Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T16:46:45.787Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Political Incorporation of Muslims in the United States: The Mobilizing Role of Religiosity in Islam

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 August 2017

Karam Dana
Affiliation:
School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Bothell
Bryan Wilcox-Archuleta*
Affiliation:
Political Science, University of California
Matt Barreto
Affiliation:
Political Science and Chicana/o Studies, University of California
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Bryan Wilcox-Archuleta, Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles, 4289 Bunche Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095. E-mail: bwa@ucla.edu
Get access

Abstract

Despite the overwhelming evidence to the contrary, popular perceptions in the United States, especially among political elites, continue to believe that religious Muslims oppose American democratic traditions and values. While many studies find positive relationships between mosque attendance and civic participation among U.S. Muslims, an empirical and theoretical puzzle continues to exist. What is missing is research that examines the relationships between the multi-dimensional concept of religiosity and how this is associated with public opinion and attitudes towards the American political system among Muslim Americans. Using a unique national survey of Muslim Americans, we find a positive relationship between religious beliefs, behavior, and belonging and perceptions of compatibility with American democratic traditions. Quite simply, the most religious are the most likely to believe in political integration in the United States.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Race, Ethnicity, and Politics Section of the American Political Science Association 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abdul Rauf, Feisal. 2004. What's right with Islam: a new vision for Muslims and the West. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, p. 86.Google Scholar
Acevedo, Gabriel A., and Chaudhary, Ali R.. 2015. “Religion, Cultural Clash, and Muslim American Attitudes About Politically Motivated Violence.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 54: 242–60.Google Scholar
Ali, M. Amir. 2004. “A Case for Muslim Political Participation.” Muslim Public Affairs Committee UK.Google Scholar
al-Shanqiti, Sheikh Muhammad Al-Mukhtar. 2003. “Muslims’ Participation in US Elections” [Quoted in 2006]. https://archive.islamonline.net/?p=21110 (accessed September 21, 2014).Google Scholar
Ayers, John W. 2007. “Changing Sides: 9/11 and the American Muslim Voter.” Review of Religious Research 49 (2): 187–98.Google Scholar
Ayers, John W., and Hofstetter, C. Richard. 2008. “American Muslim Political Participation Following 9/11: Religious Belief, Political Resources, Social Structures, and Political Awareness.” Politics and Religion 1 (1) (March 14): 326.Google Scholar
Barreto, Matt, and Muñoz, José. 2003. “Reexamining the ‘politics of in-between’: political participation among Mexican immigrants in the United States.” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 25.Google Scholar
Bilici, Mucahit. 2011. “Being Targeted, Being Recognized: The Impact of 9/11 on Aram and Muslim Americans.” Contemporary Sociology 40 (2): 133–37.Google Scholar
Bloemraad, Irene. 2006. Becoming a Citizen: Incorporating Immigrants and Refugees in the United States and Canada. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cameron, Colin A., and Trivedi, Pravin K.. 1998. Regression Analysis of Count Data. Econometric Society Monograph No. 30. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, David E. 2004. “Acts of Faith: Churches and Political Engagement.” Political Behavior 26 (2): 155–80.Google Scholar
Cassel, Carol A. 1999. “Voluntary Associations, Churches, and Social Participation Theories of Turnout.” Social Science Quarterly 80 (3): 504–17.Google Scholar
Cesari, Jocelyne. 2013. Why the West Fears Islam: An Exploration of Muslims in Liberal Democracies. New York: Palgrave Macmillian.Google Scholar
Choi, Jangsup, Gasim, Gamal, and Patterson, Dennis. 2011. “Identity, Issues, and Religious Commitment and Participation: Explaining Turnout among Mosque-Attending Muslim Americans.” Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 11 (3): 343–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dana, Karam. 2011. Muslims in America: A Profile. The Dubai Initiative Paper Series. New York: The Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School of Government.Google Scholar
Dana, Karam. 2017. “Anti-Western Feelings in the Arab World and the Role of Exposure to the West: Rethinking Connections Through Public Opinion.” Territory, Politics, Governance. doi: 10.1080/21622671.2017.1292946.Google Scholar
Dana, Karam, Barreto, Matt, and Oskooii, Kassra. 2011. “Mosques as American Institutions: Mosque Attendance, Religiosity and Integration into the Political System among American Muslims.” Religions 2 (4): 504–24.Google Scholar
Dana, Karam, and Franklin, Stephen. 2013. “Islam in America.” In Islam for Journalists: A Primer on Covering Muslim Communities in America, eds. Pintak, Lawrence and Franklin's, Stephen. Columbia, Missouri: Donald W. Reynolds Journalism Institute, 96127.Google Scholar
Davis, Darren. 1997. “The direction of race of interviewer effects among African-Americans: Donning the Black Mask.” American Journal of Political Science 41 (1): 309–22.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Calfano, Brian R.. 2012. “American Muslim Investment in Civil Society Political Discussion, Disagreement, and Tolerance.” Political Research Quarterly 65 (3): 516–28.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Gilbert, Christopher P.. 2009. The Political Influence of Churches, eds. Leege, David C., and Wald, Kenneth D.. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Espenshade, Thomas J., and Ramakrishnan, S. Karthick. 2001. “Immigrant Incorporation and Political Participation in the United States.” International Migration Review 35: 870909.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Sidney, and Goldscheider, Calvin. 1968. Jewish Americans: Three Generations in a Jewish Community. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Gordon, Milton M. 1964. Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, Fredrick C. 1994. “Something Within: Religion as a Mobilizer of African-American Political Activism.” Journal of Politics 56 (1): 4268.Google Scholar
Herberg, Will. 1955. Catholic—Protestant—Jew. New York: Doubleday & Co.Google Scholar
Hochschild, Jennifer, and Mollenkopf, John. 2010. “Immigrant Political Incorporation: Comparing Success in the US and Western Europe.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 33: 1938.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel. 1996. The Clash of Civilizations. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Jalalzai, Farida. 2009. “The Politics of Muslims in America.” Politics and Religion 2 (2) (April): 163–99.Google Scholar
Jamal, Amaney. 2005. “The Political Participation and Engagement of Muslim Americans: Mosque Involvement and Group Consciousness.” American Politics Research 33: 4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jamal, Amaney A. 2010. “Muslim Americans: Enriching or Depleting American Democracy?” In Religion and Democracy in the United States: Danger or Opportunity, eds. Wolfe, Alan and Katznelson, Ira. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 89110.Google Scholar
Jeanrond, Werner G. 2002. “Belonging or Identity? Christian Faith in a Multi-Religious World.” In Many Mansions? Multiple Religious Belonging and Christian Identity, ed. Cornille, Catherine. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 106–20.Google Scholar
Jones-Correa, Michael A., and Leal, David L.. 2001. “Political Participation: Does Religion Matter?Political Research Quarterly 54 (4): 751.Google Scholar
Kellstedt, Lyman, Green, John C., Guth, James L., and Smidt, Corwin E.. 1996. “Grasping at the Essentials: The Social Embodiment of Religion and Political Behavior.” In Religion and the Culture Wars, eds. Green, John, Guth, James, Smidt, Corwin, and Kellstedt, Lyman. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 174–92.Google Scholar
Kelly, Nathan J., and Morgan, Jana. 2008. “Religious Traditionalism and Latino Politics in the United States.” American Politics Research 36 (2): 236.Google Scholar
Krysan, Maria. 1998. “Privacy and the expression of white racial attitudes: A comparison across three contexts.” Public Opinion Quarterly 62 (4): 506–44.Google Scholar
Krysan, Maria, and Couper, Mick P.. 2003. “Race in the Live and Virtual Interview: Racial Deference, Social Desirability, and Activation Effects in Attitude Surveys.” Social Psychology Quarterly 66 (4): 364–83.Google Scholar
Lajevardi, Nazita. 2015. “The Media Matters: Muslim American Portrayals and the Effects on Mass Attitudes.” Paper Delivered at the 112th Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA), Philadelphia, PA, 2 September 2016.Google Scholar
Layman, Geoffrey. 2001. The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Layman, Geoffrey C. 1997. “Religion and Political Behavior in the United States: The Impact of Beliefs, Affiliations, and Commitment From 1980 to 1994.” Public Opinion Quarterly 61 (2): 288.Google Scholar
Lee, Jongho, and Pachon, Harry P.. 2007. “Leading the Way: An Analysis of the Effect of Religion on the Latino Vote.” American Politics Research 35 (2): 252–72.Google Scholar
Lewis, Bernard. 1990. “The Roots of Muslim Rage.” The Atlantic Monthly, September 1990.Google Scholar
Lien, Pei-te, Conway, Margaret, and Wong, Janelle. 2004. The Politics of Asian Americans. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
March, Andrew. 2006. “Liberal Citizenship and the Search for an Overlapping Consensus: The Case of Muslim Minorities.” Philosophy & Public Affairs 34 (4): 373421.Google Scholar
March, Andrew. 2007. “Islamic Foundations for a Social Contract in non-Muslim Liberal Democracies.” American Political Science Review 101 (2): 235–52.Google Scholar
March, Andrew F. 2011. “Reading Tariq Ramadan: Political Liberalism, Islam, and ‘Overlapping Consensus’.” Ethics & International Affairs 21 (4) (March): 399413.Google Scholar
McDaniel, Eric L., and Ellison, Christopher G.. 2008. “God's Party? Race, Religion, and Partisanship over Time.” Political Research Quarterly 61 (2) (February 9): 180–91.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Claire. 2006. Religion, Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland: Boundaries of Belonging and Belief. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing.Google Scholar
Olson, Laura R., and Warber, Adam L.. 2008. “Belonging, Behaving, and Believing: Assessing the Role of Religion on Presidential Approval.” Political Research Quarterly 61 (2): 192204.Google Scholar
Oskooii, Kassra A. R. 2015. “How Discrimination Impacts Sociopolitical Behavior: A Multi-Dimensional Perspective.” Political Psychology 37: 613–40.Google Scholar
Oskooii, Kassra, and Dana, Karam. 2017. “Muslims in Great Britain: The Impact of Mosque Attendance on Political Behaviour and Civic Engagement.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2017.1330652.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D., and Campbell, David E.. 2010. American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Read, Jen‘nan Ghazal. 2007. “More of a Bridge than a Gap: Gender Differences in Arab-American Political Engagement.” Social Science Quarterly 88 (5) (December): 1072–91.Google Scholar
Read, Jen‘nan Ghazal 2015. “Gender, Religious Identity, and Civic Engagement among Arab Muslims in the United States.” Sociology of Religion 76 (1) (July): 119.Google Scholar
Rozell, Mark, and Wilcox, Clyde. 1997. God at the Grass Roots, 1996: The Christian Right in the American Elections. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Sanchez, G. R. 2006. ‘The Political Role of Group Consciousness in Latino Public Opinion.’ Political Research Quarterly 59 (3): 435–46.Google Scholar
Schoettmer, Patrick. 2015. “Mobilization and the Masjid: Muslim Political Engagement in Post 9/11 America.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 3: 2.Google Scholar
Smidt, Corwin E. 2013. American Evangelicals Today. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
Steenbrink, Karel A. 1990. “The Study of Comparative Religion by Indonesian Muslims: A Survey.” Numen, 37 (December): 141–67.Google Scholar
Strabac, Zan, and Listhaug, Ola. 2008. “Anti-Muslim prejudice in Europe: A multilevel analysis of survey data from 30 countries.” Social Science Research 37 (1): 268–86.Google Scholar
Swaine, Lucas. 1996. “Principled Segregation: Liberal Governance and Religious Free Exercise.” Journal of Church and State 38 (3): 596619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swaine, Lucas. 2001. The Liberal Conscience: Politics and Principle in a World of Religious Pluralism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Valenzuela, Ali A. 2014. “Tending the Flock: Latino Religious Commitments and Political Preferences.” Political Research Quarterly 67 (4): 930–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verba, Sidney, Schlozman, Kay Lehman, and Brady, Henry. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wilcox, Clyde. 1986. “Fundamentalists and Politics: An Analysis of the Effects of Differing Operational Definitions.” Journal of Politics 48 (4): 1041–51.Google Scholar