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    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
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Prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population study

  • Simon Baron-Cohen (a1), Fiona J. Scott (a1), Carrie Allison (a1), Joanna Williams (a2), Patrick Bolton (a1), Fiona E. Matthews (a3) and Carol Brayne (a4)...
Abstract
Background

Recent reports estimate the prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions in the UK to be 1%.

Aims

To use different methods to estimate the prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions, including previously undiagnosed cases, in Cambridgeshire.

Method

We carried out a survey of autism-spectrum conditions using the Special Educational Needs (SEN) register. A diagnosis survey was distributed to participating schools to be handed out to parents of all children aged 5–9 years. The mainstream primary school population was screened for unknown cases.

Results

The prevalence estimates generated from the SEN register and diagnosis survey were 94 per 10 000 and 99 per 10 000 respectively. A total of 11 children received a research diagnosis of an autism-spectrum condition following screening and assessment. The ratio of known:unknown cases is about 3:2 (following statistical weighting procedures). Taken together, we estimate the prevalence to be 157 per 10 000, including previously undiagnosed cases.

Conclusions

This study has implications for planning diagnostic, social and health services.

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Copyright
COPYRIGHT: © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2009 
Corresponding author
Simon Baron–Cohen, University of Cambridge, Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK. Email: sb205@cam.ac.uk
Footnotes
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∗

These authors contributed equally to the work.

This study was funded by the Shirley Foundation. S.B-C., F.J.M. and J.W. were funded by the Medical Research Council during the period of this work. P.B. was supported by the UK NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, and the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust.

Declaration of interest

F.J.S acted as an expert witness for the diagnosis of autism-spectrum conditions and for the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine litigation, but not for children in the population covered by this study.

Footnotes
References
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39 Ehlers, S, Gillberg, C. The epidemiology of Asperger syndrome. A total population study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1993; 34: 1327–50.
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41 Lutchmaya, S, Baron-Cohen, S, Raggatt, P. Foetal testosterone and eye contact in 12-month-old human infants. Infant Behav Dev 2002; 25: 327–35.
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  • Cited by 386
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Hite, Rebecca Dotson, Wesley and Beights, Rebecca 2019. Handbook of Mobile Teaching and Learning. p. 1.
    Ujiie, Yuta Asai, Tomohisa and Wakabayashi, Akio 2018. Individual differences and the effect of face configuration information in the McGurk effect. Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 236, Issue. 4, p. 973.
    Ure, Alexandra Rose, Veronica Bernie, Charmaine and Williams, Katrina 2018. Autism: One or many spectrums?. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, Vol. 54, Issue. 10, p. 1068.
    He, Ping Guo, Chao Wang, Zhenjie Chen, Gong Li, Ning and Zheng, Xiaoying 2018. Socioeconomic status and childhood autism: A population-based study in China. Psychiatry Research, Vol. 259, Issue. , p. 27.
    McGillivray, J. A. and Evert, H. T. 2018. Exploring the Effect of Gender and Age on Stress and Emotional Distress in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, Vol. 33, Issue. 1, p. 55.
    Morales-Hidalgo, Paula Roigé-Castellví, Joana Hernández-Martínez, Carmen Voltas, Núria and Canals, Josefa 2018. Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Spanish School-Age Children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 48, Issue. 9, p. 3176.
    Foley, Kitty-Rose Pollack, Allan J Britt, Helena C Lennox, Nicholas G and Trollor, Julian N 2018. General practice encounters for young patients with autism spectrum disorder in Australia. Autism, Vol. 22, Issue. 7, p. 784.
    Lewis, Laura Foran 2018. Identifying autism spectrum disorder in undiagnosed adults. The Nurse Practitioner, Vol. 43, Issue. 9, p. 14.
    Rodden, Bridget Prendeville, Paula Burke, Sheena and Kinsella, William 2018. Framing secondary teachers’ perspectives on the inclusion of students with autism spectrum disorder using critical discourse analysis. Cambridge Journal of Education, p. 1.
    Kałużna-Czaplińska, Joanna Żurawicz, Ewa and Jóźwik-Pruska, Jagoda 2018. Focus on the Social Aspect of Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 48, Issue. 5, p. 1861.
    Westwood, Heather Mandy, William Simic, Mima and Tchanturia, Kate 2018. Assessing ASD in Adolescent Females with Anorexia Nervosa using Clinical and Developmental Measures: a Preliminary Investigation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Vol. 46, Issue. 1, p. 183.
    Siu, Queenie K. Y. Yi, Huso Chan, Randolph C. H. Chio, Floria H. N. Chan, Dorothy F. Y. and Mak, Winnie W. S. 2018. The Role of Child Problem Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Symptoms and Parenting Stress: A Primary School-Based Study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,
    Mandy, William Clarke, Kiri McKenner, Michele Strydom, Andre Crabtree, Jason Lai, Meng-Chuan Allison, Carrie Baron-Cohen, Simon and Skuse, David 2018. Assessing Autism in Adults: An Evaluation of the Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview—Adult Version (3Di-Adult). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 48, Issue. 2, p. 549.
    Frauenberger, Christopher Spiel, Katta and Makhaeva, Julia 2018. Thinking OutsideTheBox - Designing Smart Things with Autistic Children. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, p. 1.
    Wilson, Nathan J. Lee, Hoe C. Vaz, Sharmila Vindin, Priscilla and Cordier, Reinie 2018. Scoping Review of the Driving Behaviour of and Driver Training Programs for People on the Autism Spectrum. Behavioural Neurology, Vol. 2018, Issue. , p. 1.
    Sagar-Ouriaghli, Ilyas Lievesley, Kate and Santosh, Paramala J 2018. Propranolol for treating emotional, behavioural, autonomic dysregulation in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Psychopharmacology, Vol. 32, Issue. 6, p. 641.
    Horder, Jamie Andersson, Max Mendez, Maria A. Singh, Nisha Tangen, Ämma Lundberg, Johan Gee, Antony Halldin, Christer Veronese, Mattia Bölte, Sven Farde, Lars Sementa, Teresa Cash, Diana Higgins, Karen Spain, Debbie Turkheimer, Federico Mick, Inge Selvaraj, Sudhakar Nutt, David J. Lingford-Hughes, Anne Howes, Oliver D. Murphy, Declan G. and Borg, Jacqueline 2018. GABAA receptor availability is not altered in adults with autism spectrum disorder or in mouse models. Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 10, Issue. 461, p. eaam8434.
    Ghaderi, Golnaz and Watson, Shelley L. 2018. “In Medical School, You Get Far More Training on Medical Stuff than Developmental Stuff”: Perspectives on ASD from Ontario Physicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,
    Abu-Akel, Ahmad and Bo, Sune 2018. The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Forensic Neuroscience. p. 531.
    Gorriz, Juan M. Ramirez, Javier Segovia, F. Martinez, Francisco J. Lai, Meng-Chuan Lombardo, Michael V. Baron-Cohen, Simon MRC AIMS Consortium and Suckling, John 2018. A Machine Learning Approach to Reveal the Neuro-Phenotypes of Autisms. International Journal of Neural Systems,
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Prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population study

  • Simon Baron-Cohen (a1), Fiona J. Scott (a1), Carrie Allison (a1), Joanna Williams (a2), Patrick Bolton (a1), Fiona E. Matthews (a3) and Carol Brayne (a4)...
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