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Prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population study

  • Simon Baron-Cohen (a1), Fiona J. Scott (a1), Carrie Allison (a1), Joanna Williams (a2), Patrick Bolton (a1), Fiona E. Matthews (a3) and Carol Brayne (a4)...
Abstract
Background

Recent reports estimate the prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions in the UK to be 1%.

Aims

To use different methods to estimate the prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions, including previously undiagnosed cases, in Cambridgeshire.

Method

We carried out a survey of autism-spectrum conditions using the Special Educational Needs (SEN) register. A diagnosis survey was distributed to participating schools to be handed out to parents of all children aged 5–9 years. The mainstream primary school population was screened for unknown cases.

Results

The prevalence estimates generated from the SEN register and diagnosis survey were 94 per 10 000 and 99 per 10 000 respectively. A total of 11 children received a research diagnosis of an autism-spectrum condition following screening and assessment. The ratio of known:unknown cases is about 3:2 (following statistical weighting procedures). Taken together, we estimate the prevalence to be 157 per 10 000, including previously undiagnosed cases.

Conclusions

This study has implications for planning diagnostic, social and health services.

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Copyright
COPYRIGHT: © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2009 
Corresponding author
Simon Baron–Cohen, University of Cambridge, Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK. Email: sb205@cam.ac.uk
Footnotes
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∗

These authors contributed equally to the work.

This study was funded by the Shirley Foundation. S.B-C., F.J.M. and J.W. were funded by the Medical Research Council during the period of this work. P.B. was supported by the UK NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, and the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust.

Declaration of interest

F.J.S acted as an expert witness for the diagnosis of autism-spectrum conditions and for the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine litigation, but not for children in the population covered by this study.

Footnotes
References
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  • Cited by 378
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Ujiie, Yuta Asai, Tomohisa and Wakabayashi, Akio 2018. Individual differences and the effect of face configuration information in the McGurk effect. Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 236, Issue. 4, p. 973.
    He, Ping Guo, Chao Wang, Zhenjie Chen, Gong Li, Ning and Zheng, Xiaoying 2018. Socioeconomic status and childhood autism: A population-based study in China. Psychiatry Research, Vol. 259, Issue. , p. 27.
    2018. Sample Sizes for Clinical, Laboratory and Epidemiology Studies. p. 83.
    Hswen, Yulin Gopaluni, Anuraag Brownstein, John S. and Hawkins, Jared B. 2018. Feasibility of Using Twitter to Detect Psychological Characteristics of Self-Identified Persons with Autism (Preprint). JMIR mHealth and uHealth,
    Ure, Alexandra Rose, Veronica Bernie, Charmaine and Williams, Katrina 2018. Autism: One or many spectrums?. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, Vol. 54, Issue. 10, p. 1068.
    Lindly, Olivia J. Thorburn, Sheryl Heisler, Karen Reyes, Nuri M. and Zuckerman, Katharine E. 2018. Parents’ Use of Complementary Health Approaches for Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 48, Issue. 5, p. 1803.
    An, Sofiya Chan, Chee Kai and Kaukenova, Botagoz 2018. Families in Transition: Parental Perspectives of Support and Services for Children with Autism in Kazakhstan. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, p. 1.
    Durkin, Maureen S. and Yeargin-Allsopp, Marshalyn 2018. Socioeconomic Status and Pediatric Neurologic Disorders: Current Evidence. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, Vol. 27, Issue. , p. 16.
    St Pourcain, B Robinson, E B Anttila, V Sullivan, B B Maller, J Golding, J Skuse, D Ring, S Evans, D M Zammit, S Fisher, S E Neale, B M Anney, R J L Ripke, S Hollegaard, M V Werge, T Ronald, A Grove, J Hougaard, D M Børglum, A D Mortensen, P B Daly, M J and Davey Smith, G 2018. ASD and schizophrenia show distinct developmental profiles in common genetic overlap with population-based social communication difficulties. Molecular Psychiatry, Vol. 23, Issue. 2, p. 263.
    Morales-Hidalgo, Paula Roigé-Castellví, Joana Hernández-Martínez, Carmen Voltas, Núria and Canals, Josefa 2018. Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Spanish School-Age Children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 48, Issue. 9, p. 3176.
    Foley, Kitty-Rose Pollack, Allan J Britt, Helena C Lennox, Nicholas G and Trollor, Julian N 2018. General practice encounters for young patients with autism spectrum disorder in Australia. Autism, Vol. 22, Issue. 7, p. 784.
    Campion, Jonathan 2018. Primary Care Mental Health. p. 353.
    Rodden, Bridget Prendeville, Paula Burke, Sheena and Kinsella, William 2018. Framing secondary teachers’ perspectives on the inclusion of students with autism spectrum disorder using critical discourse analysis. Cambridge Journal of Education, p. 1.
    McGillivray, J. A. and Evert, H. T. 2018. Exploring the Effect of Gender and Age on Stress and Emotional Distress in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, Vol. 33, Issue. 1, p. 55.
    Rhode, Maria 2018. Object relations approaches to autism. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 99, Issue. 3, p. 702.
    2018. Sample Sizes for Clinical, Laboratory and Epidemiology Studies. p. 363.
    Lewis, Laura Foran 2018. Identifying autism spectrum disorder in undiagnosed adults. The Nurse Practitioner, Vol. 43, Issue. 9, p. 14.
    Westwood, Heather Mandy, William Simic, Mima and Tchanturia, Kate 2018. Assessing ASD in Adolescent Females with Anorexia Nervosa using Clinical and Developmental Measures: a Preliminary Investigation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Vol. 46, Issue. 1, p. 183.
    Kałużna-Czaplińska, Joanna Żurawicz, Ewa and Jóźwik-Pruska, Jagoda 2018. Focus on the Social Aspect of Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 48, Issue. 5, p. 1861.
    Mandy, William Clarke, Kiri McKenner, Michele Strydom, Andre Crabtree, Jason Lai, Meng-Chuan Allison, Carrie Baron-Cohen, Simon and Skuse, David 2018. Assessing Autism in Adults: An Evaluation of the Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview—Adult Version (3Di-Adult). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 48, Issue. 2, p. 549.
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Prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population study

  • Simon Baron-Cohen (a1), Fiona J. Scott (a1), Carrie Allison (a1), Joanna Williams (a2), Patrick Bolton (a1), Fiona E. Matthews (a3) and Carol Brayne (a4)...
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