Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T07:22:27.465Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Criminal Justice Policy Transfer and Prison Counter-Radicalization: Examining Canadian Participation in the Roma-Lyon Group

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 May 2015

Jeffrey Monaghan
Jeffrey Monaghan*
Affiliation:
Institute of Criminology and Criminal JusticeCarleton Universitymonaghan.jeffrey@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Threats of radicalization have become dominant tropes for Western security agencies. This article examines efforts to address radicalization in the penal setting. Examining the prison counter-radicalization project directed by the secretive G8 Roma-Lyon Group, the article details Canadian participation on the basis of wanting to acquire counter-radicalization best practices from abroad. Contributing to criminal justice policy transfer studies, the article highlights disjunctures between reforms programs driven by powerful actors and particular contexts where these prescribed policy reforms take shape. Characterizing the Roma-Lyon Group as a venue for norm-makers such as the United States and the United Kingdom, and Canada as a norm-taker, the article traces the transfer of counter-radicalization practices from the transnational to the national level. Underlining how the replication of counter-radicalization policies fits into trends of precautionary risk and governing through insecurity, the article concludes by highlighting what the transfer of prisoner radicalization policy means for future socio-legal research.

Résumé

La menace de la radicalisation est passée maître des agences de sécurité occidentales. Cet article examine les efforts de lutte anti-radicalisation en contexte pénitentiaire. L’article explique la participation canadienne au projet de lutte anti-radicalisation de l’opaque Groupe de Rome-Lyon du G8, censément en vue d’acquérir des pratiques exemplaires de l’étranger en matière de lutte anti-radicalisation. Contribuant au corpus d’études sur le transfert des politiques en matière de justice pénale, cet article met en évidence l’écart entre les programmes de réforme promus par les puissances et les contextes où ces réformes de politique prescrites sont mises en œuvre. En décrivant le Groupe de Rome-Lyon comme un forum de façonneurs de normes, comme les États-Unis et le Royaume-Uni, et le Canada comme un adopteur de normes, l’article illumine le transfert de pratiques de lutte anti-radicalisation du palier transnational au palier national. En soulignant la façon par laquelle l’adoption de politiques anti-radicalisation s’inscrit dans le courant de l’évitement du risque et de la gouvernance par l’insécurité, l’article conclut en expliquant l’importance des transferts de politiques sur la radicalisation des prisonniers pour la recherche socio-juridique.

Keywords

criminologyIslamsecurityisomorphismbest practicescriminologieIslamsécuritéisomorphismepratiques exemplaires
Type
Articles
Information
Canadian Journal of Law and Society / La Revue Canadienne Droit et Société , Volume 30 , Issue 3 , December 2015 , pp. 381 - 400
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Law and Society Association / Association Canadienne Droit et Société 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amoore, Louise and Goede, Marieke de. 2008. “Introduction: Governing by Risk in the War on Terror.” In Risk and the War on Terror, edited by Amoore, Louise and Goede, Marieke de, 5–20. London; New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aradau, Claudia and Munster, Rens van. 2007. “Governing Terrorism Through Risk: Taking Precautions, (un)Knowing the Future.” European Journal of International Relations 13 (1): 89–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Argomaniz, Javier. 2009. “When the EU is the ‘Norm Taker’; The Passenger Name Records Agreement and the EU’s Internalization of US Border Security Norms.” Journal of European Integration 31 (1): 119–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Awan, Imran. 2012. “‘I Am a Muslim Not an Extremist’: How the Present Strategy Has Constructed a ‘Suspect’ Community.” Politics & Policy 40 (6): 1158–1185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballas, Dennis. 2010. “Prisoner Radicalization.” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 79 (10). Available online: http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/2010-pdfs/october10leb (accessed October 15, 2014).Google Scholar
Banerjee, Sidhartha. 2010. “Toronto 18 Member Says He’s Changed; Tells Parole Hearing He Favours Peaceful Jihad.” Toronto Star, September 14, A7.Google Scholar
Beck, Ulrich. 2006. “Living in the World Risk Society.” Economy and Society 35 (3): 329–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, Stewart. 2012. “As Convicted Terrorists Face Possible Release, Canada Faced with Growing Problem: How Do You Rehabilitate Them?” National Post, November 30. Available online: http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/11/30/as-convicted-terrorists-face-possible-release-canada-faced-with-growing-problem-how-do-you-rehabilitate-them/ (accessed October 16, 2014).Google Scholar
Bell, Stewart. 2014. “Toronto 18 Ringleader Fahim Ahmad Denied Parole.” National Post, September 24. Available online: http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/09/24/fahim-ahmad-the-toronto-18-ringleader-who-plotted-to-storm-parliament-and-behead-politicians-denied-parole/ (accessed October 16, 2014).Google Scholar
Björkdahl, Annika. 2005. “Norm–Maker and Norm–Taker: Exploring the Normative Influence of the EU in Macedonia.” European Foreign Affairs Review 10: 257–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bigo, Didier. 2008. “Globalized (in)Security: the Field and the Ban–opticon.” In Terror, Insecurity and Liberalism: Illiberal Practices of Liberal Regimes, edited by Bigo, Didier and Anastassia, Tsoukala, 10–48. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowling, Benjamin and Sheptycki, James. 2012. Global Policing. London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Connor, Daniel and Brisson-Boivin, Kara. 2013. “The Rule of Law, Security–Development and Penal Aid: The Case of Detention in Haiti.” Punishment & Society 15 (5): 515–33.Google Scholar
CACP (Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police). 2008. Building Community Resilience to Violent Ideologies: A Discussion Paper. Ottawa: CACP Prevention of Radicalization Study Group.Google Scholar
Canada. 2012. Building Resilience Against Terrorism: Canada’s Counter–Terrorism Strategy. Ottawa: Public Safety Canada.Google Scholar
Canada. 2013. Public Report on the Terrorist Threat to Canada. Ottawa: Public Safety Canada.Google Scholar
CSC (Correctional Service Canada). 2012. Departmental Performance Report 2011–12. Ottawa: Canada.Google Scholar
CSC (Correctional Services Canada). 2011–322. Access to Information Act request 2011–00322.Google Scholar
CSC (Correctional Services Canada). 2009. Research Brief: Prison Gangs: A Review and Survey of Strategies. N. B–43. Ottawa: Canada. Available online:http://www.csc–scc.gc.ca/research/b43–eng.shtml (accessed October 16, 2013).Google Scholar
Dalgaard-Nielsen, Anja. 2010. “Violent Radicalization in Europe: What We Know and What We Do Not Know.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 33: 797–814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, Lorne. 2009. “The Study of New Religious Movements and the Radicalization of Home-Grown Terrorists: Opening a Dialogue.” Terrorism and Political Violence 22: 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Goede, Marieke and Graaf, Beatrice De. 2013. “Sentencing Risk: Temporality and Precaution in Terrorism Trials.” International Political Sociology 7: 313–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dezalay, Yves and Garth, Bryant. 2002. The Internationalization of Palace Wars: Lawyers, Economists, and the Contest to Transform Latin American States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiMaggio, Paul J. and Powell, Walter W.. 1983. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational.” American Sociological Review 48 (2): 147–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ericson, Richard. 2007. Crime in an Insecure World. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Eski, Yarin. 2011. “‘Port of Call’: Towards a Criminology of Port Security.” Criminology & Criminal Justice 11 (5): 415–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garland, David. 1996. “The Limits of the Sovereign State Strategies of Crime Control in Contemporary Society.” British Journal of Criminology 36 (4): 445–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillis, Wendy. 2013. “Is Canada Doing Enough to ‘De-Radicalize’ Convicted Terrorists?” Toronto Star, August 11. Available online: http://www.thestar.com/news/crime/2013/08/11/is_canada_doing_enough_to_deradicaliz e_convicted_terrorists.html (accessed October 16, 2014).Google Scholar
Githens-Mazer, Jonathan. 2012. “The Rhetoric and Reality: Radicalization and Political Discourse.” International Political Science Review 33 (5): 556–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamm, Mark. 2013. The Spectacular Few: Prisoner Radicalization and the Evolving Terrorist Threat. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Hannah, Greg, Clutterbuck, Lindsay, and Rubin, Jennifer. 2008. Radicalization or Rehabilitation: Understanding the Challenge of Extremist and Radicalized Prisoners. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.Google Scholar
Herbert, Matthew. 2009. “The Plasticity of the Islamic Activist: Notes from the Counterterrorism Literature.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 32 (5): 389–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hier, Sean P. and Walby, Kevin. 2014. “Policy Mutations, Compliance Myths, and Redeployable Special Event Public Camera Surveillance in Canada.” Sociology 48 (1): 150–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huysmans, Jef. 2014. Security Unbound: Enacting Democratic Limits. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Clarke R. 2014. “Are Prisons Really Schools for Terrorism? Challenging the Rhetoric on Prison Radicalization.” Punishment and Society 16 (1): 74–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khadr v. Canada (Prime Minister). 2010. FC 715.Google Scholar
Lakhani, Suraj. 2012. “Preventing Violent Extremism: Perceptions of Policy from Grassroots and Communities.” The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 51 (2): 190–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, Mike and Walby, Kevin. 2012. Brokering Access: Power, Politics, and Freedom of Information Process in Canada. Vancouver: UBC Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, Mike and Piché, Justin. 2009. “Exceptional State, Pragmatic Bureaucracy, and Indefinite Detention: The Case of the Kingston Immigration Holding Centre.” Canadian Journal of Law and Society 24 (2): 203–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macaulay, Fiona. 2007. “Knowledge Production, Framing and Criminal Justice Reform in Latin America.” Journal of Latin American Studies 39: 627–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maguire, Edward R. and King, William R.. 2013. “Transferring Criminal Investigation Methods from Developed to Developing Nations.” Policing and Society 23 (3): 346–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mavelli, Luca. 2013. “Between Normalisation and Exception: The Securitisation of Islam and the Construction of the Secular Subject.” Millennium–Journal of International Studies 41 (2): 159–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayeda, Graham. 2008. “Development Policy in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom–The New Anti-Terrorism Policy?” In The Human Rights of Anti-Terrorism, edited by Forcese, Craig and LaViolette, Nicole, 385–424. Toronto: Irwin Law.Google Scholar
McCann, Eugene. 2011. “Urban Policy Mobilities and Global Circuits of Knowledge: Toward a Research Agenda.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 101 (1): 107–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melossi, Dario, Sozzo, Mazimo, and Sparks, Richard. 2011. “Introduction: Criminal Questions: Cultural Embeddedness and Global Mobilities.” In Travels of the Criminal Question, edited by Melossi, Dario, Sozzo, Mazimo, and Sparks, Richard, 1–16. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Messina, Anthony M. 2014. “Securitizing Immigration in the Age of Terror.” World Politics 66 (3): 530–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monaghan, Jeffrey. 2013. “Terror Carceralism: Surveillance, (in)Security Proliferation, and de/Civilization.” Punishment and Society 15 (1): 3–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monaghan, Jeffrey. 2014. “Security Traps and Discourses of Radicalization: Mapping the Surveillance of Muslims in Canada.” Surveillance and Society 12 (4): 485–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mueller, John. 2006. Overblown: How Politicians and the Terrorism Industry Inflate National Security Threats, and Why we Believe Them. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Neumann, Peter R. 2013. “The Trouble with Radicalization.” International Affairs 89 (4): 873–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neumann, Peter and Kleinmann, Scott. 2013. “How Rigorous Is Radicalization Research?” Democracy and Security 9: 360–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newburn, Tim. 2002. “Atlantic Crossings: ‘Policy Transfer’ and Crime Control in the USA and Britain.” Punishment and Society 4 (2): 165–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NYPD (New York Police Department) NYPD Intelligence Division. 2007. Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat (prepared by Mitchell D. Silber and Arvin Bhatt). New York: City of New York.Google Scholar
Pantazis, Christina and Pemberton, Simon. 2011. “Reconfiguring Security and Liberty.” British Journal of Criminology 52 (3): 651–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pawlak, Patryk. 2009. “Network Politics in Transatlantic Homeland Security Cooperation.” Perspectives on European Politics and Society 10 (4): 560–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peck, Jamie. 2011. “Geographies of Policy: From Transfer-Diffusion to Mobility-Mutation.” Progress in Human Geography 35 (6): 773–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PSC (Public Safety Canada). 2012–00025. Access to Information Act request A2012–00025.Google Scholar
RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police). 2009. Radicalization: A Guide for the Perplexed. Ottawa: RCMP.Google Scholar
Rosga, Ann Janette. 2010. “The Bosnian Police, Multi-Ethnic Democracy, and the Race of ‘European Civilization.’” Ethnic and Racial Studies 33 (4): 675–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samara, Tony. 2005. “Policing Development: Urban Renewal as Neo–Liberal Security Strategy.” Urban Studies 47 (1): 197–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sayigh, Yezid. 2009. “‘Fixing Broken Windows’: Security Sector Reform in Palestine, Lebanon, and Yemen.” Carnegie Papers, Number 17. Washington: Carnegie Middle East Center.Google Scholar
Scherrer, Amandine. 2009. G8 Against Transnational Organized Crime. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Scherrer, Amandine and Dupont, Benoit. 2010. “Noeuds ou champs?: Analyse de l’expertise internationale sur la criminalité transnationale organisée et le terrorisme.” Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 52 (2): 147–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sedgwick, Mark. 2010. “The Concept of Radicalization as a Source of Confusion.” Terrorism and Political Violence 22 (4): 479–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Senate. 2011. Security, Freedom and the Complex Terrorist Threat: Positive Steps Ahead: Interim Report of the Special Senate Committee On Anti-Terrorism. 40th Parliament, 3rd Session. Ottawa: Senate of Canada.Google Scholar
Shephard, Michelle. 2013. “Toronto 18: Ali Mohamed Dirie, Convicted in Plot, Dies in Syria.” Toronto Star, September 25. Available online: http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/09/25/toronto_18_ali_mohamed_dirie_convicted_in_plot_dies_in_syria.html (accessed October 17, 2014).Google Scholar
Shephard, Michelle. 2014. “Khadr Faces 2 More Years in Prison; Status of Former Gitmo Detainee to be Reviewed in December 2014.” Toronto Star, December 21, A4.Google Scholar
Sheptycki, James. 2007. “Criminology and the Transnational Condition: A Contribution to International Political Sociology.” International Political Sociology 1: 391–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sjöstedt, Roxanna. 2013. “Ideas, Identities, and Internalization: Explaining Securitizing Moves.” Cooperation and Conflict 48 (1): 143–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Useem, Bert and Clayton, Obie. 2009. “Radicalization of U.S prisoners.” Criminology and Public Policy 8 (3): 561–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, William. 2004. “The Diffusion, Regulation, and Governance of Closed-Circuit Television in the UK.” Surveillance and Society 2 (2/3): 230–50.Google Scholar
Wilner, Alex. 2008. Enemies Within: Confronting Homegrown Terrorism in Canada. Halifax: Atlantic Institute for Market Studies.Google Scholar
Wilner, Alex. 2010. “From Rehabilitation to Recruitment: Stopping the Spread of Terrorist Doctrines Within our Prisons Before it Becomes a National Security Problem.” True North, October. Ottawa: Macdonald Laurier Institute for Public Policy.Google Scholar
Zedner, Lucia. 2009. Security. London; New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar