

    Whitley, Elise Batty, G. David Gale, Catharine R. Deary, Ian J. Tynelius, Per and Rasmussen, Finn 2010. Intelligence in Early Adulthood and Subsequent Risk of Assault: Cohort Study of 1,120,998 Swedish Men. Psychosomatic Medicine, Vol. 72, Issue. 4, p. 390.

    Der, Geoff Batty, G. David and Deary, Ian J. 2009. The association between IQ in adolescence and a range of health outcomes at 40 in the 1979 US National Longitudinal Study of Youth. Intelligence, Vol. 37, Issue. 6, p. 573.

    Batty, G. D. Gale, C. R. Tynelius, P. Deary, I. J. and Rasmussen, F. 2008. IQ in Early Adulthood, Socioeconomic Position, and Unintentional Injury Mortality by Middle Age: A Cohort Study of More Than 1 Million Swedish Men. American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 169, Issue. 5, p. 606.

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IQ in early adulthood and later risk of death by homicide: cohort study of 1 million men

  • G. David Batty (a1), Ian J. Deary (a2), Anders Tengstrom (a3) and Finn Rasmussen (a4)
Abstract
Background

Risk factors for homicide are emerging; however, the predictive value of IQ, for which there is a strong prima facie case, has yet to be examined.

 Aims

To examine the association between IQ and risk of death by homicide.

 Method

A cohort of 968 846 men, aged 18–19 years, were administered an IQ test battery at military conscription and then followed for mortality experience over two decades.

 Results

There were 191 deaths due to homicide during follow-up. In age-adjusted analyses, a high total IQ test score was associated with a reduced rate of homicide (hazard ratio (HR) per standard deviation increase in IQ score=0.49, 95% CI 0.42–0.57). A step-wise gradient was apparent across the three IQ groups (P-value for trend 50.001). After adjustment for indicators of socio-economic position and illness at conscription, this gradient was marginally attenuated (HR=0.57, 95% CI 0.49–0.67).

 Conclusions

High IQ test scores in early adulthood were associated with a reduced risk of death by homicide.
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Copyright
COPYRIGHT: © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2008
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits noncommercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.
Corresponding author
F. Rasmussen, Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology Group, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden. Email: finn.rasmussen@ki.se
Footnotes
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Declaration of interest

None. Funding detailed in Acknowledgements.

Footnotes
References
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  • Cited by 13
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.

    Bratsberg, Bernt and Rogeberg, Ole 2017. Childhood socioeconomic status does not explain the IQ-mortality gradient. Intelligence, Vol. 62, p. 148.

    Christensen, G.T. Mortensen, E.L. Christensen, K. and Osler, M. 2016. Intelligence in young adulthood and cause-specific mortality in the Danish Conscription Database – A cohort study of 728,160 men. Intelligence, Vol. 59, p. 64.

    Hagger-Johnson, Gareth Deary, Ian J. Davies, Carolyn A. Weiss, Alexander Batty, G. David and Kiechl, Stefan 2014. Reaction Time and Mortality from the Major Causes of Death: The NHANES-III Study. PLoS ONE, Vol. 9, Issue. 1, p. e82959.

    Meincke, Rikke Hodal Mortensen, Erik Lykke Avlund, Kirsten Rosthøj, Susanne Sørensen, Holger Jelling and Osler, Merete 2014. Intelligence in early adulthood and mortality from natural and unnatural causes in middle-aged Danish men. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, Vol. 68, Issue. 2, p. 130.

    Sonderman, Jennifer S. Munro, Heather M. Blot, William J. Tarone, Robert E. McLaughlin, Joseph K. and Niederkrotenthaler, Thomas 2014. Suicides, Homicides, Accidents, and Other External Causes of Death among Blacks and Whites in the Southern Community Cohort Study. PLoS ONE, Vol. 9, Issue. 12, p. e114852.

    Calvin, Catherine M. Batty, G. David and Deary, Ian J. 2013. The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences. p. 427.

    Kelly, Shona J. Burns, Nicholas R. Bradman, Greta Wittert, Gary and Daniel, Mark 2012. Does IQ Vary Systematically with All Measures of Socioeconomic Status in a Cohort of Middle-Aged, and Older, Men?. Sociology Mind, Vol. 02, Issue. 04, p. 394.

    Hauser, R. M. and Palloni, A. 2011. Adolescent IQ and Survival in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, Vol. 66B, Issue. Supplement 1, p. i91.

    Deary, Ian J. Weiss, Alexander and Batty, G. David 2010. Intelligence and Personality as Predictors of Illness and Death. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, Vol. 11, Issue. 2, p. 53.

    Deary, Ian J. 2010. Cognitive epidemiology: Its rise, its current issues, and its challenges. Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 49, Issue. 4, p. 337.

    Whitley, Elise Batty, G. David Gale, Catharine R. Deary, Ian J. Tynelius, Per and Rasmussen, Finn 2010. Intelligence in Early Adulthood and Subsequent Risk of Assault: Cohort Study of 1,120,998 Swedish Men. Psychosomatic Medicine, Vol. 72, Issue. 4, p. 390.

    Der, Geoff Batty, G. David and Deary, Ian J. 2009. The association between IQ in adolescence and a range of health outcomes at 40 in the 1979 US National Longitudinal Study of Youth. Intelligence, Vol. 37, Issue. 6, p. 573.

    Batty, G. D. Gale, C. R. Tynelius, P. Deary, I. J. and Rasmussen, F. 2008. IQ in Early Adulthood, Socioeconomic Position, and Unintentional Injury Mortality by Middle Age: A Cohort Study of More Than 1 Million Swedish Men. American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 169, Issue. 5, p. 606.

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IQ in early adulthood and later risk of death by homicide: cohort study of 1 million men

  • G. David Batty (a1), Ian J. Deary (a2), Anders Tengstrom (a3) and Finn Rasmussen (a4)
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