Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-2lccl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T10:06:33.729Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Systems to predict the energy and protein requirements of laying fowl

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

A. Chwalibog
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science and Animal Health, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Bülowsvej 13, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
R.L. Baldwin
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Get access

Abstract

There are several empirical formulae that describe input and output relationships in egg production, but their applicability is restricted to specific genetic, nutritional and environmental conditions. Simplistic regression relationships are not an adequate basis for the optimization of complex, dynamic and highly interactive production systems. Mechanistic and dynamic models that describe causes and interactions between input and output relations are required. In order to evaluate nutritional requirements and to predict bird responses to the concomitant influences of the internal and external factors, the development of such models seems currently to be the most profound challenge in poultry science. This paper reviews current empirical systems for predicting nutrient requirements for egg production and discusses the advantages of incorporating mechanistic and dynamic elements.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ambrosen, T. and Rotenberg, S. (1981) External and internal quality and chemical composition of hen eggs as related to hen age and selection for production traits. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 31: 139152Google Scholar
Balnave, D., Farrell, D.J. and Cummings, R.B. (1978) The minimum metabolizable energy requirement of laying hens. World's Poultry Science Journal 34: 149154CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byerly, T.C., Kessler, J.W., Gous, R.M. and Thomas, O.P. (1980) Feed requirements of egg production. Poultry Science 59: 25002507CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charles, D.R. (1984) A model of egg production. British Poultry Science 25: 309321.Google Scholar
Chwalibog, A. (1985) Studies on Energy Metabolism in Laying Hens. Report No. 578, National Institute of Animal Science. Copenhagen, Denmark.Google Scholar
Chwalibog, A. (1991) Energetics of animal production. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 41: 147160Google Scholar
Chwalibog, A. (1992) Factorial estimation of energy requirement for egg production. Poultry Science 71: 509515Google Scholar
Combs, G.F. (1960) Protein and energy requirements of laying hens. Proceedings of Maryland Nutrition Conference, 28–45Google Scholar
Curnow, R.N. (1973) A smooth population response curve on an abrupt threshold and plateau model for individuals. Biometrics 29: 110Google Scholar
Dent, J.B. and Casey, H. (1967) Linear Programming and Animal Nutrition, Crosby Lockwood, LondonGoogle Scholar
Emmans, G.C. (1974) The effects of temperature on the performance of laying hens. In: Energy Requirements of Poultry (Eds Morris, R. and Greeman, B.M.), Poultry Science Symposium No 9, pp. 7990Google Scholar
Emmans, G.C. and Charles, D.R. (1976) Climatic environment and poultry feeding in practice. In: Nutrition and the Climatic Environment (Eds Haresign, W., Swan, H. and Lewis, D.), Butterworths, London, pp. 3149Google Scholar
Emmans, G.C. and Fisher, C. (1986) Problems in nutritional theory. In: Nutrient Requirements of Poultry and Nutritional Research (Eds Fisher, C. and Boorman, K.N.), Butterworths, London, pp. 939Google Scholar
Fisher, C., Morris, T.R. and Jennings, R.C. (1973) A model for the prescription and prediction of the response of laying hens to amino acid intake. British Poultry Science 14: 469484Google Scholar
Gous, R.M. and Kleyn, F.J. (1989) Response of laying hens to energy and amino acids. In: Recent Developments in Poultry Nutrition (Eds Cole, D.J.A. and Haresign, W.), Butterworths, London, pp. 198211Google Scholar
Herremans, M. and Decuypere, E. (1987) A new approach to recording plumage deterioration. British Poultry Science 28: 461470CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herremans, M., Decuypere, E. and Siau, O. (1989) Effects of feather wear and temperature on prediction of food intake and residual food consumption. British Poultry Science 30: 1522Google Scholar
Hurwitz, S. and Bornstein, S. (1973) The protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens: suggested models for calculation. Poultry Science 52: 11241134Google Scholar
Hurwitz, S. and Bornstein, S. (1977) The protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens: experimental evaluation of models of calculation. I. Application of two models under various conditions. Poultry Science 56: 969978CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleyn, F.J. and Gous, R.M. (1988) A mathematical model for the formulation of optimal amino acid supply and energy concentrations in feeds for laying hens. Agricultural Systems 26: 6576.Google Scholar
Leclerq, B. (1986) Energy requirements of avian species. In: Nutritional Requirements of Poultry and Nutritional Research (Eds Fisher, C. and Boorman, K.N.), Butterworths, London, pp. 125140Google Scholar
Leeson, S. (1990) Energy intake for layers. Feeding Management 41: 2731Google Scholar
Leeson, S. and Summers, J.D. (1989) Feeding the replacement pullet. In: Recent Developments in Poultry Nutrition (Eds Cole, D.J.A., Haresign, W.), Butterworths, London, pp. 170179Google Scholar
Macleod, M.G. and Jewitt, T.R. (1988) Maintenance energy requirements of laying hens: a comparison of measurements made by two methods based on indirect calorimetry. British Poultry Science 29: 6374CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, M.W. and Morris, T.R. (1985) Quantitative review of optimum amino acid intakes for young laying pullets. British Poultry Science 26: 253264Google Scholar
Muramatsu, T., Isariyodom, S., Umeda, I. and Okumura, J. (1989) Computer-simulated growth prediction of replacement pullets with special reference to seasonal changes in feed. Poultry Science 68: 771780Google Scholar
NRC (National Research Council) (1984) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. National Academic Press, Washington DCGoogle Scholar
NRC (National Research Council) (1994) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. National Academic Press, Washington DCGoogle Scholar
Payne, C.G. (1967) Environmental temperature and egg production. In: The Physiology of the Domestic Fowl (Eds Horton-Smith, C. and Amoroso, E.C.), Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, pp. 235241Google Scholar
Pesti, G.M., Thomson, E. and Farrell, D.J. (1990) Energy exchange of two breeds of hens in respiration chambers. Poultry Science 69: 98104Google Scholar
Rising, R., Maiorino, P.M., Alak, J. and Reid, B.L. (1989) Indirect calorimetry evaluation of dietary protein and animal fat effects on energy utilization of laying hens. Poultry Science 68: 258264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snetsinger, D.C. and Zimmerman, R.A. (1974) Limiting energy intake of laying hens. In: Energy Requirements of Poultry (Eds Morris, T.R. and Freeman, B.M.), British Poultry Science, Edinburgh, pp. 185199Google Scholar
Valencia, M.E., Maiorino, P.M. and Reed, B.L. (1980) Energy utilization in laying hens. II. Energetic efficiency and added tallow at 18.3 and 35°C. Poultry Science 59: 20712076Google Scholar
Wells, R.G. (1989) Pullet feeding systems during rearing in relation to subsequent laying performance. In: Recent Developments in Poultry Nutrition (Eds Cole, D.J.A. and Haresign, W.), Butterworths, London, pp. 180197Google Scholar
Wood, P.D.P. (1979) A simple model of lactation curves for milk yield, food requirement and body weight. Animal Production 28: 5563Google Scholar