Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T01:18:07.289Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

European Art: the Palaeolithic Legacy?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2008

Robert G. Bednarik
Affiliation:
Office of the IFRAO ConvenerAustralian Rock Art Research AssociationP.O. Box 216 Caulfield South, Victoria 3162, Australia

Abstract

The recent discovery of open-air rock engravings in the Côa valley of northern Portugal has been followed by a vigorous debate over their true age. On grounds of style and of stylistic parallels, many rock art specialists attribute the Côa engravings (and similar carvings at a handful of other sites in Iberia and southern France) to the Upper Palaeolithic, contemporary with the more famous cave art ofLascaux and elsewhere. Attempts so far to date the Côa engravings by scientific techniques have produced relatively recent age estimates for this art. Robert Bednarik has been among the strongest proponents of such a recent date, and in this noe he seeks to explain how the Côa art could be Holocene, or even late Holocene, yet still bear striking stylistic resemblance to carvings or other representations of known Palaeolithic age. In the spirit of the debate, we have invited three rock art experts to comment on Bednarik's theory of artistic continuity, and have appended his own reply to these responses.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Altuna, J., 1973. Hallazgos de oso pardo (Ursus arctos, Mammalia) en cuevas del País Vasco. Munibe 25, 121–70.Google Scholar
AparicioPérez, J. Pérez, J., 1987. Chronologie de l'art mobilier paléolithique dans l'Espagne méditerranéenne, in Clottes, (ed.), 101–20.Google Scholar
Aubry, T., Carvalho, A.F. & Zilhāo, J., 1997. Arqueologia: Salto do Boi-Cardina I, in Arte rupestre e pré-história do Vale do Côa (trabalhos de 1995–96). Lisbon: Relatório cientifico ao Governo da República Portuguesa, 123.Google Scholar
Bahn, P.G., 1985. Ice Age drawings on open rock faces in the Pyrenees. Nature 313, 530–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bahn, P.G., 1992a. Expecting the Spanish Inquisition: Altamira's rejection in its 19th century context, in Ancient Images, Ancient Thought: the Archaeology of Ideology, eds. Goldsmith, A.S., Garvie, S., Selin, D. & Smith, J.. Calgary: Archaeological Association, University of Calgary, 339–46.Google Scholar
Bahn, P.G., 1992b. Open air rock art in the Palaeolithic, in Lorblanchet, (ed.), 395400.Google Scholar
Bahn, P.G., 1994. Lascaux: composition or accumulation? Zephyrus 47, 313.Google Scholar
Bahn, P.G., 1996. New developments in Pleistocene art, 1990–1994, in Rock Art Studies: News of the World I, eds. Bahn, P.G. & Fossati, A.. (Oxbow Monograph 72.) Oxford: Oxbow, 113.Google Scholar
Baptista, A.M., 1983. O complexo de gravuras rupestres do Vale da Casa — (Vila Nova de Foz Côa). Arqueologia 8, 5769.Google Scholar
Bednarik, R.G., 1986. Parietal finger markings in Europe and Australia. Rock Art Research 3, 3061.Google Scholar
Bednarik, R.G., 19911992. Rock art as a cultural determinant. Survey 5/6 (7/8), 1120.Google Scholar
Bednarik, R.G., 1992a. Palaeoart and archaeological myths. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2 (1), 2743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bednarik, R.G., 1992b. The stuff legends in archaeology are made of: a reply to critics. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2 (2), 262–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bednarik, R.G., 1993. Oldest dated rock art in the world. International Neivsletter on Rock Art 4, 56.Google Scholar
Bednarik, R.G., 1994. A taphonomy of palaeoart. Antiquity 68, 6874.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bednarik, R.G., 1995a. The age of the Côa valley petroglyphs in Portugal. Rock Art Research 12, 86103.Google Scholar
Bednarik, R.G., 1995b. Contexte Eurasien de l'art paléolithique chinois. L'Anthropologic 99 (2/3), 459–66.Google Scholar
Bednarik, R.G., 1996a. Eneolithic horse burial in Italy. The Artefact 19, 102–3.Google Scholar
Bednarik, R.G., 1996b. Only time will tell: a review of the methodology of direct rock art dating. Archaeometry 38 (1), 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beltrán, A., 1992a. Crisis in traditional ideas about European rock art: the question of diffusion and convergence, in Lorblanchet, (ed.), 401–13.Google Scholar
Beltrán, A., 1992b. Persistance dans l'art préhistorique espagnol du ‘style paléolithique’ pendant le Mésolithique. Liens possibles avec le style ‘Levantin’ et séquence de ce dernier jusqu'á l'art schématique. L'Anthropologie 96, 473–98.Google Scholar
Breuil, H., 1948. Introduction, in Lascaux, ‘Chapelle Sixtine’ de la préhistoire, eds. Windels, F. & Laming, A.. Montignac: Centre d'Études et de Documentation Préhistoriques, 45.Google Scholar
Breuil, H., 1952. Four Hundred Centuries of Cave Art. Montignac: Centre d'Études et de Documentation Préhistoriques.Google Scholar
Cadeo, G.C., 1956. L'Ursus spelaeus Rosenmüller e Heinroth del Buco del Piombo sopra erba (Prealpi Comasche). Milano: Atti della Societa Italiano di Sciencia Naturale e del Museo Civico.Google Scholar
CasadoLopez, M.P. Lopez, M.P., 1977. Los signos en el arte Paleolítico de la Península Ibérica. (Monografías Arqueológicas 20.) Zaragoza: Librería General.Google Scholar
Clottes, J., 1987. L'art des objels au Paléolithique, 1: L'arl mobilier et son contexte: Actes du Colloque de Foix-Le Mas d'Azil, 16–21 Nov. 1987. Paris: Ministere de la Culture, 101–20.Google Scholar
Clottes, J., Courtin, J. & Valladas, H., 1992. A well-dated Palaeolithic cave: the Cosquer Cave at Marseille. Rock Art Research 9, 122–9.Google Scholar
Clottes, J., Lorblanchet, M. & Beltrán, A., 1995. Are the Foz Côa engravings actually Holocene? International Newsletter on Rock Art 12, 1921.Google Scholar
Couraud, C, 1985. L'art azilien. Origine-survivance. (20th Supplement of Gallia Préhistoire.) Paris: CNRS.Google Scholar
Davidson, I., 1996. The power of pictures, in Beyond Art:Pleistocene Image and Symbol, eds. Conkey, M., Soffer, O. & Stratmann, D.. San Francisco (CA): California Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Delpech, F., 1992. Le monde Magdalénien d'après le milieu animal, in Le peuplement magdalénien: Actes du Colloque du Chancelade 1988. Paris: Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, 127–35.Google Scholar
d'Errico, F., 1994. L'art gravé azilien. De la technique a la signification. Paris: CNRS Éditions.Google Scholar
Donner, J.J. & Kurtén, B., 1958. The floral and faunal succession of ‘Cueva del Toll’, Spain. Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart 9, 7282.Google Scholar
Edwards, R., 1966. Comparative study of rock engravings in South and Central Australia. Transcripts of the Royal Society of South Australia 90, 33–8.Google Scholar
Flood, J., 1995. Copying the Dreamtime: anthropic marks in early Aboriginal Australia. Paper presented to Symposium 1A, ‘Rock art studies: new approaches’, NEWS95 Congress, Turin (in press).Google Scholar
Fullolai Pericot, J. i Pericot, J., Vallverdu, R. Viñas i & Andreu, P. Garcia Argüelles i, 1987. La nouvelle plaquette graved de Sant Gregori (Catalogne, Espagne), in Clottes, (ed.), 279–85.Google Scholar
Gomes, M.V. & Cardoso, J.L., 1989. A mais antiga representação de Equus do Vale do Tejo. Almansor, Revista de Cultura 7, 167209.Google Scholar
HernándezPérez, M.S. Pérez, M.S., Marset, P. Ferrer i & Ferrer, E. Catalá, 1988. Arte mpestre en Alicante. Alicante: Fundación Banco de Alicante y Grupo Banco Exterior.Google Scholar
Koby, F.E., 1960. Se qu'on sait actuellement de l'ours des cavernes à propos d'une reconstitution plastique en grandeur naturelle. Actes de la Société jurassien d'emulation, Porrentruy, 197224.Google Scholar
Kühn, H., 1971. DieFelsbilder Europas. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.Google Scholar
Kurten, B., 1968. Pleistocene Mammals of Europe. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.Google Scholar
Lejeune, M., 1987. L'art mobilier paléolithique et mésolithique en Belgique. Treignes: Éditions Centre d'Études et de Documentation Archéologique.Google Scholar
Lorblanchet, M., 1989. De l'art naturaliste des chasseurs de rennes á l'art géométrique du Mésolithique dans le Sud de la France. (Colloquio Internacional de Arte Pré-Historica, Montemor O-Novo, Portugal 1988.) Almansor, Revista de Cultura 7, 95124.Google Scholar
Lorblanchet, M. (ed.), 1992. Rock Art in the Old World. (IGNCA Rock Art Series 1.) New Delhi: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.Google Scholar
Lorblanchet, M., 1993. Rock art and rivalry. International Newsletter on Rock Art 5, 1011.Google Scholar
Lorblanchet, M. & Welté, A.-C., 1987. L'art mobilier paléolithique du Quercy. Chronologie et thèmes, in Clottes, (ed.), 3164.Google Scholar
Lumley, H. de, 1971. Chronologie du Würmien II en Europe. Études Quaternaires, Memoire 1, 363–9.Google Scholar
Maluquerde Motes, J. de Motes, J., 1953. Nuevo hallazgo de Ursus spelaeus en Catalana. Memorias y Communicaciones 10, 51.Google Scholar
Marshack, A., 1991. The Female image: a ‘time-factored’ symbol: a study in style and aspects of symbol use in the Upper Palaeolithic. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 57(1), 1731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshack, A., 1992. An innovative analytical technology: discussion of its present and potential use. Rock Art Research 9, 3764.Google Scholar
Martin, Y., 1973. L'art paléolithique de Gouy. Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray: Jacques Buquet.Google Scholar
Maynard, L., 1977. Classification and terminology in Australian rock art, in Form in Indigenous Art: Schematisation in the Art of Aboriginal Australia and Prehistoric Europe, ed. Ucko, P.J.. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 367402.Google Scholar
Mowaljarlai, D. & Watchman, A., 1989. An Aboriginal view of rock art management. Rock Art Research 6, 151–3.Google Scholar
Nobbs, M.F. & Dorn, R.I., 1988. Age determinations for rock varnish formation within petroglyphs: cation-ratio dating of 24 motifs from the Olary region, South Australia. Rock Art Research 5, 108–46.Google Scholar
Otte, M., Yalcinkaya, I., Leotard, J.M., Kartal, M., BarYosef, O., Kozlowski, J., Bayón, I. López & Marshack, A., 1995. The Epi-Palaeolithic of Öküzini cave (SW Anatolia) and its mobiliary art. Antiquity 69, 931–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinach, S., 1903. L'art et la magie. A propos des peintures et des gravures de l'Age du Renne. L'Anthropologie 14, 257–66.Google Scholar
Roussot, A., 1987. Art mobilier et art pariétal du Périgord et de la Gironde. Comparaisons stylistiques, in Clottes, (ed.), 189202.Google Scholar
Rouzaud, F. & Jamet, H., 1993. Des ‘chasseurs de caribou’ á la découverte des grottes ornées paléolithiques. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Ariège-Pyrénées 48, 2330.Google Scholar
Schulz, A.S., 1956. Northwest Australian Rock Paintings. (Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 12.) Melbourne: National Museum of Victoria.Google Scholar
Simonnet, R., 1980. Emergence de la préhistoire en pays ariégeois. Aperçu critique d'un siècle de recherches. Bulletin de la Société ariégoise Sciences, Lettres et Arts 35, 588.Google Scholar
Vilaseca, S., 1934. L'Estació-taller de silex de Sant Gregori. Memoria de la Academie de Ciencias y Arte de Barcelona 23(21), 415–39.Google Scholar
VillaverdeBonilla, V. Bonilla, V., 1987. Animation et scènes sur les plaquettes du Parpallo (Gandia, Espagne): quelques considérations sur la pictographie dans l'art mobilier, in Clottes, (ed.), 227–41.Google Scholar
Walsh, G.L., 1994. Bradshaws, Ancient Rock Paintings of North-west Australia. Geneva: Édition Limitée.Google Scholar
Watchman, A., 1995. Recent petroglyphs, Foz Côa, Portugal. Rock Art Research 12, 104–8.Google Scholar
Watchman, A., 1996. A review of the theory and assumptions in the AMS dating of the Foz Côa petroglyphs, Portugal. Rock Art Research 13, 2736.Google Scholar
Worms, E.A., 1955. Contemporary and prehistoric rock paintings in central and northern north Kimberley. Anthropos 50, 546–66.Google Scholar
Zilhāo, J., 1995. The age of the Côa valley (Portugal) rockart: validation of archaeological dating to the Palaeolithic and refutation of ‘scientific’ dating to historic or proto-historic times. Antiquity 69, 883901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar