The technosphere: a new concept for urban studies

¹ ‘Sustainable urban futures’, http://urban.ias.unu.edu/index.php/cities-and-climate-change/ (accessed 15 Jun. 2015).

² Lefebvre, H., The Urban Revolution, trans. Robert Bononno (Minneapolis, 2003), 1 .

³ Stone, B. Jr, The City and the Coming Climate: Climate Change in the Places We Live (Cambridge, 2012), 13, 75.

⁴ Ibid ., 90.

⁵ Ibid ., 85.

⁶ Otter, C., ‘Locating matter: the place of materiality in urban history’, in Bennett, T. and Joyce, P. (eds.), Material Powers: Cultural Studies, History, and the Material Turn (London, 2010).

⁷ Park, R., ‘The city: suggestions for the investigation of human behavior in the urban environment’ [1916], in Sennett, R. (ed.), Classic Essays on the Culture of Cities (New York, 1969); Harvey, D., The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization (Baltimore, 1985); Schorske, C., Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (New York, 1981).

⁸ Cited in Donald, J., Imagining the Modern City (Minneapolis, 1999).

⁹ For a particularly bracing, caustic argument, see Chibber, V., Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital (London, 2013).

¹⁰ Coole, D. and Frost, S. (eds.), New Materialisms: Ontology, Agency, and Politics (Durham, NC, 2010); Brown, B. (ed.), Things (Chicago, 2004); Brooke, J., Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey (Cambridge, 2014).

¹¹ Latour, B., Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory (Oxford, 2005).

¹² Ingold, T., ‘Materials against materiality’, Archaeological Dialogues, 14 (2007), 1–16 .

¹³ Pickering, A., The Mangle of Practice: Time, Agency and Science (Chicago, 1995).

¹⁴ Easterling, K., Extrastatecraft: The Power of Infrastructure Space (London, 2014), 72 .

¹⁵ Ibid ., 73–5.

¹⁶ Ibid ., 74.

¹⁷ Hughes, T., ‘The evolution of large technological systems’, in Bijker, W.E., Hughes, T.P. and Pinch, T. (eds.), The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology (Cambridge, MA, 1987), 76 .

¹⁸ McFarlane, C. and Rutherford, J., ‘Political infrastructures: governing and experiencing the fabric of the city’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 32 (2008), 363–74.

¹⁹ Graham, S. and Marvin, S., Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition (London, 2001), 11 .

²⁰ Swygedouw, E., ‘Metabolic urbanization: the making of cyborg cities’, in Heynen, N., Kaika, M. and Swyngedouw, E. (eds.), In the Nature of Cities: Urban Political Ecology and the Politics of Urban Metabolism (New York, 2006).

²¹ Graham and Marvin, Splintering Urbanism.

²² Smil, V., Energy in World History (Boulder, 1994), 7 .

²³ Sieferle, R.P., The Subterranean Forest: Energy Systems and the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, 2001).

²⁴ Barles, S., ‘Urban metabolism of Paris and its region’, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 13 (2009), 898–913 .

²⁵ Cited in Fishman, R., Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (New York, 1987), 75–6.

²⁶ For a taxonomy of US suburban types, see Hayden, D., Building Suburbia: Green Fields and Urban Growth (New York, 2003).

²⁷ Easterling, Extrastatecraft, 12.

²⁸ Seitzinger, S. et al., ‘Planetary stewardship in an urbanizing world: beyond city limits’, Ambio, 41 (2012), 790 .

²⁹ Sievert, T., Cities without Cities: An Interpretation of the Zwischenstadt (London, 2003); Baccini, P. and Brunner, P., Metabolism of the Anthroposphere: Analysis, Evaluation, Design, 2nd edn (Cambridge, MA, 2012); Deleuze, G. and Guattari, F., A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. B. Massumi (Minneapolis, 1987).

³⁰ Haff, P.K., ‘Technology as a geological phenomenon: implications for human well-being’, Geological Society of London Special Publications, 395 (2014), 301–2.

³¹ Ibid ., 302.

³² Cox, S., Losing our Cool: Uncomfortable Truths about our Air-Conditioned World (and Finding New Ways to Get through the Summer) (New York, 2010), 75–6.

³³ Ibid ., 82.

³⁴ Ibid ., 32.

³⁵ Klepeis, N. et al., ‘The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants’, Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 11 (2001), 239 .

³⁶ Floud, R., Fogel, R., Harris, B. and Hong, S. Chul, The Changing Body: Health, Nutrition, and Human Development in the Western World since 1700 (Cambridge, 2011); Lieberman, D., The Story of the Human Body (New York, 2013), esp. 209–92.

³⁷ Pachirat, T., Every Twelve Seconds: Industrialized Slaughter and the Politics of Sight (New Haven, 2011).

³⁸ Morton, T., Hyperobjects: Philosophy and Ecology after the End of the World (Minneapolis, 2013).

³⁹ Stapledon, R.G., The Land: Now and To-Morrow (London, 1935), 5 .

⁴⁰ Ibid ., 30.

⁴¹ Morton, Hyperobjects, 27–37.

⁴² America's crumbling infrastructure’, Economist, 28 Jun. 2014.

⁴³ S. Graham, ‘Urban metabolism as target: contemporary war as forced demodernization’, in Heynen, Kaika and Swyngedouw (eds.), In the Nature of Cities.

⁴⁴ D. Zaborenko, ‘U.S. army works to cut its carbon “bootprint”’, Reuters, 27 Jul. 2008.