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    Isaksson, Johan Tammimies, Kristiina Neufeld, Janina Cauvet, Élodie Lundin, Karl Buitelaar, Jan K. Loth, Eva Murphy, Declan G. M. Spooren, Will and Bölte, Sven 2018. EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP): the autism twin cohort. Molecular Autism, Vol. 9, Issue. 1,
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    Cassidy, Sarah Bradley, Louise Shaw, Rebecca and Baron-Cohen, Simon 2018. Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults. Molecular Autism, Vol. 9, Issue. 1,
    Bölte, Sven Mahdi, Soheil de Vries, Petrus J Granlund, Mats Robison, John E. Shulman, Cory Swedo, Susan Tonge, Bruce Wong, Virginia Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie Segerer, Wolfgang and Selb, Melissa 2018. The Gestalt of functioning in autism spectrum disorder: Results of the international conference to develop final consensus International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health core sets. Autism, p. 136236131875552.
    Baker-Ericzén, Mary J Brookman-Frazee, Lauren and Brodkin, Edward S 2018. Accelerating research on treatment and services for transition age youth and adults on the autism spectrum. Autism, Vol. 22, Issue. 1, p. 2.
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Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder

  • Tatja Hirvikoski (a1), Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz (a2), Marcus Boman (a3), Henrik Larsson (a3), Paul Lichtenstein (a3) and Sven Bölte (a4)...
Abstract
Background

Mortality has been suggested to be increased in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Aims

To examine both all-cause and cause-specific mortality in ASD, as well as investigate moderating role of gender and intellectual ability.

Method

Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for a population-based cohort of ASD probands (n = 27 122, diagnosed between 1987 and 2009) compared with gender-, age- and county of residence-matched controls (n = 2 672 185).

Results

During the observed period, 24 358 (0.91%) individuals in the general population died, whereas the corresponding figure for individuals with ASD was 706 (2.60%; OR = 2.56; 95% CI 2.38–2.76). Cause-specific analyses showed elevated mortality in ASD for almost all analysed diagnostic categories. Mortality and patterns for cause-specific mortality were partly moderated by gender and general intellectual ability.

Conclusions

Premature mortality was markedly increased in ASD owing to a multitude of medical conditions.

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Copyright
COPYRIGHT: © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2016 
Corresponding author
Tatja Hirvikoski, PhD/Neuropsychologist, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), CAP Research Center, Gävlegatan 22B, SE-11330 Stockholm, Sweden. Email: Tatja.Hirvikoski@ki.se
Footnotes
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Declaration of interest

None.

Footnotes
References
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  • Cited by 61
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Isaksson, Johan Tammimies, Kristiina Neufeld, Janina Cauvet, Élodie Lundin, Karl Buitelaar, Jan K. Loth, Eva Murphy, Declan G. M. Spooren, Will and Bölte, Sven 2018. EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP): the autism twin cohort. Molecular Autism, Vol. 9, Issue. 1,
    Jokinen, J. Talbäck, M. Feychting, M. Ahlbom, A. and Ljung, R. 2018. Life expectancy after the first suicide attempt. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Vol. 137, Issue. 4, p. 287.
    Culpin, Iryna Mars, Becky Pearson, Rebecca M. Golding, Jean Heron, Jon Bubak, Isidora Carpenter, Peter Magnusson, Cecilia Gunnell, David and Rai, Dheeraj 2018. Autistic Traits and Suicidal Thoughts, Plans, and Self-Harm in Late Adolescence: Population-Based Cohort Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Vol. 57, Issue. 5, p. 313.
    Lord, Catherine Elsabbagh, Mayada Baird, Gillian and Veenstra-Vanderweele, Jeremy 2018. Autism spectrum disorder. The Lancet,
    Nicolaidis, Christina 2018. The New Home for Our Emerging Field. Autism in Adulthood: Knowledge, Practice, and Policy,
    de Silva, Prasanna N 2018. Closing the medical mortality gap in patients with major psychiatric conditions. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, Vol. 79, Issue. 8, p. 444.
    Crane, Laura Adams, Fern Harper, Georgia Welch, Jack and Pellicano, Elizabeth 2018. ‘Something needs to change’: Mental health experiences of young autistic adults in England. Autism, p. 136236131875704.
    Sancar, Nuriye and Inan, Deniz 2018. A novel method as a diagnostic tool for the detection of influential observations in the Cox proportional hazards model. Quality & Quantity,
    Kourti, Marianthi and MacLeod, Andrea 2018. “I Don't Feel Like a Gender, I Feel Like Myself”: Autistic Individuals Raised as Girls Exploring Gender Identity. Autism in Adulthood: Knowledge, Practice, and Policy,
    Hwang, Ye In Foley, Kitty-Rose and Trollor, Julian N. 2018. Aging Well on the Autism Spectrum: An Examination of the Dominant Model of Successful Aging. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,
    Hedley, Darren Uljarević, Mirko Wilmot, Mathilda Richdale, Amanda and Dissanayake, Cheryl 2018. Understanding depression and thoughts of self-harm in autism: A potential mechanism involving loneliness. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, Vol. 46, Issue. , p. 1.
    Bachmann, Christian J Gerste, Bettina and Hoffmann, Falk 2018. Diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders in Germany: Time trends in administrative prevalence and diagnostic stability. Autism, Vol. 22, Issue. 3, p. 283.
    Koffer Miller, Kaitlin H Mathew, Mary Nonnemacher, Stacy L and Shea, Lindsay L 2018. Program experiences of adults with autism, their families, and providers: Findings from a focus group study. Autism, Vol. 22, Issue. 3, p. 345.
    Cassidy, S.A. Bradley, L. Bowen, E. Wigham, S. and Rodgers, J. 2018. Measurement properties of tools used to assess suicidality in autistic and general population adults: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, Vol. 62, Issue. , p. 56.
    Eklund, Hanna Findon, James Cadman, Tim Hayward, Hannah Murphy, Declan Asherson, Philip Glaser, Karen and Xenitidis, Kiriakos 2018. Needs of Adolescents and Young Adults with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Comparisons of Young People and Parent Perspectives. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 48, Issue. 1, p. 83.
    Cassidy, S. A. Bradley, L. Bowen, E. Wigham, S. and Rodgers, J. 2018. Measurement properties of tools used to assess depression in adults with and without autism spectrum conditions: A systematic review. Autism Research, Vol. 11, Issue. 5, p. 738.
    Cassidy, Sarah Bradley, Louise Shaw, Rebecca and Baron-Cohen, Simon 2018. Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults. Molecular Autism, Vol. 9, Issue. 1,
    Bölte, Sven Mahdi, Soheil de Vries, Petrus J Granlund, Mats Robison, John E. Shulman, Cory Swedo, Susan Tonge, Bruce Wong, Virginia Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie Segerer, Wolfgang and Selb, Melissa 2018. The Gestalt of functioning in autism spectrum disorder: Results of the international conference to develop final consensus International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health core sets. Autism, p. 136236131875552.
    Baker-Ericzén, Mary J Brookman-Frazee, Lauren and Brodkin, Edward S 2018. Accelerating research on treatment and services for transition age youth and adults on the autism spectrum. Autism, Vol. 22, Issue. 1, p. 2.
    Backman, Anna Mellblom, Are Norman-Claesson, Elisabet Keith-Bodros, Gunilla Frostvittra, Maj Bölte, Sven and Hirvikoski, Tatja 2018. Internet-delivered psychoeducation for older adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorder (SCOPE): An open feasibility study. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, Vol. 54, Issue. , p. 51.
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Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder

  • Tatja Hirvikoski (a1), Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz (a2), Marcus Boman (a3), Henrik Larsson (a3), Paul Lichtenstein (a3) and Sven Bölte (a4)...
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