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    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.

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Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder

  • Tatja Hirvikoski (a1), Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz (a2), Marcus Boman (a3), Henrik Larsson (a3), Paul Lichtenstein (a3) and Sven Bölte (a4)...
Abstract
Background

Mortality has been suggested to be increased in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

 Aims

To examine both all-cause and cause-specific mortality in ASD, as well as investigate moderating role of gender and intellectual ability.

 Method

Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for a population-based cohort of ASD probands (n = 27 122, diagnosed between 1987 and 2009) compared with gender-, age- and county of residence-matched controls (n = 2 672 185).

 Results

During the observed period, 24 358 (0.91%) individuals in the general population died, whereas the corresponding figure for individuals with ASD was 706 (2.60%; OR = 2.56; 95% CI 2.38–2.76). Cause-specific analyses showed elevated mortality in ASD for almost all analysed diagnostic categories. Mortality and patterns for cause-specific mortality were partly moderated by gender and general intellectual ability.

 Conclusions

Premature mortality was markedly increased in ASD owing to a multitude of medical conditions.
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Copyright
COPYRIGHT: © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2016 
Corresponding author
Tatja Hirvikoski, PhD/Neuropsychologist, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), CAP Research Center, Gävlegatan 22B, SE-11330 Stockholm, Sweden. Email: Tatja.Hirvikoski@ki.se
Footnotes
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The study was funded by the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (ALF) between Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet (grants no. 20120419 and 20130630, Tatja Hirvikoski), Karolinska Institutet in cooperation with the Stockholm County Council (KI/SLL, 2008:9, Sven Bölte), the Swedish Research Council (grant no. 523-2009-7054, Sven Bölte) and the Swedish Research Council in cooperation with the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, Vinnova and FORMAS (cross-disciplinary research programme concerning children's and youth's mental health, grant no. 259-2012-24, Sven Bölte).

Declaration of interest

None.

Footnotes
References
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  • Cited by 45
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.

    Bölte, Sven Mahdi, Soheil de Vries, Petrus J Granlund, Mats Robison, John E. Shulman, Cory Swedo, Susan Tonge, Bruce Wong, Virginia Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie Segerer, Wolfgang and Selb, Melissa 2018. The Gestalt of functioning in autism spectrum disorder: Results of the international conference to develop final consensus International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health core sets. Autism, p. 136236131875552.

    Baker-Ericzén, Mary J Brookman-Frazee, Lauren and Brodkin, Edward S 2018. Accelerating research on treatment and services for transition age youth and adults on the autism spectrum. Autism, Vol. 22, Issue. 1, p. 2.

    Hedley, Darren and Uljarević, Mirko 2018. Systematic Review of Suicide in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Current Trends and Implications. Current Developmental Disorders Reports,

    Crane, Laura Adams, Fern Harper, Georgia Welch, Jack and Pellicano, Elizabeth 2018. ‘Something needs to change’: Mental health experiences of young autistic adults in England. Autism, p. 136236131875704.

    Sancar, Nuriye and Inan, Deniz 2018. A novel method as a diagnostic tool for the detection of influential observations in the Cox proportional hazards model. Quality & Quantity,

    Mahdi, Soheil Albertowski, Katja Almodayfer, Omar Arsenopoulou, Vaia Carucci, Sara Dias, José Carlos Khalil, Mohammad Knüppel, Ane Langmann, Anika Lauritsen, Marlene Briciet da Cunha, Graccielle Rodrigues Uchiyama, Tokio Wolff, Nicole Selb, Melissa Granlund, Mats de Vries, Petrus J. Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie and Bölte, Sven 2018. An International Clinical Study of Ability and Disability in Autism Spectrum Disorder Using the WHO-ICF Framework. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,

    Hedley, Darren Uljarević, Mirko Wilmot, Mathilda Richdale, Amanda and Dissanayake, Cheryl 2018. Understanding depression and thoughts of self-harm in autism: A potential mechanism involving loneliness. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, Vol. 46, p. 1.

    Eklund, Hanna Findon, James Cadman, Tim Hayward, Hannah Murphy, Declan Asherson, Philip Glaser, Karen and Xenitidis, Kiriakos 2018. Needs of Adolescents and Young Adults with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Comparisons of Young People and Parent Perspectives. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 48, Issue. 1, p. 83.

    Cassidy, S. A. Bradley, L. Bowen, E. Wigham, S. and Rodgers, J. 2018. Measurement properties of tools used to assess depression in adults with and without autism spectrum conditions: A systematic review. Autism Research,

    Taylor, Mark J. Gillberg, Christopher Lichtenstein, Paul and Lundström, Sebastian 2017. Etiological influences on the stability of autistic traits from childhood to early adulthood: evidence from a twin study. Molecular Autism, Vol. 8, Issue. 1,

    Jokinen, J. Talbäck, M. Feychting, M. Ahlbom, A. and Ljung, R. 2017. Life expectancy after the first suicide attempt. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,

    Catalá-López, Ferrán Hutton, Brian Page, Matthew J. Ridao, Manuel Driver, Jane A. Alonso-Arroyo, Adolfo Forés-Martos, Jaume Macías Saint-Gerons, Diego Vieta, Eduard Valencia, Alfonso and Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael 2017. Risk of mortality among children, adolescents, and adults with autism spectrum disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and their first-degree relatives: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Systematic Reviews, Vol. 6, Issue. 1,

    Raymaker, Dora M McDonald, Katherine E Ashkenazy, Elesia Gerrity, Martha Baggs, Amelia M Kripke, Clarissa Hourston, Sarah and Nicolaidis, Christina 2017. Barriers to healthcare: Instrument development and comparison between autistic adults and adults with and without other disabilities. Autism, Vol. 21, Issue. 8, p. 972.

    Bishop-Fitzpatrick, Lauren and Kind, Amy J. H. 2017. A Scoping Review of Health Disparities in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 47, Issue. 11, p. 3380.

    Buckley, Carole 2017. Making your practice autism friendly. InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice, Vol. 10, Issue. 6, p. 327.

    Houghton, Richard Ong, Rose C. and Bolognani, Federico 2017. Psychiatric comorbidities and use of psychotropic medications in people with autism spectrum disorder in the United States. Autism Research, Vol. 10, Issue. 12, p. 2037.

    Carey, Iain M Hosking, Fay J Harris, Tess DeWilde, Stephen Beighton, Carole and Cook, Derek G 2017. An evaluation of the effectiveness of annual health checks and quality of health care for adults with intellectual disability: an observational study using a primary care database. Health Services and Delivery Research, Vol. 5, Issue. 25, p. 1.

    Ng, Nawi Flygare Wallén, Eva and Ahlström, Gerd 2017. Mortality patterns and risk among older men and women with intellectual disability: a Swedish national retrospective cohort study. BMC Geriatrics, Vol. 17, Issue. 1,

    Howlin, Patricia and Magiati, Iliana 2017. Autism spectrum disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, Vol. 30, Issue. 2, p. 69.

    Flygare Wallén, E. Ljunggren, G. Carlsson, A. C. Pettersson, D. and Wändell, P. 2017. High prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and obesity among persons with a recorded diagnosis of intellectual disability or autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,

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Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder

  • Tatja Hirvikoski (a1), Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz (a2), Marcus Boman (a3), Henrik Larsson (a3), Paul Lichtenstein (a3) and Sven Bölte (a4)...
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