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Possible sources for the origin of gold as an economic and social vehicle for women in lamu (Kenya)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Extract

Lamu today is composed of several ethnic groups with an affinity for gold: the Afro-Arab old families who intermarried with the BuSaid ruling class from Oman and Zanzibar; Hadrami newcomers from southern Arabia; and the slaves of these groups, all of whom came from central Africa. In addition, there are Bohra Indians (only a few remain of the two hundred or so earlier in the century), two Parsees, and one remaining Ismaili family whose origins in India dictate a desire for gold. Other people, such as Bajuni, are now living in Lamu; but most are poor and the few who have gold are those who have gone to Mombasa or away to school, and then returned. Some of them have married into the heretofore closed ranks of the old Afro-Arab families precisely because they have made money or can be expected to, and will provide gold. There are numbers of other ethnic groups in Lamu, including Africans from the Kenya mainland across the bay from Lamu island. Land, not gold, is important to them. The people of concern here are mainly the Bohra Indians, Afro-Arabs, and the Hadramis – all of whom covet gold. Marriages in Lamu were arranged along ethnic, class, and family lines at least since the nineteenth century. Gold for brides was a necessity – especially for the upper-class Afro-Arab (mixtures of local Africans, African slaves, and Arab traders) families and among the various Indian groups (historically Hindu, Dauudi Bohra, Ithnasharia, Ismaili, and Goans) then living and trading there.

Résumé

Sources possibles de l'origine de l'or comme moyen économique et social pour les femmes à Lamu (Kenya)

A Lamu au Kenya, les femmes musulmanes qui en ont les moyens, se procurent et portent des bijoux d'or. C'est particulièrement vrai pour les femmes aristocrates afro-arabes, pour celles dont les origines récentes sont de Hadramaut, ainsi qu pour les quelques Indiennes Dauudi Bohra qui restent. Pour ces femmes, I'or constitue une sorte d'assurance: elles peuvent le vendre en cas de besoin et les mères transmettent leur or à leurs filles, non seulement pour afficher leur richesse, mais pour assurer leur prise en charge en case de divorce ou de décès de leurs maris. L'or était connu des Egyptiens et des Ethiopiens et plus au sud, des mines de Zimbabwe qui en faisaient commerce depuis des siècles. Eugenia Herbert nous raconte que, bien que l'or soit commercialisé dans ces régions, sa valeur en tant que bijou n'a été reconnue qu'apres qu'il ait été rapporté en Afrique par les marchands musulmans. Cet article retrace l'histoire de l'or en tant que moyen économicosocial des Dieux de l'Egypte et de l'lnde aux personnes royales et, plus tard, aux lndiens hindus. Les aventuriers musulmans en Inde ont découvert qu'on attachait tellement de valeur à l'or qu'on le thésaurisait comme on l'exposait dans les temples, on l'utilisait en pièces de monnaie et que les femmes et les hommes le portait. Parmi les Hindus, les bijoux d'or sont devenus une forme d'assurance-vie pour les femmes. La conversion à l'lslam, particulièrement parmi les Dauudi Bohra, n'a pas effacé les coutumes hindues. Comme l'illustre cet article, les marchands indiens ont propagé les aspects de leur culture, y compris l'orfèvrerie et l'acquisition de l'or comme forme de richesse en Arabie, en Oman et en Afrique orientate (ainsi que dans d'autres régions où les marchands indiens se sont installés). L'or en tant que moyen social et économique pour les femmes de Lamu tire ses origines de l'lnde hindue.

Type
Concentrating power in pre-colonial West Africa
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1987

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