Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-17T09:42:48.097Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Reshaping the Policy Arena: How the Agro-Export Policy Network Propelled Brazil within Global Agricultural Governance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 October 2019

Niels Søndergaard Open the ORCID record for Niels Søndergaard [Opens in a new window]  and
Ricardo Dias da Silva
Niels Søndergaard*
Affiliation:
Universidade de Brasilia, Institute for International Relations, Brazil
Ricardo Dias da Silva
Affiliation:
Department of Development, Agriculture and Society, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro
*
*Email: nielssonder888@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The article analyzes how Brazil has become an increasingly active voice for liberalization within global spheres of agricultural governance. With the focus on domestic institutional developments, we identify the gradual materialization of an agro-export policy network consisting of public and private actors. We conduct a periodization of the overarching phases of the policy network's development, from its incipient formation during the Uruguay Round to a high degree of organizational refinement in the new millennium. Through analysis of its external linkages, internal structure, and the distribution of resources, we examine how this network became an absolutely central factor in spurring the offensive orientation and assertive engagement of Brazil within the global agricultural policy arena. We thereby provide a domestically rooted explanation for the rise of Brazil as a central agricultural ‘player’, with the focus on the collective agency capacity of public and private stakeholders.

Keywords

Policy networkBrazilagribusinessagriculturetrade negotiations
Type
Research Article
Information
World Trade Review , Volume 19 , Issue 4 , October 2020 , pp. 550 - 566
Copyright
Copyright © Niels Søndergaard and Ricardo Dias Da Silva 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acharya, R, Crawford, JA, Maliszewska, M, and Renard, C (2011) ‘Landscape’, in Chauffour, JP and Maur, J-C (eds.), Preferential Trade Agreement Policies for Development, The World Bank, pp. 37–68.Google Scholar
Albano, GP and de Sá, AJ (2011) ‘Globalizacão da Agricultura: Multinacionais no Campo Brasileiro’, Revista de Geografia (UFPE) 28: 54–80.Google Scholar
Anastasia, F, Mendonça, C, and Almeida, H (2012) ‘Poder legislativo e política externa no Brasil: jogando com as regras’, Contexto Internacional, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-85292012000200008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, MM and Coleman, WD (1989) ‘Strong States and Weak States: Sectoral Policy Networks in Advanced Capitalist Economies’, British Journal of Political Science, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123400005317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento (BID) (2019) ‘EU Agricultural Policy and Its Impacts on Latin America and the Caribbean/ Ideas De Integración’, https://conexionintal.iadb.org/2016/05/02/la-politica-agricola-europea-y-su-impacto-en-la-region/?lang=en (accessed 21 August 2019).Google Scholar
Barcelos, EAS and Berriel, MC (2009) ‘Práticas Institucionais e grupos de interesse: A geograficidade da bancada ruralista e as estratégias hegemônicas no parlamento brasileiro’, XIX Encontro Nacional de Geografia Agrária, São Paulo, pp. 1–32.Google Scholar
Benson, JK (1975) ‘The Interorganizational Network as a Political Economy’, Administrative Science Quarterly, https://doi.org/10.2307/2391696.Google Scholar
Beraldo, AD (2000) ‘As negociações agrícolas e a evolução do comércio agrícola mundial’, Revista de Política Agrícola (4): 3–9.Google Scholar
Brazil, De. 6.464 (2008) Presidência da República Casa Civil Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. Maio 27/2008, www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2008/Decreto/D6464.htm (accessed 20 September 2019).Google Scholar
Carvalho, MIV (2003) ‘Estruturas domésticas e Grupos de Interesse: A formação da Posição Brasileira para Seattle’, Contexto Internacional 25(2): 363–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carvalho, MIV (2010) ‘Condicionantes internacionais e domésticos: O Brasil e o G-20 nas negociações agrícolas da Rodada Doha’, Dados, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0011-52582010000200005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cason, JW and Power, TJ (2009) ‘Presidentialization, Pluralization, and the Rollback of Itamaraty: Explaining Change in Brazilian Foreign Policy Making in the Cardoso-Lula Era’, International Political Science Review, https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512109102432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castells, M (2000) ‘Materials for an Exploratory Theory of the Network Society’, British Journal of Sociology 51(1): 5–24.Google Scholar
Cervo, A and Lessa, AC (2014) ‘O Declínio: inserção internacional do Brasil (2011–2014)’, Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 57(2): 133–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaddad, F (2016) The Economics and organization of Brazilian Agriculture: Recent Evolution and Productivity Gains, Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Chkanikova, O and Lehner, M (2015) ‘Private Eco-Brands and Green Market Development: Towards New Forms of Sustainability Governance in the Food Retailing’, Journal of Cleaner Production 107: 74–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conceição-Heldt, E (2013) ‘The Domestic Sources of Multilateral Trade Negotiations: Explaining Brazil's Negotiating Position in the Doha Round’, The International Trade Journal 27(2): 173–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, MFP (1992) ‘O desenvolvimento dos mercados futuros agropecuários’, Revista de Política Agrícola 1(2): 20–21.Google Scholar
De Souza, U (1998) ‘As Dez Bandeiras do Agronegócio’, Folha Rural 12(9), www.folhadelondrina.com.br/folha-rural/as-10-bandeiras-do-agronegocio-97099.html (accessed 21 January 2019).Google Scholar
Diniz, E and Boschi, RR (2003) ‘Empresariado e Estratégias de Desenvolvimento’, Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais 18(52).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
M, Doctor (2007) ‘Boosting Investment and Growth: The Role of Social Pacts in the Brazilian Automotive Industry’, Oxford Development Studies 35(1): 105–130.Google Scholar
M, Doctor (2015) ‘Brazil's Role in Institutions of Global Economic Governance: The WTO and G20’, Global Society 29(3): 286–300.Google Scholar
Farias, RS (2008) ‘Os Processos decisórios da participação brasileira no GATT’, in Farias, RS (ed.) O Brasil e o GATT, Curitiba: Juruá, pp. 29–75.Google Scholar
Farias, RS (2010) ‘Sowing the Seeds of Leadership: Brazil and the Agricultural Trade Negotiations of the Uruguay Round’, Journal of World Trade 44(3): 661–685.Google Scholar
Fuchs, D, Kalfagianni, A, and Havinga, T (2011) ‘Actors in Private Food Governance: The Legitimacy of Retail Standards and Multistakeholder Initiatives with Civil Society Participation’, Agriculture and Human Values 28: 353–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gramacho, A (1993) ‘As exportações do setor agropecuário em 1992’, Revista de Política Agrícola II(2): 14–16.Google Scholar
Helfand, SM (1999) ‘The Political Economy of Agricultural Policy in Brazil: Decision Making and Influence from 1964 to 1992’, Latin American Research Review 34(2): 3–41.Google ScholarPubMed
Han, S and Ye, F (2017) ‘China's Education Policy-Making: A Policy Network Perspective’, Journal of Education Policy, https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2017.1291998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopewell, K (2013) ‘New Protagonists in Global Economic Governance: Brazilian Agribusiness at the WTO’, New Political Economy, https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2013.736957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopewell, K (2014) ‘The Transformation of State–Business Relations in an Emerging Economy: The Case of Brazilian Agribusiness’, Critical Perspectives on International Business 10(4): 291–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopewell, K (2016a) ‘The Accidental Agro-Power: Constructing Comparative Advantage in Brazil’, New Political Economy 21(6): 536–554.Google Scholar
Hopewell, K (2016b) Breaking the WTO: How Emerging Powers Disrupted the Neoliberal Project, Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hosono, A and Hongbo, Y (2016) ‘Technological Innovations that Made the Cerrado Agriculture Possible’, in Hosono, A, Rocha, CMC, and Hongbo, Y (eds.), Development for Sustainable Agriculture: The Brazilian Cerrado, Houndmills: Pelgrave Macmillan, pp. 11–34.Google Scholar
Hurrell, A and Narlikar, A (2006) ‘A New Politics of Confrontation? Brazil and India in Multilateral Trade Negotiations’, Global Society, https://doi.org/10.1080/13600820600929762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
W, Iglécias (2007) ‘O Empresariado do Agronegócio no Brasil: Ação Coletiva e Formas de Atuação Política – As Batalhas do Açucar e do Algodão na OMC’, Sociology and Policy Magazine, pp. 75–97.Google Scholar
MS, Jank, MFP, Leme, AM, Nassar, and PF, Filho (2001) ‘Concentration and Internationalization of Brazilian Agribusiness Exporters’, International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 2(3): 359–374.Google Scholar
MS, Jank, Fuchloch, I, and G, Kutas (2004) ‘Agricultural Liberalization in Multilateral and Regional Trade Negotiations’, in Jank, MS, Agricultural Trade Liberalization: Implications for Latin America, Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento, pp. 1–67.Google Scholar
Kickert, WJM, Klijn, EH, and Koppenjan, JFM (1997) Managing Complex Networks: Strategies for the Public Sector. SAGE.Google Scholar
Lu, H, de Jong, M, and Heuvelhof, E (2018) ‘Explaining the Variety in Smart Eco City Development in China – What Policy Network Theory Can Teach Us about Overcoming Barriers in Implementation?’, Journal of Cleaner Production, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.266.Google Scholar
MA, Lopes, FG, Faleiro, ME, Ferreira, DB, Lopes, Vivian, R, and LS, Boiteux (2012) ‘Embrapa's Contribution to the Development of New Plant Varieties and Their Impact on Brazilian Agriculture’, Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 12(2): 31–45.Google Scholar
Low, Pa (2015) ‘TTIP and the World Trading System’, in Sait, MS, Evenett, SJ, and Low, P (eds.) Catalyst? TTIP's Impact on the Rest, CEPR Press, pp. 13–18.Google Scholar
Mancini, C (2010) ‘O esforço do setor agrícola para influenciar a agenda brasileira na Rodada Doha’, Revista Administração em Diálogo 14(1): 135–161.Google Scholar
Mancuso, WP and Oliveira, AJ (2006) ‘Abertura econômica, Empresariado e Política’, Lua Nova 69: 147–162CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsh, D and RAW, Rhodes (1992) ‘Policy Networks in British Government’, Oxford Scholarship Online.Google Scholar
Marsh, D and Smith, M (2000) ‘Understanding Policy Networks: Towards a Dialectical Approach’, Political Studies, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marzagão, TW (2007) ‘Lobby e protecionismo no Brasil: uma análise econométrica á luz da Teoria da Proteção Endógena’, Masters Thesis, Institute for International Relations, University of Brasília, Brazil.Google Scholar
ML, Mendonça (2015) ‘O Papel da Agricultura nas Relações Internacionais e a Construção de Conceito de Agronegócio’, Contexto Internacional 37(2): 375–402.Google Scholar
Morrissey, JP, Calloway, M, Bartko, WT, Ridgely, MS, Goldman, HH, and Paulson, RI (1994) ‘Local Mental Health Authorities and Service System Change: Evidence from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Program on Chronic Mental Illness’, The Milbank Quarterly, https://doi.org/10.2307/3350338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mueller, B and Mueller, C (2014) The Economics of the Brazilian Model of Agricultural Development. International Research Initiative on Brazil and Africa, IRIBA Working Paper, 01, ISBN 978-1-910502-00-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LJ, O'Toole (1997) ‘Treating Networks Seriously: Practical and Research-Based Agendas in Public Administration’, Public Administration Review 57(1): 45–52.Google Scholar
Palm, J and Backman, F (2017). ‘Policy Network Creation as a Driver of Energy-Efficient Industry’, International Journal of Energy Sector Management, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-10-2015-0004.Google Scholar
Provan, KG and Milward, HB (1995) ‘A Preliminary Theory of Interorganizational Network Effectiveness: A Comparative Study of Four Community Mental Health Systems’, Administrative Science Quarterly, https://doi.org/10.2307/2393698.Google Scholar
Ramanzini, Junior H and MP, Mariano (2013) ‘Brazil and the G-20: Domestic Pressures and the Construction of the Negotiating Position in the Doha Round of the WTO’, Journal of World Trade 47(6): 1203–1224.Google Scholar
RAW, Rhodes (1988) Beyond Westminster and Whitehall the Sub-Central Governments of Britain, Routledge.Google Scholar
Rhodes, RAW (2008) ‘Policy Network Analysis’, The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548453.003.0020.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, R (2001) ‘O Papel do Setor Privado e os Novos Desafíos do Abastecimento Nacional’, Revista de Política Agrícola X(1): 7–12.Google Scholar
Roundtable of Responsible Soy (RTRS) (2009) General Assembly, Minutes 62, 28 May 2009.Google Scholar
Roundtable of Responsible Soy (RTRS) (2010) Executive Committee Teleconference, Minutes 71, 6 April 2010.Google Scholar
Sauer, S and SP, Leite (2012) ‘Expansão Agrícola, Preços e Apropriação de Terra Por Estrangeiros no Brasil’, Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural 50(3): 503–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schouten, G and Glasbergen, P (2012) ‘Private Multi-stakeholder Governance in the Agricultural Market Place: An Analysis of Legitimization Processes of the Roundtables on Sustainable Palm Oil and Responsible Soy’, International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 15 (Special Issue B): 63–88.Google Scholar
Serdült, U and Hirschi, C (2004) ‘From Process to Structure: Developing a Reliable and Valid Tool for Policy Network Comparison’, Swiss Political Science Review, https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1662-6370.2004.tb00026.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaffer, GC, Ratton, MSB, and Rosenberg, B (2010) ‘Winning at the WTO: The Development of a Trade Policy Community within Brazil’, in Shaffer, G and MelÈndez-Ortiz, R (eds.), Dispute Settlement at the WTO: The Developing Country Experience, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simionatto, I and CR, Costa (2012) ‘Como os dominantes dominam: o caso da bancada ruralista’, Temporalis 12(24): 215–237.Google Scholar
Stefano, V (2016) ‘The Influence of Agribusiness on Brazilian WTO Policy: A Case Study of the Role of ABRAPA in the Cotton Dispute (DS267)’, Norge´s Miljø- og Biovidenskabelige Universitet, Department of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric), Master´s Thesis.Google Scholar
Sun, Y and Cao, C (2018) ‘The Evolving Relations between Government Agencies of Innovation Policymaking in Emerging Economies: A Policy Network Approach and Its Application to the Chinese Case’, Research Policy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.01.003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
A, Tallontire (2007) ‘CSR and Regulation: Towards a Framework for Understanding Private Standards Initiatives in the Agri-Food Chain’, Third World Quarterly 28(4): 775–791.Google Scholar
M, Thatcher (1998) ‘The Development of Policy Network Analyses’, Journal of Theoretical Politics 10(4): 389–416.Google Scholar
Thorstensen, V and L, Ferraz (2016) ‘Alternativas do Brasil: UE e/ou EUA: essas parcerias são excludentes ou complementares?’, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Centro de Estudo de Comércio Global e Investimento, EESP, pp. 1–28.Google Scholar
Torfing, J (2005) ‘Governance Network Theory: Towards a Second Generation’, European Political Science, https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.eps.2210031.Google Scholar
E, Vigna (2007) Bancada ruralista: o maior grupo de interesse no Congresso Nacional, Instituto de Estudos Socioeconômicos, Brasília VII(12).Google Scholar
Wang, GX (2013) ‘Policy Network Mapping of the Universal Health Care Reform in Taiwan: An Application of Social Network Analysis’, Journal of Asian Public Policy 6(3): 313–334, doi: 10.1080/17516234.2013.850229.Google Scholar
Weishaar, H, Amos, A, and Collin, J (2015) ‘Capturing Complexity: Mixing Methods in the Analysis of a European Tobacco Control Policy Network’, International Journal of Social Research Methodology 18(2), https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2014.897851.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
JD, Wilson (2015) ‘Mega-Regional Trade Deals in the Asia-Pacific: Choosing between the TPP and RCEP?’, Journal of Contemporary Asia 46(2): 345–353.Google Scholar
World Trade Organisation (WTO) (2005a) ‘European Communities – Export Subsidies on Sugar’, Case: DS266, www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds266_e.htm (accessed 20 September 2019).Google Scholar
World Trade Organisation (WTO) (2005b) ‘United States – Subsidies on Upland Cotton’, Case: DS 267, www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds267_e.htm (accessed 20 September 2019).Google Scholar
Zafonte, M and Sabatier, P (2004) ‘Short-Term Versus Long-Term Coalitions in the Policy Process: Automotive Pollution Control, 1963–1989’, Policy Studies Journal 32(1): 75–107, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2004.00054.x.Google Scholar
R, Zandonadi (1994) ‘Comportamento das exportações agrícolas Brasileiras 1980–1993’, Revista de Política Agrícola, n.3, pp. 5–10.Google Scholar