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Adverse childhood experiences, exposure to a natural disaster and posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 May 2017

Y. Inoue ,
A. Stickley ,
A. Yazawa ,
J. Aida ,
I. Kawachi ,
K. Kondo  and
T. Fujiwara
Y. Inoue*
Affiliation:
Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
A. Stickley
Affiliation:
Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Stockholm Center for Health and Social Change (Scohost), Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
A. Yazawa
Affiliation:
Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
J. Aida
Affiliation:
Department of International and Community Oral Health, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Miyagi Prefectural Government Office, Sendai, Japan
I. Kawachi
Affiliation:
Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA
K. Kondo
Affiliation:
Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan Center for Well-being and Society, Nihon Fukushi University, Aichi, Japan Department of Gerontological Evaluation, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan
T. Fujiwara
Affiliation:
Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
*
*Address for correspondence: Y. Inoue, Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 137 East Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA. (E-mail: yosuke.yoshi.yosky@gmail.com)
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Abstract

Aims.

To investigate whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) modify the impact of exposure to a natural disaster (the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami) on the occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among older people.

Methods.

Data were collected as part of the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES), which is an on-going epidemiological survey investigating social determinants of health among older people across Japan. Information on PTSD symptoms based on the Screening Questionnaire for Disaster Mental Health, traumatic exposure to the earthquake (i.e., house damage and loss of relatives/friends during the earthquake/tsunami) and ACEs was obtained from 580 participants aged 65 or older living in Iwanuma City, Miyagi Prefecture, which suffered severe damage as a result of the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami in March 2011. Associations were examined using Poisson regression analysis with a robust variance estimator after adjusting for covariates.

Results.

The prevalence of PTSD was 9.7% in this population; compared to those with no traumatic experience, the prevalence of PTSD was approximately two times higher among those who experienced the loss of close friends/relatives (PR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.11–3.03, p = 0.018), or whose house was damaged (PR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.07–4.34, p = 0.032). ACE was not significantly associated with PTSD. Stratified analyses by the presence of ACE showed that damage due to the earthquake/tsunami was associated with PTSD only among those without ACEs; more specifically, among non-ACE respondents the PR of PTSD associated with house damage was 6.67 (95% CI = 1.66–26.80), while for the loss of a relative or a close friend it was 3.56 (95% CI = 1.18–10.75). In contrast, no statistically significant associations were observed among those with ACEs.

Conclusion.

Following the Great East Japan earthquake/tsunami in 2011 a higher risk of developing PTSD symptoms was observed in 2013 especially among older individuals without ACEs. This suggests that ACEs might affect how individuals respond to subsequent traumatic events later in life.

Keywords

PTSDelderlyepidemiologypopulation survey
Type
Original Articles
Information
Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences , Volume 28 , Issue 1 , February 2019 , pp. 45 - 53
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

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