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A ‘Shaftesburian Agenda’? Lord Burlington, Lord Shaftesbury and the Intellectual Origins of English Palladianism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2016

Abstract

In this article we argue against the widely held view that Lord Burlington's love for architecture was inspired by the writings of the third Earl of Shaftesbury, particularly his Letter Concerning Design. First, we seek to demonstrate that Burlington could not have been familiar with, or even aware of, Shaftesbury's Letter until long after the development of his interest in architecture. Secondly, we argue that Shaftesbury's true architectural heirs advanced an agenda that was distinct from, and even hostile to, Burlingtonian Palladianism; and that the supposed link between the Letter and Burlington has served to distract historians from this. We suggest, thirdly, that the importance assigned to the Letter by architectural historians has derived from a longstanding and hugely influential interpretation of the rise of Burlingtonian Palladianism, an interpretation undermined by much recent work by revisionist architectural historians but still prevalent. Finally, having argued against the link between Shaftesbury and Burlington, we posit an alternative source for Burlingtonian Palladianism.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain 2016 

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References

NOTES

1 For discussions of the stylistic label ‘Palladianism’ see Worsley, Giles, Classical Architecture in Britain: The Heroic Age (New Haven, London, 1994), pp. xixii Google Scholar; Beltramini, Guido, ‘Palladio, Palladianism, Palladians’, in Palladian Design: The Good, the Bad and the Unexpected, ed. Hind, Charles and Wilson, Vicky, catalogue of an exhibition held at the RIBA, London, in 2015 (London, 2015), pp. 1012 Google Scholar.

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6 For a comprehensive study of Shaftesbury's life and philosophy see Klein, Lawrence E., Shaftesbury and the Culture of Politeness: Moral Discourse and Cultural Politics in Early Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1994)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7 Shaftesbury, Lord, ‘A Letter Concerning Design’, in Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, 3 vols, 5 edn (London, 1732), III, pp. 395410 Google Scholar.

8 Klein, Shaftesbury, p. 195.

9 Ibid., p. 192.

10 Shaftesbury, ‘Letter’, pp. 398–40.

11 Ibid., p. 400.

12 Ibid.

13 Wittkower, Rudolf, ‘Lord Burlington and William Kent’, Archaeological Journal, 102 (1945), pp. 151–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar, reprinted in idem, Palladio and English Palladianism (London, 1974), pp. 115–34Google Scholar; Kimball, Fiske, ‘Burlington Architectus, Part I’, Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects, 34 (15 October 1927), pp. 675–93Google Scholar; ‘Part II’ (12 November 1927), pp. 14–16. Wittkower's view was endorsed by Summerson; see Summerson, John, Architecture in Britain, 1530 to 1830 (London, 1953), pp. 197208 Google Scholar; ninth edition (New Haven, London, 1993), pp. 295–316 (all subsequent references are from the ninth edition). Wittkower's position was further endorsed by Colvin, H.M., A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1660–1840 (London, 1954), pp. 8690 Google Scholar; fourth edition (New Haven, London, 2008), pp. 147–52 (all subsequent references are from the fourth edition). For more on Burlington's changing historiographical position see Salmon, Frank, ‘“Our Great Master Kent” and the Design of Holkham Hall: A Reassessment’, Architectural History, 56 (2013), pp. 6396 (p. 65)Google Scholar; Kingsbury, Pamela, ‘Boyle, Richard, Third Earl of Burlington and Fourth Earl of Cork (1694–1753)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. Matthew, H.C.G. and Harrison, Brian, 60 vols (Oxford, 2004) [henceforth ODNB], VII, pp. 93–99Google Scholar.

14 Rudolf Wittkower, ‘English Literature on Architecture’, a lecture from 1966 reprinted in Wittkower, Palladio, pp. 95–114 (p. 103).

15 Wittkower, Rudolf, ‘English Neo-Palladianism, the Landscape Garden, China and the Enlightenment’, L'Arte, 6 (1969), pp 1835 Google Scholar, reprinted in Wittkower, Palladio, pp. 177–92 (p. 179).

16 For further examples of Shaftesbury and his writings being cited in connection with Burlington and the rise of Palladianism, see Hussey, Christopher, ‘Introduction: The Aesthetic Background to the Art of William Kent’, in Jourdain, Margaret, The Work of William Kent (London, 1948), pp. 1524 Google Scholar; Hussey, Christopher, English Country Houses. Early Georgian, 1715–1760 (London, 1965), p.11Google Scholar; Stutchbury, Howard E., The Architecture of Colen Campbell (Manchester, 1967), p. 3Google Scholar; Beaumont, Charles, ‘Pope and the Palladium’, Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 17 (1975), pp. 461–79 (p. 466)Google Scholar; Pfister, Harold Francis, ‘Burlingtonian Architectural Theory in England and America’, Winterthur Portfolio, 11 (1976), pp. 123–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sicca, C.M., ‘Il Palladianesimo in Inghilterra’ in Palladio: la sua eredità nel mondo (Milan, 1980) pp. 3173 (pp. 32–33)Google Scholar; Rykwert, Joseph, The First Moderns: The Architects of the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 168Google Scholar and 173; Bold, John, Wilton House and English Palladianism: Some Wiltshire Houses (London, 1988), p. 3Google Scholar; Jackson-Stops, Gervase, The Country House in Perspective (London, 1990), p. 82Google Scholar: Tavernor, Robert, Palladio and Palladianism (London, 1991), p. 156Google Scholar; Jeffery, Sally, ‘Architecture’, in Eighteenth-Century Britain: The Cambridge Cultural History, ed. Ford, Boris (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 216–59 (pp. 234–35)Google Scholar; Paulson, Ronald, Hogarth, 3 vols (Oxford, 1991–93), I, pp. 85–86Google Scholar; Carré, Jacques, Lord Burlington (1694–1753): le connaisseur, le mécène, l'architecte (Clermont-Ferrand, 1994), pp. 60 and 287Google Scholar; Harris, John, The Palladian Revival: Lord Burlington, his Villa and Garden at Chiswick (London, 1994), pp. 3637 Google Scholar; Parissien, Steven, Palladian Style (London, 1994), pp. 6066 Google Scholar; Li Shiqiao, Shaftsbury's influence in the shift from the Baroque to neo-Palladium architecture (Doctoral Thesis, Birkbeck College, London, 1994); Rykwert, Joseph, The Palladian Ideal (New York, 1999), pp. 2224 Google Scholar; Levine, Joseph M., Between the Ancients and the Moderns: Baroque Culture in Restoration England (New Haven, London, 1999), p. 203Google Scholar; Hart, Vaughan, Nicholas Hawksmoor: Rebuilding Ancient Wonders (New Haven, London, 2002), pp. 12 Google Scholar. 242. 245; Shiqiao, Li, Power and Virtue: Architecture and Intellectual Change in England 1660–1730 (London, 2007), p. 166Google Scholar; Curl, James Stevens, Georgian Architecture in the British Isles, 1714–1830 (Swindon, 2011), pp. 2325 Google Scholar; Cruickshank, Dan, The Country House Revealed: a Secret History of the British Ancestral Home (London, 2011), p. 150Google Scholar. Some other writers acknowledge the link between Shaftesbury and Palladianism in the historiography without supporting or denying it; see Hewlings, Richard, ‘James Leoni c.1686–1746: an Anglicized Venetian’ in The Architectural Outsiders, ed. Brown, Roderick (London, 1985), pp. 2143 (p. 22)Google Scholar; Tyack, Geoffrey, review of Bold, Wilton House and English Palladianism, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 50(1), pp. 8081 (p. 81)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Worsley, Giles, ‘Nicholas Hawksmoor: a Pioneer Neo-Palladian?Architectural History, 33 (1990), pp. 6074 (p. 60)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

17 Wilton-Ely, John, Apollo of the Arts: Lord Burlington and his Circle, catalogue of an exhibition held at Nottingham University Art Gallery, Nottingham, in 1973 (Nottingham, 1973), p. 7Google Scholar.

18 Arnold, Dana, ‘It's a Wonderful Life’, in Belov'd by Evr'y Muse: Richard Boyle 3rd Earl of Burlington and 4th Earl of Cork (1694–1753), ed. Arnold, Dana (London 1994) pp. 514 (p. 5)Google Scholar.

19 John Wilton-Ely, ‘Lord Burlington and Italy’ in Belov'd, ed. Arnold, pp. 15–20 (p. 17).

20 Ayres, Classical Culture, pp. 73 and 115.

21 Mowl, Tim, ‘Directions from the Grave: the Problem with Lord Shaftesbury’, Garden History, 32 (2004), pp. 3548 (p. 39)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 Mowl, Tim, William Kent: Architect, Designer, Opportunist (London, 2006), pp. 67 and 131Google Scholar.

23 Arbuthnott, Catherine, ‘Kent's Patrons’, in William Kent: Designing Georgian Britain, ed. Weber, Susan, catalogue of an exhibition held at the Bard Graduate Center, New York, and Victoria and Albert Museum, London, in 2013–14 (New Haven, London, 2013), pp. 6388 (p. 69)Google Scholar.

24 Bryant, Julius, ‘From “Gusto” to “Kentissime”: Kent's Designs for Country Houses, Villas, and Lodges’, in William Kent, ed. Weber, pp. 183242 (p. 234)Google Scholar.

25 Steven Brindle, ‘Kent and Italy’, in William Kent, ed. Weber, pp. 89–110 (p. 90).

26 Monod, Paul Kleber, ‘The Politics of Handel's Early London Operas, 1711–1718’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 36 (2006), pp. 445–72 (pp. 462–63)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

27 Worsley, Giles, ‘Sir John Summerson and the Problem of Palladianism’, in Summerson and Hitchcock: Centenary Essays on Architectural History, ed. Salmon, Frank (New Haven, London, 2006), pp. 105–16Google Scholar.

28 Ibid., p. 105.

29 Summerson, unlike many who were influenced by him, did not state explicitly that Shaftesbury influenced Burlington. His account of the Palladian Revival, however, placed huge importance on the Letter, and there can be no doubt that Summerson considered Shaftesbury the harbinger of Burlingtonian Palladianism; see Architecture in Britain, pp. 295–96.

30 Harris, Palladian Revival, pp. 62 and 210; Harris, John, ‘The Transformation of Lord Burlington: From the Palladio and Jones of his Time to the Modern Vitruvius’, in The Georgian Villa, ed. Arnold, Dana (Stroud, 1996), pp. 4147, (p. 42)Google Scholar; Harris, John, ‘Is Chiswick a Palladian Garden?’, Garden History, 32 (2004), pp. 124–36 (p. 132)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

31 Weeks, James, ‘The Architects of Christ Church Library’, Architectural History, 48 (2005), pp. 107–38 (p. 108)Google Scholar.

32 McParland, Edward, ‘Sir Thomas Hewett and the New Junta for Architecture’, in The Role of the Amateur Architect, ed. Worsley, Giles (London, 1994) pp. 2126 (p. 25)Google Scholar; Arciszewska, Barbara, The Hanoverian Court and the Triumph of Palladio: the Palladian Revival in Hanover and England c. 1700 (Warsaw, 2002), pp. 274–75Google Scholar; Arciszewska, Barbara, Classicism and Modernity: Architectural Thought in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Warsaw, 2010), pp. 252–53Google Scholar.

33 Downes, Kerry, ‘The Publication of Shaftesbury's “Letter Concerning Design”’, Architectural History, 27 (1984), pp. 519–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

34 O'Connell, Sheila, ‘Lord Shaftesbury in Naples, 1711–1713’, Walpole Society, 54 (1988), pp. 149219 (p. 150)Google Scholar.

35 Ibid., pp. 519–23.

36 Parissien, Palladian Style, p. 61; British Architectural Theory, 1540–1750: An Anthology of Texts, ed. van Eck, Caroline and Anderson, Christy (Aldershot, 2003), p. 227Google Scholar; Stevens Curl, Georgian Architecture, p. 24; Julius Bryant, ‘Queen Caroline's Richmond Lodge by William Kent: an Architectural Model Unlocked’, The Burlington Magazine, 1346 (May, 2015), pp. 325–30 (p. 327).

37 Bold, Wilton House, p. 3.

38 Wittkower, Palladio, p. 218. Other historians have suggested that the Letter circulated in manuscript:  see Paulson, Hogarth, p. 86; Chaney, Edward, The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations Since the Renaissance (London, 1998), p. 314Google Scholar; Hart, Nicholas Hawksmoor, p. 1.

39 Chatsworth, Burlington Archives [henceforth ‘Chatsworth’], ‘Catalogue of the Earl of Burlington's Library at Chiswick’, p. 30.

40 Harris, Palladian Revival, p. 37; Shiqiao, Shaftsbury's Influence, pp. 255–56; Garnham, Architecture Re-Assembled, p. 16.

41 Harris, Palladian Revival, p. 14.

42 London, British Library, Add MS 72496, Bridges to Trumbull (9 June 1713), p. 75.

43 Sachse, William Lewis, Lord Somers: A Political Portrait (Manchester, 1975), p. 298Google Scholar.

44 Kingsbury, Pamela, Lord Burlington's Town Architecture (London, 1995), p. 14Google Scholar.

45 Andrew Hopkins, ‘Palladio and Scamozzi drawings in England and their Talman marks’, The Burlington Magazine, 1344 (March 2015), pp. 172–80 (p. 173).

46 Ibid. pp. 173–74; Receipts for the drawings purchased from John Talman in England can be found at Chatsworth, BU 3/2/5, ‘Accounts of Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington’, pp. 2, 36 and 50.

47 Myers, Katherine, ‘Shaftesbury, Pope and Original Sacred Nature’, Garden History, 38 (2010), pp. 319 (p. 4)Google Scholar.

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49 Russell, Una and Grindrod, Audrey, The Manor Houses of Dorset (Wimborne Minster, 2007), pp. 198–99Google Scholar.

50 Maidstone, Kent History and Library Centre, U1590/C9/35, ‘Miscellaneous Letters’; Edward McParland, ‘Edward Lovett Pearce and the New Junta for Architecture’, in Barnard and Clark, Lord Burlington, pp. 151–66 (p. 160).

51 Shaftesbury, Lord, Letters of the Earl of Shaftesbury, Author of the Characteristicks, Collected in One Volume (Glasgow, 1746), pp. 7374 Google Scholar.

52 McParland, ‘Edward Lovett’, p. 160; Molesworth, William, ‘Two Shaftesburian Commissions in Florence: Antonio Selvi's Portrait Medals of John and Richard Molesworth’, Irish Architectural and Decorative Studies, 8 (2005), pp. 221–57Google Scholar.

53 London, National Archives, PRO 30/24/23/8, ‘Copybook of letters of the Earl of Shaftesbury’.

54 McParland, Edward, ‘Sir Thomas Hewett and the New Junta for Architecture’, in The Role of the Amateur Architect, ed. Worsley, Giles (London, 1994), pp. 2126 (p. 22)Google Scholar.

55 Galilei's surviving papers and drawings can be found in Florence, Archivio di Stato, Carte Galilei, filza 5, 14 and 21; Toesca, ‘Alessandro Galilei’, p. 190.

56 Kieven, Elisabeth, ‘An Italian Architect in London: the Case of Alessandro Galilei (1691–1737)’, Architectural History, 51 (2008), pp. 131 (p. 6)Google Scholar.

57 Ibid.

58 Historical Manuscripts Commission [henceforth ‘HMC’], Report on Manuscripts in Various Collections, VIII (London, 1913), p. 368.

59 Dublin, National Library of Ireland, MS 38,599/14, ‘Letters from Sir Thomas Hewett to Hugh Howard’.

60 Ibid.

61 Hewlings, Richard, ‘Lord Stanhope's Apartment at No.70 Whitehall’, The Georgian Group Journal, 22 (2014), pp. 2134 (p. 30)Google Scholar.

62 Dublin, National Library of Ireland, MS 38,599/14, ‘Letters’.

63 Ibid.

64 Toesca, ‘Alessandro Galilei’, p. 220.

65 McParland, ‘Sir Thomas’, p. 23.

66 HMC, Report, p. 368.

67 Dublin, National Library of Ireland, MS 38,599/14, ‘Letters’.

68 George Vertue, ‘Note Books’, Walpole Society, 6 vols (1930–1950), II, p. 36.

69 Klein, Shaftesbury, pp. 206–07.

70 Lord Shaftesbury, ‘Miscellany III’, in Shaftesbury, Characteristicks, p. 138.

71 Shaftesbury, Letters, pp. 15–26, 35.

72 O'Connell, ‘Lord Shaftesbury’, p. 149.

73 Rogers, Malcolm, John Closterman: Master of the English Baroque 1660–1711, catalogue to an exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery, London, in 1981 (London, 1981), p. 17Google Scholar.

74 J. Douglas Stewart, ‘Closterman, John (1660–1711)’, ODNB, XII, pp. 193–98.

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77 Paknadel, Felix, ‘Shaftesbury's Illustrations of Characteristics’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 37 (1974), pp. 290312 (p. 291)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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79 Ibid.

80 Kieven, ‘An Italian’, p. 9.

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82 Howard Colvin saw Hewett's ‘Grecian taste’ as a precursor to Burlington's Roman Neoclassicism: Colvin, Biographical Dictionary, p. 516.

83 Hewlings, ‘Lord Stanhope's Apartment’, p. 32.

84 Vitruvius, On Architecture, trans. Richard Schofield (London, 2009), pp. 146–47 and 185–87.

85 Worsley, ‘Classical Architecture’, pp. 35 and 95–96.

86 Fréart, Parallel, ‘Preface’, p. 2.

87 Ibid.

88 Vertue, Note Books, II, p. 36.

89 Hewlings, ‘Lord Stanhope's Apartment ’, p. 32.

90 Walker, Matthew, ‘Francis Vernon, the Early Royal Society and the First English Encounter with Ancient Greek Architecture’, Architectural History, 56 (2013), pp. 2961 Google Scholar.

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94 Walker, ‘Francis Vernon’, pp. 29–30.

95 Ibid. Anthony A. Wood noted that the journal ‘contains only short and imperfect notes, but a great number of inscriptions’: Wood, Anthony A., Athenæ Oxonienses, 4 vols (London, 1817), III, pp. 1133–34Google Scholar.

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97 See McParland, ‘Edward Lovett’, p. 162; Palladio also illustrated several Roman temples with steps running around the crepidoma: Palladio, Andrea, I quattro libri dell'architettura, (Venice, 1570), IV, pp. 5657 Google Scholar. 67–68 and 129–31.

98 Vitruvius, On Architecture, p. 28; Spon, Voyage, pp. 176–81; Wheler, A Journey, pp. 395–97.

99 Worsley, ‘Taking’, pp. 64–79.

100 HMC, Report, p. 368.

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104 London, British Library, MS ADD 75358, ‘Letter from Arundell to Burlington, 1726’.

105 Worsley, ‘Nicholas Hawksmoor’, p. 60.

106 Worsley, ‘Sir John Summerson’, pp. 105–15; Worsley, Classical Architecture, pp. xi and 85–104; see also McKellar, Elizabeth, ‘Popularism Versus Professionalism: John Summerson and the Twentieth-Century Creation of the “Georgian”’, in Articulating British Classicism: New Approaches to Eighteenth-Century Architecture, ed. Arciszewska, Barbara and McKellar, Elizabeth (Aldershot, 2004), pp. 3556 Google Scholar.

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108 Watkin, David, The Classical Country House (London, 2010), p. 16Google Scholar; See also Bold, Wilton House, pp. 1–5; Jeffery, ‘Architecture’, pp. 217–19; Tavernor, Palladio and Palladianism, pp. 152–56; Arnold, ‘It's a Wonderful Life’, p. 9; Rykwert, Palladian Ideal, p. 187; Watkin, David, English Architecture: a Concise History (London, 2001), p. 124Google Scholar; Stevens Curl, Georgian Architecture, pp. 23–25.

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112 Burlington's acolyte Robert Morris was an unqualified admirer of Wren: Morris, Robert, An Essay in Defence of Ancient Architecture (London, 1728), pp. xii and 2527 Google Scholar.

113 The Letters and Drawings of Nicholas Hawksmoor Relating to the Building of the Mausoleum at Castle Howard, ed. G. Webb, Walpole Society, 19 (1931), pp. 111–64, (pp. 133–37).

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118 Arciszewska, The Hanoverian Court, pp. 294–301; Carole Fry, ‘The Dissemination of Neo-Palladian Architecture in England, 1701–1758’ (Doctoral Thesis, University of Bristol, 2006).

119 See, for example, Fréart, Parallel.

120 Sale Catalogues of Libraries of Eminent Persons, 12 vols (London, 1971–75), IV, ed. Watkin, D.J., pp. 145 Google Scholar; Geraghty, Anthony, ‘Robert Hooke's Collection of Architectural Books and Prints’, Architectural History, 47 (2004), pp. 113–25Google Scholar; Skelton, Kimberly, ‘Reading as a Gentleman and an Architect: Sir Roger Pratt's Library’, Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society, 53 (2009), pp. 1550 Google Scholar; In his correspondence Vanbrugh refers to his owning a copy of Fréart's French translation of the Quattro libri (1650): see The Complete Works of Sir John Vanbrugh, ed. Bonamy Dobrée and Geoffrey Webb, 4 vols (London, 1928), IV, p. 9; A copy of the 1570 first edition of the Quattro libri was amongst the lots offered at the Talman Sale in 1728. It is likely that this belonged to William Talman; see The Talman Collection, Marks and Sales’, ed, Griffiths, Antony, Walpole Society, 59 (1997), pp. 181252 (p. 246)Google Scholar.

121 Hewlings, ‘Chiswick House’, pp. 131–49; Jane Clark, ‘Lord Burlington is Here’, in Lord Burlington, ed. Barnard and Clark, pp. 251–310; Lord Burlington: The Man and His Politics: Questions of Loyalty, ed. Corp, Edward (Lewiston, 1998), pp. 121–36 (p. 123)Google Scholar.

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123 The Fountaine-Leibniz correspondence is published in John Mitchell Kemble, State Papers and Correspondence (London, 1857), pp. 253–54.

124 Ibid, p. 274.

125 In 1731, for example, Fountaine was selected as an arbitrator in a dispute between the Duke of Chandos and Christopher Cock over an alleged defective restoration, on Cock's part, of some supposed Raphael cartoons belonging to the Duke; ultimately Sir Andrew withdrew from the proceedings. See Baker, C.H. Collins and Baker, M.I., The Life and Circumstances of James Brydges, First Duke of Chandos, Patron of the Liberal Arts (Oxford, 1949), pp. 8392 Google Scholar.

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128 Vertue, ‘Note Books’, V, pp. 120–21.

129 Kent, ‘Letters’, p. 92.

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134 Echlin and Kelley, ‘Nicholas Hamond's School’, pp. 46–48.

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136 Lord Hervey and his Friends, ed. The Earl of Ilchester (London, 1950), p. 74.

137 London, National Art Library, 86.ZZ.160, ‘Inventory of the Contents of Narford Hall and Catalogue of the Library, 1753’.

138 Vertue, ‘Note Books’, III, pp. 156–57.

139 Pagan, ‘Andreas Fountaine’, p. 120.

140 Baker, Malcolm, The Marble Index: Roubiliac and Sculptural Portraiture in Eighteenth-Century Britain (New Haven and London, 2014), pp. 278–90Google Scholar; London, National Art Library, ‘Inventory’, pp. 10–11.

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142 Vertue, ‘Note Books’, V, p. 130.

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144 A notable exception is John Harris; see Harris, Palladian Revival, pp. 62 and 210; Harris, ‘The Transformation’, p. 42; Harris, ‘Is Chiswick a Palladian Garden?’, p. 132.

145 Charles Avery, ‘Lord Burlington and the Florentine Baroque Bronze Sculptor Soldani: New Documentation on the Anglo-Florentine Art Trade in the Age of the Grand Tour’, in, Lord Burlington, ed. Corp, pp. 27–49 (pp. 35–38).

146 Chatsworth, CSU 153.0, ‘Sir Andrew Fountaine, 31 August 1719’.

147 Ibid.

148 Clark, ‘Lord Burlington’, pp. 268–70.

149 Brown, Horatio, Inglesi e Scozzesi all'Università di Padova dall'anno 1618 sino al 1765 (Venice, 1921), p. 184Google Scholar.

150 Ibid.

151 George Knox, ‘Antonio Pellegrini and Marco Ricci at Burlington House and Narford Hall’, The Burlington Magazine, 1028 (November, 1998), pp. 846–53.

152 London, National Art Library, ‘Inventory’, p. 9.

153 Morris, Essay, pp. xii–xiii.

154 Walpole, Horace, Anecdotes of Painting in England, 4th edn, 4 vols (London, 1782) IV, p. 235Google Scholar.

155 Harris, Palladian Revival, pp. 74–75.

156 Chatsworth, BU 3/3/1 ‘Will of 3rd Earl of Burlington’.

157 Ford, ‘Sir Andrew’, pp. 355–56.

158 Campbell, Vitruvius Britannicus, III, pp. 11 and 95.

159 Pagan, ‘Andreas Fountaine’, p. 114.

160 Nicolson, William, The London Diaries of William Nicolson, Bishop of Carlisle 1702–1718, ed. Jones, Clyve and Holmes, Geoffrey (Oxford, 1985), p. 219CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

161 Blomefield, Francis and Parkin, Charles, An Essay Towards a Topographical History of the County of Norfolk, multiple vols (Fersfield, 1739 – 1775), III, p. 521Google Scholar; West, Susie, ‘Life in the Library’, in Placing Faces: The Portrait and the English Country House in the Long Eighteenth Century, ed. Perry, Gill etc. (Manchester, 2013), pp. 6395 Google Scholar.

162 Harris, Palladian Revival, p. 8.

163 Suttle, E.F.A., ‘Henry Aldrich, dean of Christ Church’, Oxoniensa, 5 (1940), pp. 115–39Google Scholar.

164 Hart, ‘A Copy’, pp. 208–09.

165 Ibid.

166 Palladio, Andrea, Antiquitates urbis Romæ, trans. Fairfax, C. (Oxford, 1709)Google Scholar, ‘praefatio’; Hart, ‘A Copy’, p. 210.

167 Hiscock, W.G., Henry Aldrich of Christ Church, 1648–1710 (Oxford, 1960), p. 31Google Scholar. Aldrich was something of a polymath: he was renowned as a composer, logician and mathematician, as well as an architect, see Stuart Handley, ‘Aldrich, Henry (1648–1710)’, ODNB, I, pp. 630–32.

168 Aldrich, Henry, Elementa architecturæ civilis ad Vitruvii veterumque disciplinam, et recentiorum præsertim A. Palladii exempla probatiora concinnata., trans. Smyth, Phillip (Oxford, 1789), pp. 2324 Google Scholar.

169 Weeks, ‘The Architects’, pp. 110–12.

170 In a rare error, Colvin claimed that Shaftesbury laid Peckwater's foundation stone – it was, in fact, Lord Salisbury: see Beddard, R.A., review of Colvin, Howard, A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600–1840, The English Historical Review, 96 (1981), pp. 872–77 (p. 877)Google Scholar. This was rectified in subsequent editions of the Biographical Dictionary. At the age of 19 Pembroke contributed a £20 subscription towards the cost of Aldrich's new quadrangle; see Colvin, Biographical Dictionary, p. 514.

171 Worsley, Classical Architecture, p. 88.

172 Colvin, Biographical Dictionary pp. 253–55; Timothy Clayton, ‘Clarke, George (1661–1736)’, ODNB, XI, pp. 871–73.

173 Hopkins, ‘Palladio’, p. 174.

174 Harris, John and Tait, A.A., Catalogue of the Drawings by Inigo Jones, John Webb and Isaac de Caus at Worcester College, Oxford (Oxford, 1979), pp. 13 Google Scholar.

175 Weeks, ‘The Architects’, pp. 117–18.

176 Worsley, ‘Nicholas Hawksmoor’, pp. 67 and 70.

177 Howard Colvin, Unbuilt Oxford (New Haven, London, 1983), pp. 23–77.

178 Baker, ‘Talman, Aldrich’; London, Society of Antiquaries, SAL/MS/262, ‘Letter from John Talman 2 March 1709/10 to the Dean of Christ Church’.

179 Hewlings, ‘James Leoni ’, p. 27.

180 Campbell, Vitruvius Britannicus, I, p. 15.

181 Parissien, Palladian Style, p. 16.

182 Weeks, ‘The Architects’, p. 108.

183 Ibid.

184 Chatsworth, ‘Catalogue’, p. 39.

185 Ibid.

186 Hart, ‘A Copy’, p. 209.

187 Harris, Eileen and Savage, Nicholas, British Architectural Books and Writers, 1556–1785 (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 109–12Google Scholar.

188 Chatsworth Library, no shelfmark.

189 Walpole, Horace, Anecdotes of Painting in England, ed. Dallaway, James, 3 vols (London, 1849), II, p. 690Google Scholar.

190 Toby Barnard, ‘Fairfax, Charles Brandon (1684–1723)’, ODNB, XVIII, pp. 923–24.

191 Barnard, T.C., Making the Grand Figure: Lives and Possessions in Ireland, 1641–1770 (New Haven– London, 2004), pp. 51Google Scholar and 55–56.