Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-t5pn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T18:34:54.367Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Connecting the Chalk Group of the Campine Basin to the dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy of the Campanian to Danian in borehole Meer (northern Belgium)*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 March 2014

H. Slimani ,
S. Louwye ,
M. Dusar  and
D. Lagrou
H. Slimani*
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Geology and Remote Sensing, URAC 46, University Mohammed V-Agdal, Avenue Ibn Batouta, P.B. 703, 10106 Rabat-Agdal, Morocco
S. Louwye
Affiliation:
Research Unit Palaeontology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
M. Dusar
Affiliation:
Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Geological Survey of Belgium, Jennerstraat 13, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
D. Lagrou
Affiliation:
Flemish Institute for Technological Research(VITO), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
*
*Email: slimani@israbat.ac.ma, h_slimani@yahoo.com
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

A palynological study of the Chalk Group (Campanian-Danian) in the Meer borehole (northern Belgium), which penetrated the thickest succession known in the Campine Basin, has revealed diverse, well-preserved organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst assemblages. The succession contains numerous chronostratigraphically significant dinocyst events, which are based mainly on the highest consistent occurrences of index species. At least 35 bio-events have enabled a subdivision into nine intervals, at stage or substage level, within the Campanian to Danian interval, as based on comparison with coeval assemblages elsewhere in northwest Europe, inclusive of stratotypes of stages and stage boundaries. Bio-events allow correlation of the section studied with the Campanian Exochosphaeridium? masureae, Areoligera coronata and Samlandia mayi zones, the Maastrichtian Pervosphaeridium tubuloaculeatum, Deflandrea galeata and Hystrichostrogylon coninckii zones, and the Danian Damassadinium californicum Zone. In addition, a correlation with other zonal schemes for the southern North Sea Basin and with conventional northwest European belemnite zones is presented. Comparisons with Boreal and Tethyan realms confirm that most bio-events may also be useful for interregional and global correlation. The Campanian-Danian dinocyst biostratigraphy of the Meer borehole is put alongside geophysical well logs and an ecozonation, in order to check the validity of lithostratigraphical correlations across the Campine Basin. This first, detailed correlation attempt shows that sensitivities to facies change associated with differences in accommodation space and sediment supply appear to be at the base of slight, yet consistent, shifts between the local lithological succession and the standard lithostratigraphical scheme of the Maastricht type area.

Keywords

Upper CretaceousDanianorganic-walled dinoflagellate cystsbiostratigraphylithostratigraphysouthern North Sea Basincorrelation
Type
Research Article
Information
Netherlands Journal of Geosciences , Volume 90 , Issue 2-3 , November 2011 , pp. 129 - 164
Copyright
Copyright © Stichting Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 2011

Footnotes

*

In: Jagt, J.W.M., Jagt-Yazykova, E.A. & Schins, W.J.H. (eds): A tribute to the late Felder brothers – pioneers of Limburg geology and prehistoric archaeology.

References

Antonescu, E., Foucher, J.-C. & Odin, G.S., 2001a. Les kystes de dinoflagellés de la carrière de Tercis les Bains (Landes, France). In: Odin, G.S. (ed.): The Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary: characterisation and correlation from Tercis-les-Bains (Landes, SW France) to Europe and other continents. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy 19. Elsevier (Amsterdam): 235–252.Google Scholar
Antonescu, E., Foucher, J.-C., Odin, G.S., Schiøler, P., Siegl-Farkas, A. & Wilson, G.J., 2001b. Dinoflagellate cysts in the Campanian-Maastrichtian succession of Tercis les Bains (Landes, France), a synthesis. In: Odin, G.S. (ed.): The Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary: characterisation and correlation from Tercis-les-Bains (Landes, SW France) to Europe and other continents. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy 19. Elsevier (Amsterdam): 253–264.Google Scholar
Aurisano, R.W., 1989. Upper Cretaceous dinoflagellate biostratigraphy of the subsurface Atlantic Coastal Plain of New Jersey and Delaware, U.S.A. Palynology 13: 143–179.Google Scholar
Aurisano, R.W. & Habib, D., 1977. Upper Cretaceous dinoflagellate zonation of the subsurface Toms River section near Toms River, New Jersey. In: Swain, F.M. (ed.): Stratigraphic micropaleontology of Atlantic Basin and borderlands. Elsevier (Amsterdam): 369–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, D.G., 1976. Dinoflagellate taxonomy and biostratigraphy at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, Round Bay, Maryland. Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology 12: 169–233.Google Scholar
Bless, M.J.M., 1989. The Late Cretaceous between Antwerp and Aachen: differentiation in sedimentary facies as a response to tectonic activity. Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique 112: 19–30.Google Scholar
Bless, M.J.M., Felder, P.J. & Meessen, J.P.M.T., 1987. Late Cretaceous sea level rise and inversion: their influence on the depositional environment between Aachen and Antwerp. Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique 109 (1986): 333–355.Google Scholar
Brinkhuis, H., Bujak, J.P., Smit, J., Versteegh, G.J.M. & Visscher, H., 1998. Dinoflagellate-based sea surface temperature reconstructions across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 141: 67–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brinkhuis, H., Klinkenberg, E., Williams, G.L. & Fensome, R.A., 2000. Two unusual new dinoflagellate cyst genera from the Bunde Borehole, Maastrichtian type area, southern Netherlands. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 110: 93–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brinkhuis, H. & Schiøler, P., 1996. Palynology of the Geulhemmerberg Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary section (Limburg, SE Netherlands). In: Brinkhuis, H., & Smit, J. (eds): The Geulhemmerberg Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary section (Maastrichtian type area, SE Netherlands). Geologie en Mijnbouw 75: 193–213.Google Scholar
Brinkhuis, H. & Zachariasse, W.J., 1988. Dinoflagellate cysts, sea level changes and planktonic foraminifers across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary at El Haria, northwest Tunisia. Marine Micropaleontology 13:153–191.Google Scholar
Calembert, L., 1953. Sur l'extension régionale d'un hard ground et d'une lacune stratigraphique dans le Crétacé supérieur du Nord-Est de la Belgique. Bulletin de l'Académie royale de Belgique, Classe des Sciences (5)39: 724–733.Google Scholar
Calembert, L., 1957. Le Crétacé supérieur de la Hesbaye et du Brabant - Excursion du 19/09/1955. Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique 80: 129–156.Google Scholar
Calembert, L. & Meijer, M., 1955. Sur l'extension d'une lacune stratigraphique dans le Crétacé supérieur du Pays de Herve et du Limbourg hollandais. Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique 79: 413–423.Google Scholar
Christensen, W.K., 1999. Upper Campanian and Lower Maastrichtian belemnites from the Mons Basin, Belgium. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 69: 97–131.Google Scholar
Costa, L.I. & Davey, R.J., 1992. Dinoflagellate cysts of the Cretaceous System. In: Powell, A.J. (ed.): A stratigraphic index of dinoflagellate cysts. Chapman and Hall (London): 99–153.Google Scholar
Demoulin, A., Quesnel, F., Dupuis, C., Gerrienne, P. & Yans, J., 2010. Cenomanian sands and clays north of the Vesdre valley: the oldest known Cretaceous deposits in eastern Belgium. Geologica Belgica 13: 241–255.Google Scholar
Dreesen, R., Bouckaert, J., Dusar, M., Soille, P. & Vandenberghe, N., 1987. Subsurface structural analysis of the late-Dinantian carbonate shelf at the northern flank of the Brabant Massif (Campine Basin, N-Belgium). Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Belgium 21: 1–37.Google Scholar
Dusar, M. & Lagrou, D., 2007a. Cretaceous flooding of the Brabant Massif and the lithostratigraphic characteristics of its chalk cover in northern Belgium. Geologica Belgica 10: 27–38.Google Scholar
Dusar, M. & Lagrou, D., 2007b. Lithofacies and paleogeographic distribution of the latest Cretaceous deposits exposed in the Hinnisdael underground quarries in Vechmaal (commune Heers, Belgian Limbourg). Geologica Belgica 10: 176–181.Google Scholar
Felder, P.J., 1981. Mesofossielen in de kalkafzettingen uit het Krijt van Limburg. Publicaties van het Natuurhistorisch Genootschap in Limburg 31: 1–35.Google Scholar
Felder, P.J., 1994. Bioklasten-onderzoek van Boven Krijt en Dano-Montiaan afzettingen uit boringen in de Belgische Kempen. Geological Survey of Belgium, Professional Paper 1994/8 (275): 1–240.Google Scholar
Felder, P.J., 2001. Bioklasten-stratigrafie of ecozonatie voor het Krijt (Santoniaan-Campaniaan-Maastrichtiaan) van Zuid-Limburg en oostelijk België. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Belgium 47: 1–141.Google Scholar
Felder, P.J., Bless, M.J.M., Demyttenaere, R., Dusar, M., Meessen, J.P.M.T. & Robaszynski, F., 1985. Upper Cretaceous to Early Tertiary deposits (Santonian-Paleocene) in northeastern Belgium and South Limburg (the Netherlands) with reference to the Campanian-Maastrichtian. Geological Survey of Belgium, Professional Paper 1985/1 (214): 1–151.Google Scholar
Felder, W.M., 1975. Lithostratigrafie van het Boven-Krijt en het Dano-Montien in Zuid-Limburg en het aangrenzende gebied. In: Zagwijn, W.H. & Van Staalduinen, C.J. (eds): Toelichting bij geologische overzichtskaarten van Nederland. Rijks Geologische Dienst (Haarlem): 63–72.Google Scholar
Felder, W.M. & Bosch, P.W., 2000. Geologie van Nederland 5. Krijt van Zuid-Limburg. Netherlands Institute of Applied Geoscience TNO (Utrecht): 1–190.Google Scholar
Fensome, R.A. & Williams, G.L., 2004. The Lentin and Williams Index of fossi dinoflagellates 2004 Edition. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists, Contributions Series 42: 1–909.Google Scholar
Fensome, R.A., MacRae, R.A. & Williams, G.L., 2008. DINOFLAJ2, Version 1. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists, Data Series 1.Google Scholar
Firth, J.V., 1987. Dinoflagellate biostratigraphy of the Maastrichtian to Danian interval in the U.S. Geological Survey Albany core, Georgia, U.S.A. Palynology 11: 199–216.Google Scholar
Foucher, J.-C., 1979. Distribution stratigraphique des kystes de dinoflagellés et des acritarches dans le Crétacé supérieur du Bassin de Paris et de l'Europe septentrionale. Palaeontographica B169: 78–105.Google Scholar
Foucher, J.-C., 1985. Dinoflagellates. In: Robaszynski, F., Bless, M.J.M., Felder, P.J.S. (sic), Foucher, J.-C., Legoux, O., Manivit, H., Meessen, J.P.M.T. & Van der Tuuk, L.A. (eds): The Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary in the chalky facies close to the type-Maastrichtian area. Bulletin des Centres de Recherches Exploration-Production Elf-Aquitaine 9: 32–40.Google Scholar
Gulinck, M., 1954. Coupe résumée des terrains postpaléozoïques au sondage de Turnhout. Bulletin de la Société belge de Géologie, de Paléontologie et d'Hydrologie 63: 147–154.Google Scholar
Habib, D., Olsson, R.K., Liu, C. & Moshkovitz, S., 1996. High resolution biostratigraphy of sea level low, biotic extinction, and chaotic sedimentation at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in Alabama, north of the Chicxulub crater. In: Ryder, G., Fastovsky, D. & Gartner, S. (eds): The Cretaceous-Tertiary event and other catastrophes in earth history. Geological Society of America Special Paper 307: 243–252.Google Scholar
Hansen, J.M., 1977. Dinoflagellate stratigraphy and echinoid distribution in Upper Maastrichtian and Danian deposits from Denmark. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 26: 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, J.M., 1979a. A new dinoflagellate zone at the Maastrichtian/Danian boundary in Denmark. Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse, Årsbok 1978: 131–140.Google Scholar
Hansen, J.M., 1979b. Dinoflagellate zonation around the boundary. In: Birkelund, T. & Bromley, R.G. (eds): Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary events symposium, I. The Maastrichtian and Danian of Denmark. University of Copenhagen (Copenhagen): 136–143.Google Scholar
Herngreen, G.F.W., Felder, W. M., Kedves, M. & Meessen, J.P.M.T., 1986. Micropaleontology of the Maastrichtian in borehole Bunde, the Netherlands. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 48: 1–70.Google Scholar
Herngreen, G.F.W. & Wong, T.E., 2007. Cretaceous. In: Wong, T.E., Batjes, D.A.J. & de Jager, J. (eds): Geology of the Netherlands. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Amsterdam): 127–150.Google Scholar
Hofker, J., 1978. The problem of the type-Maestrichtian viewed by a foraminiferologist. In: Paläontologische Gesellschaft/Palaeontologica Association, Gemeinsame Jahresversammlung/Joint Annual Meeting Maastricht 25.9.–1.10.1978.Google Scholar
Hultberg, S.U., 1985. Dinoflagellate studies of the Upper Maastrichtian and Danian in southern Scandinavia. Department of Geology, University of Stockholm (Stockholm): 1–189 (unpubl. PhD thesis).Google Scholar
Hultberg, S.U., 1986. Danian dinoflagellate zonation, C/T boundary, and the stratigraphical position of the Fish Clay in southern Scandinavia. Journal of Micropalaeontology 5: 37–47.Google Scholar
Hultberg, S.U. & Malmgren, B.A., 1986. Dinoflagellate and planktonic foraminiferal paleobathymetric indices in the Boreal uppermost Cretaceous. Micropaleontology 32: 316–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hultberg, S.U. & Malmgren, B.A., 1987. Quantitative biostratigraphy based on late Maastrichtian dinoflagellates and planktonic foraminifera from southern Scandinavia. Cretaceous Research 8: 211–228.Google Scholar
Jagt, J.W.M., Kennedy, W.J., Burnett, J.A., Christensen & W.K., Dhondt, A.V., 1995. Santonian macrofauna and nannofossils from northeast Belgium. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 65: 127–137.Google Scholar
Keutgen, N. & Jagt, J.W.M., 1999. Late Campanian belemnite faunas from Liège-Limburg (NE Belgium, SE Netherlands). Geological Survey of Belgium, Professional Paper 1998/2 (287): 1–31.Google Scholar
Kirsch, K.-H., 1991. Dinoflagellatenzysten aus der Oberkreide des Helvetikums und Nordultrahelvetikums von Oberbayern. Münchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, A. Geologie und Paläontologie 22: 1–306.Google Scholar
Lagrou, D., Dreesen, R. & Dusar, M., 2005. Kartering en karakterisering (sediment petrografisch en petrofysisch) van de Krijtgesteenten in Vlaanderen (2005/MAT/R/0216). VITO (Mol): 1–104.Google Scholar
Langenaeker, V., 2000. The Campine Basin. Stratigraphy, structural geology, coalification and hydrocarbon potential for the Devonian to Jurassic. Aardkundige Mededelingen 10: 1–142.Google Scholar
Louwye, S., 1991. De Dinophyceae uit het Boven-Krijt van west-België: systematiek, biostratigrafie. Universiteit Gent, Laboratorium voor Paleontologie (Gent): 1–289 (unpubl. PhD thesis).Google Scholar
Louwye, S., 1993. Dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous of western Belgium. Bulletin de la Société belge de Géologie 101: 255–275.Google Scholar
Marheinecke, U., 1992. Monographie der Dinozysten, Acritarcha und Chlorophyta des Maastrichtium von Hemmoor (Niedersachsen). Palaeontographica B227: 1–173.Google Scholar
Masure, E., 1985. Kystes de dinoflagellés. In: Neumann, M., Platel, J.P. (co-ord.), Andreieff, P., Bellier, J.-P., Damotte, R., Lambert, B., Masure, E. & Monciardini, C. (eds): Le Campanien stratotypique: étude lithologique et micropaléontologique. Géologie Méditerranéenne 10: 41–57.Google Scholar
May, F.E., 1980. Dinoflagellate cysts of the Gymnodiniaceaea, Peridiniaceae, and Gonyaulacaceae from the Upper Cretaceous Monmouth Group, Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey. Palaeontographica B172: 10–116.Google Scholar
Moshkovitz, S. & Habib, D., 1993. Calcareous nannofossil and dinoflagellate stratigraphy of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, Alabama and Georgia. Micropaleontology 39: 167–191.Google Scholar
Robaszynski, F., Bless, M.J.M., Felder, P.J., Foucher, J.-C., Legoux, O., Manivit, H., Meessen, J.P.M.T. & Van der Tuuk, L., 1985. The Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary in the chalky facies close to the type Maastrichtian area. Bulletin des Centres de Recherches Exploration-Production Elf-Aquitaine 9: 1–113.Google Scholar
Robaszynski, F., Dhondt, A.V. & Jagt, J.W.M., 2002. Cretaceous lithostratigraphic units (Belgium). In: Bultynck, P. & Dejonghe, L. (eds): Guide to a revised lithostratigraphic scale of Belgium. Geologica Belgica 4 (2001): 121–134.Google Scholar
Rossa, H.G., 1986. Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary inversion tectonics in the western part of the Rhenish-Westphalian coal district (FRG) and in the Campine area (N Belgium). Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique 109: 367–410.Google Scholar
Schellenberg, S.A., Brinkhuis, H., Stickley, C.E., Fuller, M., Kyte, F.T. & Williams, G.L., 2004. The Cretaceous/Paleogene transition on the East Tasman Plateau, southwestern Pacific. In: Exon, N.F., Malone, M. & Kennett, J.P. (eds): The Cenozoic southern Ocean: tectonics, sedimentation, and climate change between Australia and Antarctica. Geophysical Monograph Series 151: 93–112.Google Scholar
Schiøler, P., Brinkhuis, H., Roncaglia, L. & Wilson, G.J., 1997. Dinoflagellate biostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of the type Maastrichtien (Upper Cretaceous), ENCI Quarry, the Netherlands. Marine Micropaleontology 31: 65–95.Google Scholar
Schiøler, P. & Wilson, G.J., 1993. Maastrichtian dinoflagellate zonation in the Dan Field, Danish North Sea. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 78: 321–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiøler, P. & Wilson, G.J., 2001. Dinoflagellate biostratigraphiy around the Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary at Tercis les Bains, southwest France. In: Odin, G.S. (ed.): The Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary: characterisation and correlation from Tercis-les-Bains (Landes, SW France) to Europe and other continents. Development in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy 19. Elsevier (Amsterdam): 222–234.Google Scholar
Schumacker-Lambry, J., 1977. Microfossiles végétaux ?planctoniques. In: Streel, M., Blick, H., Fairon-Demaret, M., Schumacker-Lambry, J. & Vanguestaine, M. (eds): Macro- et microfossiles végétaux dans le contexte litho- et biostrati - graphique du Sénonien-Paléocène de la rive gauche de la Meuse au Nord de Liège, Belgique. Livret-guide de l'excursion du 22 septembre 1977 à l'occasion du symposium ‘Apport des techniques récentes en Palynologie’. Université de Liège (Liège): 45–53.Google Scholar
Slimani, H., 1994. Les dinokystes des Craies du Campanien au Danien à Hallembaye, Turnhout (Belgique) et à Beutenaken (Pays-Bas). Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Belgium 37: 1–173.Google Scholar
Slimani, H., 1995. Les dinokystes des craies du Campanien au Danien à Hallembaye et Turnhout (Belgique) et à Beutenaken (Pays-Bas): Biostratigraphie et systématique. Universiteit Gent, Laboratorium voor Paleontologie (Gent): 1–461 (unpubl. PhD thesis).Google Scholar
Slimani, H., 1996. Les dinokystes des Craies du Campanien au Danien à Hallembaye, Turnhout (Belgique) et à Beutenaken (Pays-Bas). Supplément de systématique. Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique 117: 371–391.Google Scholar
Slimani, H., 2000. Nouvelle zonation aux kystes de dinoflagellés du Campanien au Danien dans le nord et l'est de la Belgique et dans le sud-est des Pays-Bas. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Belgium 46: 1–88.Google Scholar
Slimani, H., 2001a. Les kystes de dinoflagellés du Campanien au Danien dans la région de Maastricht (Belgique et Pays-Bas) et de Turnhout (Belgique): biozonation et corrélation avec d'autres régions en Europe occidentale. Geologica et Palaeontologica 35: 161–201.Google Scholar
Slimani, H., 2001b. New species of dinoflagellate cysts from the Campanian-Danian chalks at Hallembaye and Turnhout (Belgium) and at Beutenaken (the Netherlands). Journal of Micropalaeontology 20: 1–11.Google Scholar
Slimani, H., 2003. A new genus and two new species of dinoflagellate cysts from the Upper Cretaceous of the Maastrichtian type area and Turnhout (northern Belgium). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 126: 267–277.Google Scholar
Slimani, H., Louwye, S. & Toufiq, A., 2010. Dinoflagellate cysts from the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary at Ouled Haddou, southeastern Rif, Morocco: biostratigraphy, paleoenvironments and paleobiogeography. Palynology 34: 90–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tocher, B.A., 1987. Campanian to Maastrichtian dinoflagellate cysts from the United States Atlantic Margin, Deep Sea Drilling Projcet Site 612. In: Poag, C.W., Watts, A.B. et al. (eds): Initial Reports of Deep Sea Drilling Project 95: 419–428.Google Scholar
Van Adrichem Bogaert, H.A. & Kouwe, W.F.P. (comp.), 1993–1997. Stratigraphic nomenclature of the Netherlands, revision and update. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 50.Google Scholar
Vandenberghe, N., 1984. The subsurface geology of the Meer area in North Belgium, and its significance for the occurrence of hydrocarbons. Journal of Petroleum Geology 7: 55–66.Google Scholar
Vandenberghe, N., Dusar, M., Laga, P. & Bouckaert, J., 1988. The Meer well in North Belgium. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Belgium 25: 1–23.Google Scholar
Vandenberghe, N., Van Simaeys, S., Steurbaut, E., Jagt, J.W.M. & Felder, P.J., 2004. Stratigraphic architecture of the Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic along the southern border of the North Sea Basin in Belgium. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 83: 155–171.Google Scholar
Vejbæk, O.V., Andersen, C., Dusar, M., Herngreen, W., Krabbe, H., Leszczynski, K., Lott, G.K., Mutterlose, J. & Van der Molen, A.S., 2010. Chapter 11. Cretaceous. In: Doornenbal, J.C. & Stevenson, A.G. (eds): Petroleum geological atlas of the southern Permian basin area. EAGE Publications b.v. (Houten): 195–209.Google Scholar
Williams, G.L., Brinkhuis, H., Pearce, M.A., Fensome, R.A. & Weegink, J.W., 2004. Southern Ocean and global dinoflagellate cyst events compared: index events for the Late Cretaceous-Neogene. In: Exon, N.F., Kennett, J.P. & Malone, M.J. (eds): Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 189: 1–98.Google Scholar
Wilson, G.J., 1971. Observations on European Late Cretaceous dinoflagellates cysts. Proceedings of the Second Planktonic Conference, Roma 1970(2): 1259–1276.Google Scholar
Wilson, G.J., 1974. Upper Campanian and Maastrichtian dinoflagellate cysts from the Maastricht region and Denmark. Department of Geology, University of Nottingham (Nottingham): 1–601 (unpubl. PhD thesis).Google Scholar