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  • Cited by 364
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    Crossref Citations
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    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
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Prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population study

  • Simon Baron-Cohen (a1), Fiona J. Scott (a1), Carrie Allison (a1), Joanna Williams (a2), Patrick Bolton (a1), Fiona E. Matthews (a3) and Carol Brayne (a4)...
Abstract
Background

Recent reports estimate the prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions in the UK to be 1%.

Aims

To use different methods to estimate the prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions, including previously undiagnosed cases, in Cambridgeshire.

Method

We carried out a survey of autism-spectrum conditions using the Special Educational Needs (SEN) register. A diagnosis survey was distributed to participating schools to be handed out to parents of all children aged 5–9 years. The mainstream primary school population was screened for unknown cases.

Results

The prevalence estimates generated from the SEN register and diagnosis survey were 94 per 10 000 and 99 per 10 000 respectively. A total of 11 children received a research diagnosis of an autism-spectrum condition following screening and assessment. The ratio of known:unknown cases is about 3:2 (following statistical weighting procedures). Taken together, we estimate the prevalence to be 157 per 10 000, including previously undiagnosed cases.

Conclusions

This study has implications for planning diagnostic, social and health services.

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Copyright
COPYRIGHT: © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2009 
Corresponding author
Simon Baron–Cohen, University of Cambridge, Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas House, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK. Email: sb205@cam.ac.uk
Footnotes
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∗

These authors contributed equally to the work.

This study was funded by the Shirley Foundation. S.B-C., F.J.M. and J.W. were funded by the Medical Research Council during the period of this work. P.B. was supported by the UK NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, and the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust.

Declaration of interest

F.J.S acted as an expert witness for the diagnosis of autism-spectrum conditions and for the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine litigation, but not for children in the population covered by this study.

Footnotes
References
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39 Ehlers, S, Gillberg, C. The epidemiology of Asperger syndrome. A total population study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1993; 34: 1327–50.
40 Wing, L. Sex ratios in early childhood autism and related conditions. Psychiatry Res 1981; 5: 129–37.
41 Lutchmaya, S, Baron-Cohen, S, Raggatt, P. Foetal testosterone and eye contact in 12-month-old human infants. Infant Behav Dev 2002; 25: 327–35.
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  • Cited by 364
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Ujiie, Yuta Asai, Tomohisa and Wakabayashi, Akio 2018. Individual differences and the effect of face configuration information in the McGurk effect. Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 236, Issue. 4, p. 973.
    2018. Sample Sizes for Clinical, Laboratory and Epidemiology Studies. p. 83.
    He, Ping Guo, Chao Wang, Zhenjie Chen, Gong Li, Ning and Zheng, Xiaoying 2018. Socioeconomic status and childhood autism: A population-based study in China. Psychiatry Research, Vol. 259, Issue. , p. 27.
    Lindly, Olivia J. Thorburn, Sheryl Heisler, Karen Reyes, Nuri M. and Zuckerman, Katharine E. 2018. Parents’ Use of Complementary Health Approaches for Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 48, Issue. 5, p. 1803.
    2018. Sample Sizes for Clinical, Laboratory and Epidemiology Studies. p. 363.
    St Pourcain, B Robinson, E B Anttila, V Sullivan, B B Maller, J Golding, J Skuse, D Ring, S Evans, D M Zammit, S Fisher, S E Neale, B M Anney, R J L Ripke, S Hollegaard, M V Werge, T Ronald, A Grove, J Hougaard, D M Børglum, A D Mortensen, P B Daly, M J and Davey Smith, G 2018. ASD and schizophrenia show distinct developmental profiles in common genetic overlap with population-based social communication difficulties. Molecular Psychiatry, Vol. 23, Issue. 2, p. 263.
    McGillivray, J. A. and Evert, H. T. 2018. Exploring the Effect of Gender and Age on Stress and Emotional Distress in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, Vol. 33, Issue. 1, p. 55.
    Durkin, Maureen S. and Yeargin-Allsopp, Marshalyn 2018. Socioeconomic Status and Pediatric Neurologic Disorders: Current Evidence. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology,
    Morales-Hidalgo, Paula Roigé-Castellví, Joana Hernández-Martínez, Carmen Voltas, Núria and Canals, Josefa 2018. Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Spanish School-Age Children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 48, Issue. 9, p. 3176.
    Rhode, Maria 2018. Object relations approaches to autism. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 99, Issue. 3, p. 702.
    Hoekstra, Rosa 2018. Autismespectrumstoornis. p. 19.
    Kałużna-Czaplińska, Joanna Żurawicz, Ewa and Jóźwik-Pruska, Jagoda 2018. Focus on the Social Aspect of Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 48, Issue. 5, p. 1861.
    Westwood, Heather Mandy, William Simic, Mima and Tchanturia, Kate 2018. Assessing ASD in Adolescent Females with Anorexia Nervosa using Clinical and Developmental Measures: a Preliminary Investigation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Vol. 46, Issue. 1, p. 183.
    Mandy, William Clarke, Kiri McKenner, Michele Strydom, Andre Crabtree, Jason Lai, Meng-Chuan Allison, Carrie Baron-Cohen, Simon and Skuse, David 2018. Assessing Autism in Adults: An Evaluation of the Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview—Adult Version (3Di-Adult). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 48, Issue. 2, p. 549.
    Sinclaire-Harding, Lysandra Vuillier, Laura and Whitebread, David 2018. International Handbook of Early Childhood Education. p. 335.
    Rafter, Mary and Gillies, Robyn M. 2018. Genomics Literacy: Implications for Teaching Students with a Range of Special Needs. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, Vol. 65, Issue. 1, p. 45.
    Hannon, Eilis Schendel, Diana Ladd-Acosta, Christine Grove, Jakob Hansen, Christine Søholm Andrews, Shan V. Hougaard, David Michael Bresnahan, Michaeline Mors, Ole Hollegaard, Mads Vilhelm Bækvad-Hansen, Marie Hornig, Mady Mortensen, Preben Bo Børglum, Anders D. Werge, Thomas Pedersen, Marianne Giørtz Nordentoft, Merete Buxbaum, Joseph Daniele Fallin, M. Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas Reichenberg, Abraham and Mill, Jonathan 2018. Elevated polygenic burden for autism is associated with differential DNA methylation at birth. Genome Medicine, Vol. 10, Issue. 1,
    Kennedy, P. J. Sinfield, Philip Tweedlie, Lucy Nixon, Carol Martin, Aisling and Edwards, Katie 2018. Brief Report: Using the Social Communication Questionnaire to Identify Young People Residing in Secure Children’s Homes with Symptom Complexes Compatible with Autistic Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,
    Berggren, Steve Fletcher-Watson, Sue Milenkovic, Nina Marschik, Peter B. Bölte, Sven and Jonsson, Ulf 2018. Emotion recognition training in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of challenges related to generalizability. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, Vol. 21, Issue. 3, p. 141.
    Murphy, Declan Glaser, Karen Hayward, Hannah Eklund, Hanna Cadman, Tim Findon, James Woodhouse, Emma Ashwood, Karen Beecham, Jennifer Bolton, Patrick McEwen, Fiona Wilson, Ellie Ecker, Christine Wong, Ian Simonoff, Emily Russell, Ailsa McCarthy, Jane Chaplin, Eddie Young, Susan and Asherson, Philip 2018. Crossing the divide: a longitudinal study of effective treatments for people with autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan. Programme Grants for Applied Research, Vol. 6, Issue. 2, p. 1.
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Prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population study

  • Simon Baron-Cohen (a1), Fiona J. Scott (a1), Carrie Allison (a1), Joanna Williams (a2), Patrick Bolton (a1), Fiona E. Matthews (a3) and Carol Brayne (a4)...
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