Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T12:39:34.825Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Rubble and ruin: Walter Benjamin, post-war urban renewal and the residue of everyday life on LeBreton Flats, Ottawa, Canada (1944–1970)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 August 2014

ROGER M. PICTON*
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, ON, Canada, K9J 7BS

Abstract

Taking a cue from Walter Benjamin, this article exposes the wreckage of urban renewal on LeBreton Flats – a mixed industrial and working-class neighbourhood in Ottawa, Canada. Photographic and textual fragments of urban life retrieved from government expropriation files are used to expose the spell of progress embodied in the urban renewal plan for the neighbourhood. This article shows how urban historians can deploy Benjamin's methodological approach to reclaim the memory of everyday life on LeBreton Flats from the realm of official planning documents. This article shows how despite an official narrative of decline scrap-dealers, craft-workers and residents continued to value the Flats and participate in an imaginative urban life.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 J. Allan Kelly Realties, assessment of 77–83 Broad St, Library and Archives Canada (LAC), RG 34, 1979–80/128, vol. 74, file F–5–10.

2 Letter to the Honourable Lucien Cardin, Minster of Public Works from S.F. Clark, Chairman of the NCC, 27 Apr. 1965, LAC, RG 34, 1979–80/128, vol. 71, file F–4–7.

3 Klemek, C., The Transatlantic Collapse of Urban Renewal: Postwar Urbanism from New York to Berlin (Chicago, 2011), 21Google Scholar; Purdy, S., ‘Industrial efficiency, social order and moral purity: housing reform thought in English Canada, 1900–1950’, Urban History Review, 25 (1997), 31CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Valverde, M., The Age of Light, Soap & Water: Moral Reform in English Canada, 1880s–1920s (Toronto, 1991), 20Google Scholar; K. Brushett, ‘Blots on the face of the city: the politics of slum housing and urban renewal in Toronto, 1940–1970’, Queen's University Ph.D. thesis, 2001.

4 Harvey, D., ‘The urban process under capitalism: a framework for analysis’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2 (1978), 101–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5 Gunn, S., ‘City of mirrors: Walter Benjamin's Arcades Project and urban history’, Journal of Victorian Culture, 7 (2002), 267CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

6 Merrifield, A., Metromarxism (New York, 2002), 71, 49Google Scholar; Benjamin, ‘Berlin Chronicle’, in Demetz, P. (ed.), Reflections: Walter Benjamin (New York, 1978), 5, 26Google Scholar; W. Benjamin, ‘One-way street’, in Demetz (ed.), Reflections, 82; W. Benjamin, ‘Berlin’, 9; Benjamin, ‘One-way street’, 92; Benjamin, W., The Arcades Project (London, 1999), 881, 873–4Google Scholar.

7 Kohn, M., ‘Dreamworlds of deindustrialization’, Theory & Event, 12 (2009), 78Google Scholar.

8 Berman, M., All that is Solid Melts into Air (New York, 1982), 35Google Scholar.

9 Lefebvre, H., Critique of Everyday Life, vol. II (London, 2002), 89Google Scholar.

10 Schumpeter, J., Capitalism, Socialism, Democracy (New York, 1942), 83Google Scholar.

11 Harvey, ‘The urban process’, 101–31.

12 Arendt, H., ‘Introduction’, in Arendt, H. (ed.), Illuminations: Walter Benjamin Essays and Reflections (London, 1968), 11, 45, 51–2Google Scholar.

13 The federal entity responsible for planning Canada's national capital has undergone several name and mandate changes. From 1899 to 1927, it was the Ottawa Improvement Commission and from 1927 to 1958, it was called the Federal District Commission. See Hillis, K., ‘A history of commissions: threads of an Ottawa planning history’, Urban History Review, 21 (1992), 4660CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14 Klemek, Transatlantic, 21.

15 Harris, R., Creeping Conformity: How Canada Became Suburban (Toronto, 2004), 106Google Scholar; Smith, N., ‘New globalism, new urbanism’, in Brenner, N. and Theodore, N. (eds.), Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban Reconstruction in North America and Western Europe (London, 2002), 85Google Scholar; Berman, All that is Solid Melts into Air, 291; Wakeman, R., The Heroic City: Paris 1945–1958 (Chicago, 2009), 318–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

16 Brushett, Blots, 443–4.

17 Harvey, ‘The urban process’, 107.

18 Wade, J., Houses for All: The Struggle for Social Housing in Vancouver, 1919–1950 (Vancouver, 1994)Google Scholar; Ward, S., Planning the Twentieth-Century City: The Advanced Capitalist World (Chichester, 2002)Google Scholar.

19 Nelson, J., ‘The space of Africville’, in Razack, S. (ed.), Race, Space and the Law and the Unmapping of a White Settler Society (Toronto, 2002), 216, 220Google Scholar; Purdy, S., ‘Framing Regent Park: the National Film Board of Canada and the construction of outcast spaces in the inner city, 1953 and 1994’, Media, Culture and Society, 27 (2005), 523–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

20 Beauregard, R., When America Became Suburban (Minneapolis, 2006)Google Scholar; Wakeman, Heroic, 5. Klemek, Transatlantic, 22.

21 Deachman, H. and Woolfrey, J., ‘Highrises and superprofits’, in Roussopoulos, D. (ed.), The City and Radical Social Change (Montreal, 1982), 303Google Scholar; Andrew, C., ‘Ottawa-Hull’, in Magnusson, W. and Sancton, A. (eds.), City Politics in Canada (Toronto, 1983), 148Google Scholar.

22 Gréber, J., L’architecture aux États Unis (Paris, 1920)Google Scholar; Gournay, I., ‘Revisiting Jacques Gréber's l’architecture aux États-Unis: from city beautiful to cité-jardin’, Urban History Review, 29 (2001), 67CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

23 Gréber, J., Plan for the National Capital (Ottawa, 1950)Google Scholar.

24 Ibid., 63.

25 H.R. Cram, memorandum to Chairman and members of the Federal District Commission, 21 May 1951, LAC, RG 2, vol. 127, file F–21.

26 Ibid.

27 NCPC press release, 20 Apr. 1949, LAC, RG 2, vol. 127, file F–21.

28 Gordon, D.L.A., ‘Ottawa-Hull: lumber town to national capital’, in Gordon, D.L.A. (ed.), Planning Twentieth-Century Capital Cities (London, 2006), 159Google Scholar; Taylor, J.H., Ottawa: An Illustrated History (Toronto, 1986), 188Google Scholar.

29 ‘Completed property sales, 1959–1964’, LAC, RG 34, 1979–80/128, file Gen 2–9–2.

30 Appraisal of Lieff Lumber Ltd prepared for the NCC by James A. Crawford, LAC, RG 34, 1979–80/128, vol. 71, file F–4–3.

31 Order-in-Council, Privy Council, 1962–566.

32 Address by Jacques Gréber at the Château Laurier, 18 Nov. 1953, LAC, MG 30, vol. 44, file FDC (1952–53).

33 J. Allan Kelly Realties, assessment of 77–83 Broad St, LAC, RG 34, 1979–80/128, vol. 72, file F–5–10.

34 Neil Lewer, Regional Realty, report to NCC on 99 Sherwood, LAC, RG 34, 1979–80/128, vol. 74, file F–10–6.

35 J. Allan Kelly Realties, assessment of 77–83 Broad St, LAC, RG 34, 1979–80/128, file F–5–10.

36 Strung Real-Estate Limited, report to D.L. McDonald, NCC Director of Planning and Property, re: Therien Cleaners, LAC, RG 34, 1979–80/128, vol. 74, file F–9–22; Statistics Canada, Census 1951, 1956, 1961, City of Ottawa, Tract 32.

37 Taylor, Ottawa, 77.

38 Ibid., 94.

39 Ibid., 94.

40 Eldon H. Petry Ltd, Real-Estate Appraisers, 21 Jan. 1964, LAC, RG 34, 1979/80/128, vol. 73, file F–6–6.

41 Letter from J.A. Picard, MP, to Hon. Alphonse Fournier Minister of Public Works, 5 Jul. 1944, LAC, RG 11, vol. 3503, file 12820–12 (PT A).

42 Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) report, 25–4–44, LAC, RG 11, vol. 3503, file 12820–12 (PT A).

43 Memorandum to Assistant Chief Architect from Superintendent of Government Buildings, 26 Jun. 1944, LAC, RG 11, vol. 3503, file 12820–12 (PT A).

44 RCMP report 44 A 1304–E–4, LAC, RG 11, vol. 3503, file 12820–12 (PT A).

45 Letter to the ‘A’ Division, RCMP from Chief Architect, 19 Apr. 1944, LAC, RG 11, vol. 3503, file 12820–12 (PT A).

47 Letter from Superintendent of Government Buildings, W.L. Smith, to Secretary of Public Works, 21 Nov. 1944, LAC, RG 11, vol. 3503, file 12820–12 (PT A).

49 Memorandum to the Assistant Deputy Minister, 20 Nov. 1947, LAC, RG 11, vol. 3503, file 12820–12 (PT A).

51 Letter from François Caron to Minister of Public Works, 1 Apr. 1947, LAC, RG 11, vol. 3503, file 12820–12 (PT A).

52 Gentile, P., ‘“Government girls” and “Ottawa men”: Cold War management of gender relations in the civil service’, in Buse, D., Kinsman, G. and Steedman, M. (eds.), Whose National Security? Canadian State Surveillance and the Creation of Enemies (Toronto, 2000), 131–41Google Scholar.

53 Area Neighbourhood Data, LAC, RG 34, 1979–80/128, vol. 71, file F–4–2.

54 Letter from Riddell, Stead, Graham and Hutchison Chartered Accountants to members of the NCC, 21 Feb. 1965, RG 34, 1979–80/128, vol. 71, file F–4–7; letter from Bowes and Cocks Limited to Director of Planning and Property, 27 Dec. 1963, RG 34, 1979–80/128, vol. 71, file F–4–7.

55 Price Waterhouse & Co., appraisal of business disturbance, 31 May 1963, LAC, RG 34, 1979/80/128, vol. 71, file F–4–6.

58 Eldon H. Petry Ltd, Real-Estate Appraisers to NCC, 24 Sep. 1965, LAC, RG 34, 1979/80/128, vol. 71, file F–4–7.

59 Realty Report, Ault Kinney, LAC, RG 34, 1979/80/128, vol. 71, file F–3–1.

60 Kirsch, S. and Mitchell, D., ‘The nature of things: dead labor, nonhuman actors and the persistence of Marxism’, Antipode, 36 (2004), 688CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

61 Realty Report Ault Kinney, LAC, RG 34, 1979/80/128, vol. 71, file F–3–1.

62 Report from Eldon H. Petry Ltd, Real-Estate Appraisers to NCC, 24 Sep. 1965, 1979/80/128, vol. 71, file F–4–7.

65 Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., LAC, RG 34, 1979/80/128, vol. 72, file F–6–6; Price Waterhouse & Co., 28 Jan. 1964, LAC, RG 34, 1979/80/128, vol. 73, file F–6–6.

66 Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., LAC, RG 34, 1979/80/128, vol. 73, file F–6–6; letter to D.L. McDonald, Director of Planning and Property, NCC, from Beament, Fyfe, Ault, Hutton and Wilson, Barristers and Solicitors, 11 Mar. 1965, LAC, RG 34, 1979/80/128, vol. 73, file F–6–6.

67 Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., LAC, RG 34, 1979/80/128, vol. 73, file F–6–6.

68 Letter to Aylmer Volunteer Fire Brigade, from C.A. Bradfield, Chief of Property Management, 5 Nov. 1965, LAC, RG 34, 1979/80/128, vol. 73, file F–6–6.

69 Smith, N., Uneven Development: Nature, Capital and the Production of Space (Oxford, 1991)Google Scholar.

70 Andrew, ‘Ottawa-Hull’, 148.

71 Oliver, Carter and Company Ltd, Property Appraisers, report to D.L. McDonald, Director of Planning and Property, NCC, 9 Feb. 1965, RG 34, 1979–80/128, vol. 72, file F–4–8.

72 Editorial, Ottawa Citizen, 14 Apr. 1961, p. 6.

73 Editorial, ‘Public buildings and town planning’, Ottawa Citizen, 28 Jan. 1961.

74 ‘Completed property sales, 1959–1964’, LAC, RG 34, 1979–80/128, file Gen 2–9–2.

75 Letter to the Honorable Lucien Cardin, Minster of Public Works from S.F. Clark, Chairman of the NCC, 27 Apr. 1965, LAC, RG 34, 1979–80/128, vol. 71, file F–4–7.

76 Taylor, Ottawa, 84.

77 Statistics Canada, CT Data, Canada Census 1961.

78 LAC, RG 34, 1979–80/128, vol. 74, file F–10–2.

79 P. Wilson, ‘Expropriation good news for most in the Flats’, Ottawa Citizen, 21 Apr. 1962, p. 3.

80 Neil Lewer, Regional Realty, report to NCC on 99 Sherwood, LAC, RG 34, 1979–80/128, vol. 74, file F–10–6.

83 Strung Real-Estate Limited, report to D.L. McDonald, Director of Planning and Property, NCC, re: Therien Cleaners, 3 Nov. 1962, LAC, RG 34, 1979–198/128, vol. 74, file F–9–22.

85 S.G. Macy and Son, appraisal of 97 Sherwood, LAC, RG 34, 1979–80/128, vol. 74, file F–10–7.

86 Excerpts from R.E. assessments as shown in letter to D.L. MacDonald, 5 Jun. 1962, from J. Allan Kelly, LAC, RG 34, 1979–80/128, vol. 74, file F–10–7.

87 ‘Sales analyzed and investigated – City of Ottawa’, LAC, RG 34, vol. 71, file F–3–3; Harris, Creeping, 130–1.

88 ‘Sales analyzed and investigated – City of Ottawa’, LAC, RG 34, vol. 71, file F–3–3.

89 Harris, Creeping, 130–1.

90 Strung Real-Estate Limited, report to D.L. McDonald, Director of Planning and Property, NCC, re: Therien Cleaners, 3 Nov. 1962, LAC, RG 34, 1979–80/128, vol. 74, file F–9–22; Purdy, ‘Industrial efficiency’, 31.

91 King and Constam R.E. appraisal of Shenkman Properties, LAC, RG 34, 1979–80/128, vol. 71, file F–3–1.

92 Neighbourhood analysis, King and Constam Real-Estate Appraisers, LAC, RG 34, 1979/80/128, vol. 71, file F–3–1.

93 Harris, Creeping, 131; Klemek, Transatlantic, 139.

94 Ross, K., Fast Cars, Clean Bodies: Decolonization and the Reordering of French Culture (Cambridge, 1996), 38Google Scholar.

95 National Film Board, Capital on the Ottawa, 1967.

96 NCC memorandum to Mr C.A. Bradfield from M.W. Millar, 29 Nov. 1962, LAC, RG 34, 1979/80/128, vol. 74, file F–9–11.

97 Ross, Fast Cars, 11.

98 LAC, RG 34, 1979/80/128, vol. 72, file F–6–3.

99 Letter to Deputy Minister, 17 Oct. 1963, LAC, RG 34, vol. 74, 1979/80/128, file F–11–1.

100 NCC memorandum to Mr C.A. Bradfield from M.W. Millar, 29 Nov. 1962, LAC, RG 34, 1979/80/128, vol. 73, file F–9–11.

101 LAC, RG 34, 1979/80/128, vol. 74, file F–10–18.

102 Gillis, P., ‘The Ottawa lumber barons and the conservation movement, 1880–1914’, Journal of Canadian Studies, 9 (1974), 16Google Scholar; Logan, J. and Molotch, H., Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place (Berkeley, 1987), 62Google Scholar.

103 LAC, MG III 26, vol. 809, file ‘National Capital Commission. Expropriation Correspondence and Appraisal (1963–1965)’.

104 Letter from Bill Munroe to President of the Bronson Company, 15 Sep. 1964, LAC, MG III 26, vol. 809, file ‘National Capital Commission. Expropriation Correspondence and Appraisal (1963–1965)’.

105 McKenna, E., ‘Unorganized labour versus management: the strike at the Chaudière Lumber Mills, 1891’, Social History/Histoire Sociale, 5 (1972), 186–8Google Scholar.

106 Letter from Bill Munroe to President of the Bronson Company, 3 Oct. 1964, LAC, MG III 26, vol. 809.

107 LAC, MG III 26, vol. 809, file ‘National Capital Commission. Expropriation Correspondence and Appraisal (1963–1965)’.

108 Letter to J. Pickersgill, Clerk of Privy Council Office, from Jacques Gréber, LAC, RG 2, 18, vol. 159, file F–21–3, 16 Jan. 1951; letter to H.R. Cram, NCC Secretary, from C.D. Wright, Director of Planning and Development, City of Ottawa; Cabinet Minutes, 8 Sep. 1954; joint memorandum, Minister of Public Works and Minister of National Defence, 7 Sep. 1954, LAC, RG 2, vol. 188–54.

109 Buck-Morss, S., The Dialectics of Seeing: Walter Benjamin and the Arcades Project (Cambridge, MA, 1989), 114Google Scholar.

110 Ibid.

111 Letter to NCC from Neighbourhood Improvement Commission, 31 May 1969, LAC, RG 34 1986–87/390, vol. 80, file F–28–28.

112 Memorandum to D.L. McDonald from F.S. Marshall, 4 June 1965, LAC, RG 34 C-3, vol. 70, file F–F.

113 Ibid.

114 Letter to the Honourable Lucien Cardin, Minister of Public Works, from S.F. Clark, Chairman of the NCC, Apr. 27, 1965, LAC, RG 34, vol. 71, file F–4–7.

115 Speech by General Manager, E. Thrift, of NCC to Ottawa Real-Estate Board, October, 1969, LAC, RG34, 1979–198/128, vol. 15.

116 Ibid.

117 Klemek, Transatlantic, 129; Picton, R., ‘Selling national urban renewal: the National Film Board, the National Capital Commission and post-war planning in Ottawa, Canada’, Urban History, 37 (2010), 319CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

118 Harvey, D., The Limits to Capital (Oxford, 1982), 428Google Scholar.

119 Gunn, ‘City’, 264.