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  • Cited by 79
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    Crossref Citations
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    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Pellew, Nicola Claire 2019. Emerging Trends in the Diagnosis and Intervention of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. p. 172.
    Mikami, Amori Yee Miller, Meghan and Lerner, Matthew D. 2019. Social functioning in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: transdiagnostic commonalities and differences. Clinical Psychology Review,
    Douglas, P. Rice, C. Runswick-Cole, K. Easton, A. Gibson, M. F. Gruson-Wood, J. Klar, E. and Shields, R. 2019. Re-storying autism: a body becoming disability studies in education approach. International Journal of Inclusive Education, p. 1.
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    Lord, Catherine Elsabbagh, Mayada Baird, Gillian and Veenstra-Vanderweele, Jeremy 2018. Autism spectrum disorder. The Lancet, Vol. 392, Issue. 10146, p. 508.
    Nicolaidis, Christina 2018. The New Home for Our Emerging Field. Autism in Adulthood: Knowledge, Practice, and Policy,
    de Silva, Prasanna N 2018. Closing the medical mortality gap in patients with major psychiatric conditions. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, Vol. 79, Issue. 8, p. 444.
    Crane, Laura Adams, Fern Harper, Georgia Welch, Jack and Pellicano, Elizabeth 2018. ‘Something needs to change’: Mental health experiences of young autistic adults in England. Autism, p. 136236131875704.
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    Rai, Dheeraj Heuvelman, Hein Dalman, Christina Culpin, Iryna Lundberg, Michael Carpenter, Peter and Magnusson, Cecilia 2018. Association Between Autism Spectrum Disorders With or Without Intellectual Disability and Depression in Young Adulthood. JAMA Network Open, Vol. 1, Issue. 4, p. e181465.
    Kourti, Marianthi and MacLeod, Andrea 2018. “I Don't Feel Like a Gender, I Feel Like Myself”: Autistic Individuals Raised as Girls Exploring Gender Identity. Autism in Adulthood: Knowledge, Practice, and Policy,
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    Hwang, Ye In Foley, Kitty-Rose and Trollor, Julian N. 2018. Aging Well on the Autism Spectrum: An Examination of the Dominant Model of Successful Aging. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,
    Hedley, Darren Uljarević, Mirko Wilmot, Mathilda Richdale, Amanda and Dissanayake, Cheryl 2018. Understanding depression and thoughts of self-harm in autism: A potential mechanism involving loneliness. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, Vol. 46, Issue. , p. 1.
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Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder

  • Tatja Hirvikoski (a1), Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz (a2), Marcus Boman (a3), Henrik Larsson (a3), Paul Lichtenstein (a3) and Sven Bölte (a4)...
Abstract
Background

Mortality has been suggested to be increased in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Aims

To examine both all-cause and cause-specific mortality in ASD, as well as investigate moderating role of gender and intellectual ability.

Method

Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for a population-based cohort of ASD probands (n = 27 122, diagnosed between 1987 and 2009) compared with gender-, age- and county of residence-matched controls (n = 2 672 185).

Results

During the observed period, 24 358 (0.91%) individuals in the general population died, whereas the corresponding figure for individuals with ASD was 706 (2.60%; OR = 2.56; 95% CI 2.38–2.76). Cause-specific analyses showed elevated mortality in ASD for almost all analysed diagnostic categories. Mortality and patterns for cause-specific mortality were partly moderated by gender and general intellectual ability.

Conclusions

Premature mortality was markedly increased in ASD owing to a multitude of medical conditions.

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Copyright
COPYRIGHT: © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2016 
Corresponding author
Tatja Hirvikoski, PhD/Neuropsychologist, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), CAP Research Center, Gävlegatan 22B, SE-11330 Stockholm, Sweden. Email: Tatja.Hirvikoski@ki.se
Footnotes
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Declaration of interest

None.

Footnotes
References
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  • Cited by 79
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Pellew, Nicola Claire 2019. Emerging Trends in the Diagnosis and Intervention of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. p. 172.
    Mikami, Amori Yee Miller, Meghan and Lerner, Matthew D. 2019. Social functioning in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: transdiagnostic commonalities and differences. Clinical Psychology Review,
    Douglas, P. Rice, C. Runswick-Cole, K. Easton, A. Gibson, M. F. Gruson-Wood, J. Klar, E. and Shields, R. 2019. Re-storying autism: a body becoming disability studies in education approach. International Journal of Inclusive Education, p. 1.
    Bishop-Fitzpatrick, Lauren Dababnah, Sarah Baker-Ericzén, Mary J. Smith, Matthew J. and Magaña, Sandra M. 2019. Autism spectrum disorder and the science of social work: A grand challenge for social work research. Social Work in Mental Health, Vol. 17, Issue. 1, p. 73.
    Zhou, M. Du, W. Salvador-Carulla, L. and Glasgow, N. 2019. Adverse drug event-related hospitalisation in persons with neurodevelopmental disorders: a state-wide retrospective cohort study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,
    Cage, Eilidh and Troxell-Whitman, Zoe 2019. Understanding the Reasons, Contexts and Costs of Camouflaging for Autistic Adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,
    Isaksson, Johan Tammimies, Kristiina Neufeld, Janina Cauvet, Élodie Lundin, Karl Buitelaar, Jan K. Loth, Eva Murphy, Declan G. M. Spooren, Will and Bölte, Sven 2018. EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP): the autism twin cohort. Molecular Autism, Vol. 9, Issue. 1,
    Jokinen, J. Talbäck, M. Feychting, M. Ahlbom, A. and Ljung, R. 2018. Life expectancy after the first suicide attempt. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Vol. 137, Issue. 4, p. 287.
    Sloman, Kimberly N. Fiske, Kate E. and LaRue, Robert H. 2018. Handbook of Pediatric Behavioral Healthcare. p. 185.
    Culpin, Iryna Mars, Becky Pearson, Rebecca M. Golding, Jean Heron, Jon Bubak, Isidora Carpenter, Peter Magnusson, Cecilia Gunnell, David and Rai, Dheeraj 2018. Autistic Traits and Suicidal Thoughts, Plans, and Self-Harm in Late Adolescence: Population-Based Cohort Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Vol. 57, Issue. 5, p. 313.
    Lord, Catherine Elsabbagh, Mayada Baird, Gillian and Veenstra-Vanderweele, Jeremy 2018. Autism spectrum disorder. The Lancet, Vol. 392, Issue. 10146, p. 508.
    Nicolaidis, Christina 2018. The New Home for Our Emerging Field. Autism in Adulthood: Knowledge, Practice, and Policy,
    de Silva, Prasanna N 2018. Closing the medical mortality gap in patients with major psychiatric conditions. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, Vol. 79, Issue. 8, p. 444.
    Crane, Laura Adams, Fern Harper, Georgia Welch, Jack and Pellicano, Elizabeth 2018. ‘Something needs to change’: Mental health experiences of young autistic adults in England. Autism, p. 136236131875704.
    Sancar, Nuriye and Inan, Deniz 2018. A novel method as a diagnostic tool for the detection of influential observations in the Cox proportional hazards model. Quality & Quantity, Vol. 52, Issue. S2, p. 1253.
    Rai, Dheeraj Heuvelman, Hein Dalman, Christina Culpin, Iryna Lundberg, Michael Carpenter, Peter and Magnusson, Cecilia 2018. Association Between Autism Spectrum Disorders With or Without Intellectual Disability and Depression in Young Adulthood. JAMA Network Open, Vol. 1, Issue. 4, p. e181465.
    Kourti, Marianthi and MacLeod, Andrea 2018. “I Don't Feel Like a Gender, I Feel Like Myself”: Autistic Individuals Raised as Girls Exploring Gender Identity. Autism in Adulthood: Knowledge, Practice, and Policy,
    Camm-Crosbie, Louise Bradley, Louise Shaw, Rebecca Baron-Cohen, Simon and Cassidy, Sarah 2018. ‘People like me don’t get support’: Autistic adults’ experiences of support and treatment for mental health difficulties, self-injury and suicidality. Autism, p. 136236131881605.
    Hwang, Ye In Foley, Kitty-Rose and Trollor, Julian N. 2018. Aging Well on the Autism Spectrum: An Examination of the Dominant Model of Successful Aging. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,
    Hedley, Darren Uljarević, Mirko Wilmot, Mathilda Richdale, Amanda and Dissanayake, Cheryl 2018. Understanding depression and thoughts of self-harm in autism: A potential mechanism involving loneliness. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, Vol. 46, Issue. , p. 1.
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Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder

  • Tatja Hirvikoski (a1), Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz (a2), Marcus Boman (a3), Henrik Larsson (a3), Paul Lichtenstein (a3) and Sven Bölte (a4)...
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