^{Page 60 of note 1} See Brooke, Trans. Roy. Hist. Soc. 5th ser. XVII (1967)—henceforth Brooke (1967)—pp. 30 ff., especially p. 36. In all that relates to the friars I owe a special debt to my wife, Dr Rosalind Brooke, and to Professor Dom David Knowles, though neither is to be held responsible for the statement of my views; and for town parishes, among many who have helped me, I should like particularly to acknowledges my debt to Mrs G. Keir, Miss Susan Reynolds, Professor D. A. Bullough (see p. 64 n. 4) and Professor R. B. Pugh. For what follows, see ibid. and C. N. L. Brooke in Bull. Inst. Hist. Res. XLI (1968), 115-31, especially p. 130 —henceforth Brooke (1968).

^{Page 61 of note 1} Opuscula S. Patris Frantisci Assisiensis (2nd ed. Quaracchi, 1941), p. 79.

^{Page 61 of note 2} See R. B. Brooke, Early Franciscan Government, pp. 243 ff.

^{Page 61 of note 3} Ed. O. Holder-Egger, MGH, Scriptores, XXXII, 1905-13, p. 102.

^{Page 62 of note 1} Cf. the studies of Mollat, M., especially ‘La notion de la pauvreté au moyen âge: position de problèmes’, Revue d’histoire de l’Église de France, CXLIX (1966), 1–17, and references there statedGoogle Scholar.

^{Page 63 of note 1} Cf. Brooke (1968)—above, p. 60 n. I; Esser, K. in Archivum Franciscanum Historicum, LI (1958), especially p. 239Google Scholar; A. Borst, Die Katharer (Stuttgart 1953), pp. 231 ff.

^{Page 63 of note 2} On the Dominican sources, see Brooke (1967); on the Constitutions, ibid. p. 28 n. and references cited, especially P. Mandonnet and Vicaire, M.-H., Saint Dominique, l’idée, l’homme et l’oeuvre (Paris 1937), II, 203 ff., 273 ff.Google Scholar; Galbraith, G. R., The Constitution of the Dominican Order, 1216–1360 (Manchester 1925)Google Scholar.

^{Page 63 of note 3} Valuation of Norwich, ed. Lunt, W. E. (Oxford 1926), pp. 212, 218-19.Google Scholar On the early history of parishes in general Addleshaw, G. W.O., Beginnings of the Parochial System, St Anthony’s Hall Publications, no. 9 (York 1956)Google Scholar, and the excellent bibliography of D. Kurze, Pfarrerwahlen im Mittelalter: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Gemeinde und des Niederkirchenwesens (Cologne-Graz 1966).

^{Page 64 of note 1} In theory, tithes were paid on all kinds of income, and the extent to which non-agricultural tithe disappeared in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries may have been exaggerated; but it is certainly from the twelfth century that this tendency grew (see Constable, G., Monastic tithes from their origins to the twelfth century (Cambridge 1964), pp. 16 ff., especially 17 n. 1 Google Scholar; 267-8, especially 268 n. I; 287 ff.). Professor Constable’s book is the indispensable recent guide to the tangled history of tithes, although it only covers part of the field: see ibid. p. 1 n. 1, for general books on the subject of this paper. Boyd, C., Tithes and Parishes in Medieval Italy (Ithaca 1952)Google Scholar, is of particular interest.

^{Page 64 of note 2} Ed. R. R. Darlington, Cartulary of Worcester Cathedral Priory (Pipe Roll Society, 1968), pp. 31-2; cf. idem, The Vita Wulfstani of William of Malmesbury (Camden Third Series, XL, 1928), pp. xxxvii, 191.

^{Page 64 of note 3} See Boyd, p. 53 n. 12; cf. p. 84.

^{Page 64 of note 4} See Bullough, D. A., ‘Urban Change in early Medieval Italy: the example of Pavia’, Papers of the British School at Rome, XXXIV (1966), esp. pp. 99, 119 ffGoogle Scholar. I am much indebted to Professor Bullough for discussing some of the problems of this paper with me, and for valuable advice and references. His study of early Pavia provides an excellent illustration of what the evidence for a well-documented Italian city can reveal. An interesting parallel to Pavia is Dorstad, which is said to have had 55 churches before its destruction in the ninth century (see Johansen, P., ‘Die Kaufmanskirche im Ostseegebiet’ in Studien zu den Anfängen des europäischen Städtewesens, Vorträge und Forschungen, ed. Mayer, T. (Lindau-Constance 1958), pp. 499–525 (cf. p. 78 n. I).Google Scholar

^{Page 65 of note 1} Liber de Laudibus civitatis Ticinensis, ed. Malocchi, R. and Quintavalle, F., Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, XI, i (1903), 4 ff., especially p. 17 (133, excluding chapels, ‘intra urbem’, c. 34 in the suburbs);Google Scholar also ed. F. Gianani (Pavia 1927), pp. 77 ff., 91.

^{Page 65 of note 2} See Kuttner, S., ‘Cardinalis: the History of a Canonical Concept’, Traditio, III (1945), 129–214 Google Scholar.

^{Page 65 of note 3} Cf. Bullough (see p. 64 n.), p. 100.

^{Page 66 of note 1} On Hereford see Mrs Dobel, M. D. in Historic Towns, 1, (London-Oxford 1969)Google Scholar.

^{Page 66 of note 2} On Lincoln see SirHill, J. W.F., Medieval Lincoln (Cambridge 1948), pp. 147 ff.Google Scholar; on York, Victoria County History (henceforth VCH, York), pp. 365 ff.

^{Page 66 of note 3} See F. M. Stenton, Norman London, p. 40 and map (rev. ed. Historical Association, 1934, with map by Miss M. B. Honeybourne, and notes by Miss E. Jeffries Davis; repr. without the map, in Social Life in Early England, ed. Barraclough, G., London 1960, pp. 179 ff.)Google Scholar; cf.Brooke, , Time the archsatirist (London 1968), pp. 17 ffGoogle Scholar. Mrs G. Keir and I are preparing a detailed study of the early history of the London parishes.

^{Page 66 of note 4} D. Claude, Topographie und Verfassung der Städte Bourges und Poitiers bis in das II. Jahrhundert, Hist. Studien, 380 (Lübeck u. Hamburg 1960),passim, especially the maps facing p. 196. For Canterbury see Urry, W., Canterbury under the Angevin Kings (London 1967), pp. 207 ff., especially 210-II.Google Scholar

^{Page 66 of note 5} Ganshof, F. L., Étude sur le développement des villes entre Loire et Rhin au moyen âge (Paris-Brussels 1943), pp. 47 ff.Google Scholar; Müller, W, ‘Pfarrei und mittelalterliche Stadt in Bereiche Südbadens‘, Neue Beiträge zur südwestdeutschen Landesgeschichte: Festschrift für Max Miller (Stuttgart 1962), pp. 69–80 Google Scholar. Of exceptional interest is the history of Paris, on which see Friedmann, A., Paris: ses rues, ses paroisses du moyen âge à la Révolution (Paris 1959)Google Scholar.

^{Page 67 of note 1} See Neuss, W. and Oediger, F. W., Das Bistum Köln...(= Geschichte des Erzbistums Köln, vol. 1) (Köln 1964), pp. 282 ff., especially 286-7Google Scholar. There are several other good studies of the parishes in Cologne: see especially Hegel, E. in Die Kunstdenkmäler im Landesteil Nordrhein, Beil. 2 (1950)Google Scholar and abrief account in Addleshaw, G., The early Parochial system and the divine office (London 1957)Google Scholar.

^{Page 67 of note 2} Ganshof, p. 49; Müller, ‘Pfarrei und mittelalterliche Stadt’.

^{Page 67 of note 3} Müller, ‘Pfarrei und mittelalterliche Stadt’, p. 76; for Beresford, see below, p. 73 n. I.

^{Page 68 of note 1} In general, see (for bibliography) H. Feine, Kirchliche Rechtsgeschichte, Die katholische Kirche, 4th ed. (Cologne-Graz 1964), pp. 411 ff.; Boyd, op. cit.; Kurze, op. cit. In earlier times the limitation was sometimes deliberate: as Professor Ullmann has pointed out to me, the decree of the Council of Tribur of 895, attempting to regulate the growth of parishes, should be stressed in this context (see the summary of ninth-century decrees on tithe and of the literature in Constable, pp. 40 ff.).

^{Page 69 of note 1} See Boyd, pp. 47 ff., 129 ff. For the Roman ‘Diaconiae’, see esp. Kuttner, S. in Traditio, III (1945). 178 ff.Google Scholar; cf. Atlas of the Early Christian World, ed. Van den Meer, F. and Mohrmann, C. (London 1959), map 27Google Scholar. For baptism by the bishop outside Italy, cf. Neuss and Oediger (p. 67 n. I, p. 334) (Cologne); and below, p. 70 (Worcester). For what follows, see Constable (p. 64), chap. 1.

^{Page 69 of note 2} For London see above, p. 66 n. 3; also the map of the City of London showing Parish Boundaries Prior to... 1907 printed by the London Topographical Society (1959). which in all essentials reflects the situation in 1200. For Poitiers see Claude, loc. cit. and passim, esp. pp. 36 ff.

^{Page 70 of note 1} Wheeler, R. E.M., London and the Saxons (London Museum, 1935), esp. p. 100 Google Scholar.

^{Page 70 of note 2} On Atcham church, see H. M. and Taylor, J., Anglo-Saxon Architecture (Cambridge 1965), 1, 30-2Google Scholar.

^{Page 70 of note 3} London, 1908.

^{Page 70 of note 4} Vita Wulfstani (p. 64), pp. 12-13; it is noted that he baptized the poor who could not afford to pay the normal fees.

^{Page 70 of note 5} For what follows see Barlow, F., The English Church 1000-1066 (London 1963), esp. pp. 179 ff., 183 ff. (with full references)Google Scholar.

^{Page 71 of note 1} DrKemp, ’s study of the Leominster complex is summarized in EHR, LXXXIII (1968), 505 ffCrossRefGoogle Scholar; more fully in his Reading Ph.D. thesis, ‘The foundation of Reading Abbey and the growth of its possessions and privileges in England in the twelfth century’ (1966).

^{Page 71 of note 2} Feine (p. 68 n. 1), 1, 129-78, esp. 139 ff. for bibliography; Stutz, U., Geschichte des Kirchlichen Benefizialwesens..., 1 (Berlin 1895, new ed. by Feine, H. E., 1961)Google Scholar; for England, Barlow, pp. 186 ff. and 186 n. for references.

^{Page 71 of note 3} Eadmer, , Historia Novorum, ed. Rule, M. (Rolls Series, 1884), pp. 49–50 Google Scholar.

^{Page 72 of note 1} Barlow, p. 192.

^{Page 72 of note 2} Ed. Kissan, B. W. in Trans. Middlesex Arch. Soc, new ser. VIII (1940), 57–69 Google Scholar, Cf.Douglas, D. C. and Greenaway, G. W., EHD, II (London 1953), 954-6Google Scholar.

^{Page 72 of note 3} See above, pp. 64 f. and nn.

^{Page 73 of note 1} Beresford, M. W., New Towns of the Middle Ages (London 1967), pp. 169 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{Page 73 of note 2} Ormerod, G., Hist, of the county Palatine and city of Chester, 2nd ed. (by Helsby, T., London 1875-82), II, 485, 520Google Scholar.

^{Page 73 of note 3} See above, pp. 66, 69.

^{Page 74 of note 1} So one may deduce from the telescoped narrative in Hugh the Chanter, History of the Church of York, ed. Johnson, C. (Nelson’s Med. Texts, 1967), p. 11 Google Scholar; Cf. York Minster Fasti, 1, ed. SirCharles, Clay (Yorks Arch. Soc. Record Series, (CXXIII, 1958), pp. 1 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{Page 74 of note 2} Cf. Brooke in Bull. JRL, L (1967), 23-4; Collectanea Stephan Kuttner, ed. Forchielli, G. and Stickler, A. M., II = Studia Gratiana , XII (Bologna 1967), 42-3Google Scholar.

^{Page 74 of note 3} Cf. esp.Darlington, R. R. in EHR, LI (1936), 385 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Barlow (p. 70 n. 5), passim.

^{Page 75 of note 1} See above, p. 66 n. (Canterbury, York, Lincoln), 66 n., 69 n. (London). Mr Derek Keene is studying the Winchester churches, and kindly informs me that the number was about fifty by the late thirteenth century.

^{Page 75 of note 2} The evidence is noted in A History of St Paul’s Cathedral, ed. Matthews, W. R. and Atkins, W. M. (London 1957), pp. 13 ff., 18 ff., 361, 363Google Scholar; Cambridge Hist. Journal, x (1951), 111 ff.; Gibbs, M., introd. to Early Charters of the Cathedral Church of St Paul, London (Camden Third Series, LVIII (1939))Google Scholar. There was more continuity at St Paul’s than elsewhere; even so the indications clearly are that it took a generation to build up the large Anglo-Norman chapter of the 1090S.

^{Page 76 of note 1} On the cult of St Olaf, see Dickins, B. in Saga-Book of the Viking Society,XII (1939), 53–80 Google Scholar. On the excavations at St Bride’s and St Alban’s, Wood St. see Grimes, W. F., The Excavation of Roman and Mediaeval London (London 1968), pp. 182 ff., 203 ffGoogle Scholar. No such antiquity has been proved for St Swithun London Stone (ibid. pp. 199 ff.) which appears to be no older than the twelfth century. For an earlier study of these and similar dedications, see Wheeler (p. 70), pp. 100 ff.; Cf. Brooke, Time the archsatirist, p. 20.

^{Page 76 of note 2} Cf.Page, W., ‘Some remarks on the Churches of the Domesday Survey’, Archaeologia LXVI (1915), 61-102, esp. 89, 92CrossRefGoogle Scholar, with the indications in H. M. and Taylor, J., Anglo-Saxon Architecture (p. 70 n. 2)Google Scholar.

^{Page 76 of note 3} Cf. Barlow, pp. 215 ff., 227 ff., who gives, however, a somewhat more favourable picture of the diocese of York in particular than that suggested here.

^{Page 77 of note 1} For the early sites of the bishopric of East Anglia see references in Brooke, , in Studia Gratiana, XII, 41 nGoogle Scholar. Bury was first established as an ecclesiastical centre by Bishop Theodred of London in the first half of the tenth century (see Whitelock, D., Anglo-Saxon Wills (Cambridge 1930), pp. 2 ff., 99 ff.)Google Scholar; both Bury and Hulme owed their first main endowment as monasteries to King Cnut (see Knowles, D., Monastic Order in England (Cambridge 1940, and 2nd edn. 1963), p. 70)Google Scholar.

^{Page 77 of note 2} Barlow, pp. 77 ff., gives a very fair judgement on Stigand.

^{Page 77 of note 3} VCH, York, p. 397.

^{Page 77 of note 4} On the parish churches of Leicester see VCH, Leics., IV, 388-9.

^{Page 77 of note 5} London, its Origin and early Development (London 1923), chap, IV, and pp. 159 ff.

^{Page 78 of note 1} Time the archsatirist, pp. 20 ff. For Continental work on churches built by groups of merchants, see esp. Johansen (art. cit. pp. 64-5 n. 4); Cf. also Kurze, pp. 308-9.

^{Page 78 of note 2} Commonly reckoned a dedication characteristic of the Vikings (Cf. St Clement Danes in London and the early dedications in Oslo: Christie, H. in Medieval Archaeology, X (1966), 48)Google Scholar.

^{Page 78 of note 3} Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, III, ed. Cronne, H. A. and Davis, R. H. C. (Oxford 1968), no. 987 Google Scholar.

^{Page 78 of note 4} For what follows see Kurze (p. 63 n. 3), passim.

^{Page 79 of note 1} See Violante, C., La pataria milanese e la riforma ecclesiastica, 1 (Rome 1955)Google Scholar; idem, , ‘I laici nel movimento patarino’, I Laici nella ‘Societas Christiana’ dei Secoli XI e XII (Milan 1968), pp. 597–697 Google Scholar; Cowdrey, H. E. J., ‘The Papacy, the Patarenes, and the Church of Milan’, Trans. Roy. Hist. Soc. 5th ser. XVIII (1968), 25–48 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

^{Page 79 of note 2} For the general problem see Brooke (1968), p. 60 n. 1; many aperçus on this problem are to be found in the proceedings of the 1965 conference at La Mendola on I Laici (above, n. 1).

^{Page 80 of note 1} See the prolific synodal statutes in Councils and Synods, II, ed. Powicke, F. M. and Cheney, C. R. (Oxford 1964) esp. pt. 1, 70, 444 and index, s.v. Children: safety measures forGoogle Scholar.

^{Page 80 of note 2} Liebermann, F., Gesetze der Angelsachsen (Halle 1903-16), 1, 380-5Google Scholar; translation and useful notes—including revision of Liebermann’s date and evidence for Wulfstan’s authorship or inspiration—by Whitelock, D. inEHD (London 1955), 1. 434-9Google Scholar.

^{Page 80 of note 3} c. 35 (Whitelock, p. 437: Cf. her note ad loc).

^{Page 81 of note 1} See esp. Clapham, A. W., English Romanesque Architecture after the Conquest (Oxford 1934), chap, VI and fig. 33Google Scholar; Cf. H. M. and J. Taylor, Anglo-Saxon Architecture, passim.

^{Page 81 of note 2} Cf. Brooke in Bull.JRL, L (1967), 13-33.

^{Page 81 of note 3} Cf. esp.Meersseman, G., ‘L’Architecture Dominicaine en XIIIe siècle, législation et pratique’, Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum, XVI (1946), 136-90Google Scholar; and (for England) A. R. Martin, Franciscan Architecture in England (Brit. Soc. of Franciscan Studies, 1937).

^{Page 82 of note 1} See Chibnall, M.’s statement of the literature and the issues in JEH, XVIII 1967), 165-72Google Scholar, in which she charitably and reasonably takes me to task for some sentences in Morey, A. and Brooke, C. N.L., Gilbert Foliot and his letters (Cambridge 1965), p. 85 and n.Google Scholar, which may have given a misleading impression of the state of discussion of the topic. Among other points, she urges (p. 166) that insufficient attention has been paid in the recent literature to the distinction between temporal rights over churches and spiritual rights, and between serving the altar and serving the parish; this is a fair point, but it must be clearly understood that many folk failed to see the first distinction in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries, and that the nature of ’parish work’ in this period is exceedingly obscure. Mrs Chibnall’s article contains valuable evidence on several of the topics discussed here, especially on the definition of a parish.

^{Page 82 of note 2} See Constable (p. 64 n. 1), chap, II, pp. 136 ff. (esp. p. 144), 165 ff.

^{Page 83 of note 1} Wisniowski, E., Rozwoj organizacji parafialnej w Polsce du czasów Reformacji (Development of parochial structures in Poland to the Reformation), in: Ko##ciòt w Polsci I (= Église en Pologne, vol. 1, ed. Kloczowski, J.), Kraków, 1968, pp. 239 ff. (summary and bibliography)Google Scholar.