Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T18:49:05.645Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Humility, Autonomy, and Birth as a Site of Politics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 September 2015

Sara Rushing*
Affiliation:
Montana State University

Extract

Western political thought, from the classical Greek era to our own time, is notorious for its relegation of bodily and family matters to the private sphere. Contemporary feminist and critical political theorists have taken measures to counter this impulse. Yet even as these discourses acknowledge the centrality of the body, vulnerability, and relationality for social and political theory, they continue to functionally disavow giving birth as an important cultural institution in which to engage political and ethical questions.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Women and Politics Research Section of the American Political Science Association 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

ACOG. 2008. “Surgery and Patient Choice.” ACOG Committee Opinion Number 395, January 2008. http://www.acog.org/Resources_And_Publications/Committee_Opinions/Committee_on_Ethics/Surgery_and_Patient_Choice.aspx (accessed December 9, 2011).Google Scholar
Archard, David, and Benatar, David. 2010. Procreation and Parenthood: The Ethics of Bearing and Rearing Children. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 1958. The Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ayers, Susan, Eagle, Andrew, and Waring, Helen. 2006. “The Effects of Childbirth Related PTSD on Women and their Relationship: A Qualitative Study.” Psychology, Health and Medicine 11 (4): 389–98.Google Scholar
Beck, Cheryl Tatano. 2004. “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Due To Childbirth—The Aftermath.” Nursing Research 53 (4): 216–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, Ulrich. 1992. Risk Society, Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Beckett, Katherine. 2005. “Choosing Cesarean: Feminism and the Politics of Childbirth in the United States.” Feminist Theory 6 (3): 251–75.Google Scholar
Benhabib, Seyla. 1992. Situating the Self: Gender, Community and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Benson, Paul. 1991. “Autonomy and Oppressive Socialization.” Social Theory and Practice 17 (3): 385408.Google Scholar
Block, Jennifer. 2008. Pushed: The Painful Truth about Childbirth and Modern Maternity Care. Cambridge, MA: De Capo Press.Google Scholar
Bordo, Susan. 2003. Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture and the Body. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Brown, Wendy. 2006. “American Nightmare: Neoliberalism, Neoconservatism, and De-Democratization.” Political Theory 34 (6): 690714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Button, Mark. 2005. “‘A Monkish Kind of Virtue’?: For and Against Humility.” Political Theory 33 (6): 840–68.Google Scholar
Button, Mark. 2015. “Reading Emerson in Neoliberal Times: Contesting the Abandonment of Autonomy.” Political Theory 43 (3): 312–33.Google Scholar
Carroll, Linda. 2014. “Hospital Heave-Ho: Homebirths Continue to Rise.” Today Health. http://www.today.com/health/hospital-heave-ho-home-births-continue-rise-2D79312738 (accessed April 1, 2014).Google Scholar
Cassidy, Tina. 2007. Birth: The Surprising History of How We Are Born. New York: Grove Press.Google Scholar
Castel, Robert. 1991. “From Dangerousness to Risk.” In The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, ed. Burchell, Graham, Gordon, Colin, and Miller, Peter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Caton, Donald. 1999. What a Blessing She Had Chloroform: The Medical and Social Response to the Pain of Childbirth from 1800 to the Present. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Center for Disease Control. 2010. “Recent Trends in Cesarean Delivery in the United States.” NCHS Data Brief. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db35.htm (accessed July 10, 2011).Google Scholar
Cheyney, Melissa J. 2008. “Homebirth as Systems-Challenging Praxis: Knowledge, Power, and Intimacy in the Birthplace.” Qualitative Health Research 18 (2): 254–67.Google Scholar
Childbirth Connections. 2011. “Why Does the U.S. Cesarean Rate Keep Going Up?” http://www.childbirthconnection.org/article.asp?ck=10456 (accessed July 10, 2011).Google Scholar
Childbirth Connections. 2013. “How do Childbearing Experiences Differ across Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States? A Listening to Mothers III Data Brief.” http://transform.childbirthconnection.org/reports/listeningtomothers/race-ethnicity/ (accessed May 28, 2015).Google Scholar
Chodorow, Nancy. 1978. The Reproduction of Mothering. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Christman, John. 2005. “Saving Positive Freedom.” Political Theory 33 (1): 7988.Google Scholar
Christman, John, and Anderson, Joel, eds. 2009. Autonomy and the Challenges of Liberalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dean, Jodi. 2009. Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies: Communicative Capitalism and Left Politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Declercq, Eugene, Sakala, Carol, Corry, Maureen, and Applebaum, Sandra. 2007. “Listening to Mothers II: Report of the Second National U.S. Survey of Women's Childbearing Experiences.” Journal of Perinatal Education 16 (4): 914.Google Scholar
Dick-Read, Grantly. 2013. Childbirth Without Fear. New York: Pinter & Martin.Google Scholar
Dietz, Mary G. 1987. “Context is All: Feminism and Theories of Citizenship.” Daedalus 116 (4): 124.Google Scholar
Dodds, Susan. 2000. “Choice and Control in Feminist Bioethics.” In Relational Autonomy: Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy, Agency, and the Social Self, ed. Mackenzie, Catriona and Stoljar, Natalie. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Duff, Brian. 2011. The Parent as Citizen: A Democratic Dilemma. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Emerson, William R. 1998. “Birth Trauma: The Psychological Effects of Obstetrical Interventions.” Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology & Health 13 (1): 1144.Google Scholar
England, Pam, and Horowitz, Rob. 1998. Birthing From Within: An Extraordinary Guide to Childbirth Preparation. New York: Partera Press.Google Scholar
Epstein, Abby, Slotnick, Amy, Netto, Paulo, Lake, Ricki, Gavin, Madeleine, and Pluess, André. 2008. The Business of Being Born. Burbank, CA: New Line Home Entertainment.Google Scholar
Epstein, Randi Hutter. 2010. Get Me Out: A History of Childbirth from the Garden of Eden to the Sperm Bank. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Fisch, John M., English, Dennis, Pedaline, Susan, Brooks, Kerri, Simhan, Hyagriv N.. 2009. “Labor Induction Process Improvement: A Patient Quality-of-Care Initiative.” Obstetrics & Gynecology 113 (4): 797803.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1991. “Governmentality.” In The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, ed. Burchell, Graham, Gordon, Colin, and Miller, Peter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 2009. Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the College de Frances, 1977–1978. New York: Picador.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 2010. The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the College de Frances, 1978–1979. New York: Picador.Google Scholar
Freeze, Rixa Ann Spencer. 2010. “Attitudes towards Home Birth in the USA.” Expert Reviews Obstetrics & Gynecology 5 (3): 283–99.Google Scholar
Friedman, Marilyn. 2003. Autonomy, Gender, Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Galston, William A. 2002. Liberal Pluralism. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gaskin, Ina May. 2003. Ina May's Guide to Childbirth. New York: Bantam.Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony. 1999. “Risk and Responsibility.” The Modern Law Review 62 (1): 110.Google Scholar
Goodman, Brenda. 2011. “Increase in Home Births Comes as Debate Over Safety Intensifies.” WebMD Health News. http://www.webmd.com/baby/news/20110520/home-births-on-the-rise-in-the-us (accessed June 15, 2011).Google Scholar
Gordon, Colin. 2004. Dead on Arrival: The Politics of Health Care in Twentieth Century America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Green, Josephine, and Baston, Helen A.. 2003. “Feeling in Control during Labor: Concepts, Correlates, and Consequences.” Birth 30 (4): 235–47.Google Scholar
Greenlee, Jill S. 2014. The Political Consequences of Motherhood. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hare, Stephen. 1996. “The Paradox of Moral Humility.” American Philosophical Quarterly 33 (2): 235–41.Google Scholar
Henderson, Jane, Gao, Haiyan, and Redshaw, Maggie. 2013. “Experiencing Maternity Care: The Care Received and Perceptions of Women from Different Ethnic Groups.” BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 13: 196. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/13/196 (accessed May 28, 2015).Google Scholar
Hirschman, Linda. 2005. “Homeward Bound.” The American Prospect 16 (12): 2026.Google Scholar
Hobbes, Thomas. 1968. Leviathan. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Hynes, Maria. 2013. “Reconceptualizing Resistance: Sociology and the Affective Dimension of Resistance.” British Journal of Sociology 64 (4): 559–77.Google Scholar
Jones, Elizabeth. 2011. “Women's Experience of Control in Labour and Childbirth.” The British Journal of Midwifery 19 (3): 164–69.Google Scholar
Keele University “News & Events.” 2001. “Swearing Relieves Pain but don't Overdo it.” http://www.keele.ac.uk/pressreleases/2011/swearingrelievespainbutdontoverdoit.php (accessed December 9, 2011).Google Scholar
Keys, Mary M. 2008. “Humility and Greatness of Soul.” Perspectives on Political Science 37 (4): 217–22.Google Scholar
Kittay, Eva Feder. 1999. Love's Labor: Essays in Women, Equality and Dependency. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Konkola, Kari. 2005. “Have We Lost Humility?Humanitas, 18 (1 and 2): 182207.Google Scholar
Krauthammer, Charles. 1996. “No Pity for Parents Who Put Themselves First.” Chicago Tribune, May 27. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-05-27/news/9605270029_1_midwife-first-child-childbirth (accessed May 28, 2015).Google Scholar
Kupfer, Joseph. 2003. “The Moral Perspective of Humility.” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 84 (3): 249–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazarus, Ellen. 1994. “What Do Women Want?: Issues of Choice, Control, and Class in Pregnancy and Childbirth.” Medical Anthropology Quarterly 8 (1): 2546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lister, Ruth. 1997. Citizenship: Feminist Perspectives. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Luker, Kristin. 1984. Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lupton, Deborah. 2013. Risk. 2nd edition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
MacDorman, Marian F., Mathews, T.J., and Declercq, Eugene. 2014. “Trends in Out-of-Hospital Births in the United States, 1990-2012.” NCHS Data Brief, No. 144. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db144.htm (accessed May 28, 2015).Google Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolo. 1992. The Prince. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Malacrida, Claudia, and Boulton, Tiffany. 2012. “Women's Perceptions of Childbirth ‘Choices’: Competing Discourses of Motherhood, Sexuality, and Selflessness.” Gender & Society 26 (5): 748–72.Google Scholar
Margulis, Julie. 2013. The Business of Baby: What Doctors Don't Tell You, What Corporations Try to Sell You, and How to Put Your Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Baby Before Their Bottom Line. New York: Scribner.Google Scholar
Martin, Karin A. 2003. “Giving Birth like a Girl.” Gender & Society 17 (1): 5472.Google Scholar
McAra-Couper, Judith, Jones, Marion, and Smythe, Liz. 2011. “Cesarean-Section, My Body, My Choice: The Construction of ‘Informed Choice’ in Relation to Intervention in Childbirth.” Feminism & Psychology 22 (1): 8197.Google Scholar
McCrea, B. Hally, and Wright, Marion E.. 1999. “Satisfaction in Childbirth and Perceptions of Personal Control in Pain Relief during Labour.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 29 (4): 877–84.Google Scholar
McRobbie, Angela. 2007. “Top Girls? Young Women and the Post-Feminist Sexual Contract.” Cultural Studies 21 (4–5): 718–37.Google Scholar
McRobbie, Angela. 2013. “Feminism, the Family, and the New ‘Mediated’ Maternalism.” New Formations 80–81: 119–37.Google Scholar
Meyers, Diana Tietjens. 1989. Self, Society and Personal Choice. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Mitford, Jessica. 1993. The American Way of Birth. New York: Plume.Google Scholar
Morris, Theresa. 2013. Cut it Out: The C-Section Epidemic in America. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Mouffe, Chantal. 2009. The Democratic Paradox. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Nedelsky, Jennifer. 1989. “Reconceiving Autonomy: Sources, Thoughts, and Possibilities.” Yale Journal of Law & Feminism 1 (1): 716.Google Scholar
O'Connell, Virginia Adams, Youcha, Sharon, and Pellegrini, Vincent. 2009. “Physician Burnout: The Effect of Time Allotted for a Patient Visit on Physician Burnout among OB/GYN Physicians.” Journal of Medical Practice Management 24 (5): 300–14.Google Scholar
O'Hare, Joanne, and Fallon, Anne. 2011. “Women's Experience of Control in Labor and Childbirth.” British Journal of Midwifery 19 (3): 164–69.Google Scholar
Okin, Susan Moller. 1991. Justice, Gender and the Family. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Oliver, Kelly. 2010. “Motherhood, Sexuality, and Pregnant Embodiment: Twenty-Five Years of Gestation.” Hypatia 25 (4): 760–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Neill, Onora. 2002. Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Osterman, Michelle, and Martin, Joyce A.. 2011. “Epidural and Spinal Anesthesia During Labor: 27-State Reporting Area, 2008.” Center for Disease Control National Vital Statistics Report. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr59/nvsr59_05.pdf (accessed November 13, 2013).Google Scholar
Plante, Lauren. 2009. “Mommy, What Did you do in the Industrial Revolution? Meditations on the Rising Cesarean Rate.” International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics 2 (1): 140–47.Google Scholar
Richards, Norvin. 2010. The Ethics of Parenthood. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rose, Nikolas. 2006. The Politics of Life Itself: Biomedicine, Power and Subjectivity in the Twenty-First Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rosewood, Roanna. 2013. Cut, Stapled, and Mended: When One Woman Reclaimed Her Body and Gave Birth on Her Own Terms after Cesarean. New York: Confluence Press.Google Scholar
Ruddick, Sara. 1989. Maternal Thinking: Towards a Politics of Peace. New York: Ballantine Books.Google Scholar
Rushing, Sara. 2013. “Comparative Humilities: Christian, Confucian and Contemporary Conceptions of a Political Virtue.” Polity 45 (2): 198222.Google Scholar
Shanley, Mary Lyndon. 2001. Making Babies, Making Families: What Matters Most in an Age of Reproductive Technologies, Surrogacy, Adoption, and Same-Sex and Unwed Parents. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Simon, Jonathan. 1987. “The Emergence of a Risk Society: Insurance, Law, and the State.” Socialist Review 95: 6189.Google Scholar
Snow, Nancy. 1995. “Humility.” The Journal of Value Inquiry 29: 202–16.Google Scholar
Snyder-Hall, R. Claire. 2010. “Third-Wave Feminism and the Defense of ‘Choice.’” Perspectives on Politics 8 (1): 255–61.Google Scholar
Stoljar, Natalie. 2000. “Autonomy and the Feminist Intuition.” In Relational Autonomy: Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy, Agency, and the Social Self, ed. Mackenzie, Catriona and Stoljar, Natalie. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tervalon, Melanie, and Murray-Garcia, Jann. 1998. “Cultural Humility versus Cultural Competence: A Critical Distinction in Defining Physician Training Outcomes in Multicultural Education.” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 9 (2): 117–25.Google Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States 2012, p. 69. http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0088.pdf (accessed November 19, 2013).Google Scholar
Weir, Lorna. 2006. Pregnancy, Risk and Biopolitics: On the Threshold of the Living Subject. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, Iris Marion. 1990. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Zadoroznyj, Maria. 1999. “Social Class, Social Selves, and Social Control in Childbirth.” Sociology of Health & Illness 21 (3): 267–89.Google Scholar