Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-t5pn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T10:05:02.119Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Mutual forbearance among multimarket firms: A behavioral approach to tacit cooperation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2013

John Stephan*
Affiliation:
Department of Organizations and Environments, Dyson Center, Marist College, North Road, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
Richard Peters*
Affiliation:
Department of Business Administration, Division of Business, Xavier University of Louisiana, Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA, USA

Abstract

Emerging empirical evidence has noted that multimarket firms may not always behave in ways that are consistent with their multimarket positions. Assuming multimarket ties between firms exists that are sufficient to permit tacit agreement among them to refrain from aggressive competition, we describe how additional factors are likely to affect the decision of managers of multimarket firms to abide by such an agreement. In particular, we focus on factors that are likely to make the negative consequences of violating a tacit agreement of mutual forbearance more salient and those that encourage managers to direct their firms to behave in more cooperative ways.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, P. S., Kwon, S. W. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review, 28, 204219.Google Scholar
Anand, J., Mesquita, L. F., Vassolo, R. S. (2009). The dynamics of multimarket competition in exploration and exploitation activities. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 802821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashkanasy, N. M., Wilderom, C. P. M., Peterson, M. F. (2000). Introduction. In N. M. Ashkanasy, C. P. M. Wilderom, & M. F. Peterson (Eds.), Handbook of organizational culture and climate (pp. 118). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Bandura, T. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Barnett, W. P. (1993). Strategic deterrence among multipoint competitors. Industrial and Corporate Change, 2, 249278.Google Scholar
Barney, J. B., Hesterley, W. (1996). Organizational economics: Understanding the relationship between organizations and economic analysis. In S. R. Clegg, C. Hardy, & W. R. Nord (Eds.), Handbook of organizational studies (pp. 115147). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Baum, J. A. C., Korn, H. J. (1996). Competitive dynamics of interfirm rivalry. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 259291.Google Scholar
Baum, J. A. C., Korn, H. J. (1999). Dynamics of dyadic competitive interaction. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 251278.3.0.CO;2-H>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baum, J. C., Dutton, J. E. (1996). Introduction: The embeddedness of strategy. In J. C. Baum & J. E. Dutton (Eds.), Advances in strategic management, vol. 13 (pp. 115). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Camerer, C. F. (1991). Does strategy research need game theory? Strategic Management Journal, 12, 137152.Google Scholar
Chatman, J. A., Barsade, S. G. (1995). Personality, organizational culture, and cooperation: Evidence from a business simulation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 423443.Google Scholar
Chen, M. (1996). Competitor analysis and interfirm rivalry: Toward a theoretical integration. Academy of Management Review, 21, 100134.Google Scholar
Chen, M., Miller, D. (1994). Competitive attack, retaliation, and performance: An expectancy-valence framework. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 85102.Google Scholar
Condon, J. W., Crano, W. D. (1988). Inferred evaluation and the relation between attitude similarity and interpersonal attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 789797.Google Scholar
Dess, G. G., Beard, D. W. (1984). Dimensions of organizational task environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, 5273.Google Scholar
Duncan, R. B. (1972). Characteristics of organizational environments and perceived environmental uncertainty. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 313327.Google Scholar
Dutton, J. E., Dukerich, J. M., Harquail, C. V. (1994). Organizational images and member identification. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39, 239263.Google Scholar
Fazio, R. H., Zanna, M. P. (1981). Direct experience and attitude-behavior consistency. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 14 (pp. 161202). New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D. C. (1996). Strategic leadership: Top executives and their effects on organizations. Minneapolis, MN: West.Google Scholar
Gimeno, J. (1999). Reciprocal threats in multimarket rivalry: Staking out ‘spheres of influence’ in the US airline industry. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 101128.3.0.CO;2-4>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gimeno, J., Woo, C. Y. (1996). Hypercompetition in a multi-market environment: The role of strategic similarity and multi-market contact in competitive de-escalation. Organization Science, 7, 322341.Google Scholar
Gimeno, J., Woo, C. Y. (1999). Multimarket contact, economies of scope, and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 239259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glick, W. H., Miller, C. C., Huber, G. P. (1993). The impact of upper-echelon diversity on organizational performance. In G. P. Huber & W. H. Glick (Eds.), Organizational change and redesign: Ideas and insights for improving performance (pp. 176214). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gnyawali, D. R., Madhavan, R. (2001). Cooperative networks and competitive dynamics: A structural embeddedness perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26, 431445.Google Scholar
Golden, B., Ma, H. (2003). Mutual forbearance: The role of intrafirm integration and rewards. Academy of Management Review, 28, 479493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, J., Holahan, W. (2003). Credible collusion in spatially separated markets. International Economic Review, 44, 299313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guedri, Z., McGuire, J. (2011). Multimarket competition, mobility barriers, and firm performance. Journal of Management Studies, 48, 857890.Google Scholar
Gulati, R. (1998). Alliances and networks. Strategic Management Journal, 19, 293317.Google Scholar
Gupta, A. K., Govindarajan, V. (1986). Resource sharing among SBUs: Strategic antecedents and administrative implications. Academy of Management Journal, 29, 695714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hambrick, D. C., Finkelstein, S. (1987). Managerial discretion: A bridge between polar views on organizations. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, vol. 9 (pp. 369406). Greenwich, CT: JAI.Google Scholar
Hambrick, D. C., Fredrickson, J. W. (2001). Are you sure you have a strategy? Academy of Management Executive, 15, 4859.Google Scholar
Hambrick, D. C., Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9, 193206.Google Scholar
Haveman, H., Nonnemaker, L. (2000). Competition in multiple geographic markets: The impact on growth and market entry. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45, 232268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heide, J. B., Miner, A. B. (1992). The shadow of the future: Effects of anticipated interaction and frequency of contact on buyer-seller contacts. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 265291.Google Scholar
Heliot, Y., Riley, M. (2010). A study of willingness in the knowledge transfer process. Journal of Management & Organization, 16, 399410.Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. (1979). Value systems in forty countries: Interpretation, validation and consequences for theory. In L. H. Eckensberger, W. J. Lonner, & Y. H. Poortinga (Eds.), Cross-cultural contributions to psychology (pp. 398407). Lisse, the Netherlands: Swets and Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
Homburg, C., Krohmer, H., Workman, J. P. Jr. (1999). Strategic consensus and performance: The role of strategy type and market-related dynamism. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 339357.Google Scholar
Itim International. (2011). National cultures. Retrieved from http://Geert-hofstede.com/countries.html.Google Scholar
Jans, I., Rosenbaum, D. I. (1996). Multimarket contact and pricing: Evidence from the US cement industry. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 15, 391412.Google Scholar
Jayachandran, S., Gimeno, J., Varadarajan, P. R. (1999). Theory of multimarket competition: A synthesis and implications for marketing strategy. Journal of Marketing, 63, 4967.Google Scholar
Karnani, A., Wernerfelt, B. (1985). Multiple point competition. Strategic Management Journal, 6, 8796.Google Scholar
Ling, Y., Zhao, H., Baron, R. A. (2007). Influence of founder-CEOs’ personal values on firm performance: Moderating effects of firm age and size. Journal of Management, 33, 673696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lord, R. G., Hanges, P. J. (1987). A control system model of organizational motivation: Theoretical development and applied implications. Behavior Science, 32, 161178.Google Scholar
MacMillan, I., McCaffery, M. L., Van Wijk, G. (1985). Competitors’ responses to easily imitated products – exploring commercial banking product introductions. Strategic Management Journal, 6, 7586.Google Scholar
Miller, C. C., Burke, L. M., Glick, W. H. (1998). Cognitive diversity among upper-echelon executives: Implications for strategic decision processes. Strategic Management Journal, 19, 3958.Google Scholar
Miller, D. (1991). Stale in the saddle: CEO tenure and the match between organization and environment. Management Science, 37, 3452.Google Scholar
Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5, 1437.Google Scholar
Nowak, A., Lewenstein, M., Szamrej, J. (1993). Social transitions occur through bubbles. Scientific American, 12, 1625.Google Scholar
Olson, B. J., Parayitam, S., Bao, Y. (2007). Strategic decision making: The effects of cognitive diversity, conflict and trust on decision outcomes. Journal of Management, 33, 196222.Google Scholar
O'Reilly, C. A. III, Chatman, J. A. (1996). Culture as social control: Corporations, cults, and commitment. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, vol. 18 (pp. 157200). Stamford, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Pfeffer, J. (1983). Organizational demography. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, vol. 5 (pp. 299357). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Prince, J. T., Simon, D. H. (2009). Multimarket contact and service quality: Evidence from on-time performance in the US airline industry. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 336354.Google Scholar
Raven, B. H. (1992). A power/interaction model of interpersonal influence: French and Raven thirty years later. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 7, 217224.Google Scholar
Rico, R., Molleman, E., Sánchez-Manzanares, M., Van der Vegt, G. S. (2007). The effects of diversity faultlines and team task autonomy on decision quality and social integration. Journal of Management, 33, 111132.Google Scholar
Ring, P. S., Van de Ven, A. H. (1994). Development process of cooperative interorganizational relations. Academy of Management Review, 19, 90118.Google Scholar
Roy, R., Prescott, J. E. (2002). Diffusing the shadow of the future: Technological innovation and (non) mutual forbearance, paper presented at August 10–12, 2002 Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Denver, CO.Google Scholar
Rozemeijer, F. A., van Weele, A., Weggeman, M. (2003). Creating corporate advantage through purchasing: Toward a contingency model. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 39(1), 413.Google Scholar
Rumelt, R. P. (1982). Diversification strategy and profitability. Strategic Management Journal, 3, 359369.Google Scholar
Salancik, G. R. (1977). Commitment and the control of organizational behavior and belief. In B. M. Staw & G. R. Salancik (Eds.), New directions in organizational behavior (pp. 154). Chicago: St. Clair Press.Google Scholar
Saloner, G. (1991). Modeling, game theory, and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 119136.Google Scholar
Schelling, T. C. (1960). The strategy of conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Seeck, H., Kantola, A. (2009). Organizational control: Restrictive or productive? Journal of Management and Organization, 15, 241257.Google Scholar
Simsek, Z., Veiga, J. F., Lubatkin, M. H., Dino, R. N. (2005). Modeling the multilevel determinants of top management team behavioral integration. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 6984.Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Stephan, J., Boeker, W. (2001). Getting to multimarket competition: How multimarket contact affects firms’ market entry decision. In J. A. C. Baum & H. R. Greve (Eds.), Advances in strategic management, vol. 18 (pp. 229262). Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Stephan, J., Murmann, J. P., Boeker, W., Goodstein, J. (2003). Bringing managers into the theories of multimarket competition: CEOs and the determinants of market entry. Organization Science, 14, 403421.Google Scholar
Trevino, L. K., Ball, G. A. (1992). The social implications of punishing unethical behavior: Observers’ cognitive and affective reactions. Journal of Management, 18, 751768.Google Scholar
Turner, J. H. (1987). Toward a sociological theory of motivation. American Social Review, 52, 1527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tushman, M. L., Virany, B., Romanelli, E. (1985). Executive succession, strategy reorientation, and organization evaluation. Technology in Society, 7, 297314.Google Scholar
Wagner, J. A. III, Gooding, R. Z. (1997). Equivocal information and attribution: An investigation of patterns of managerial sensemaking. Strategic Management Journal, 18, 275286.Google Scholar
Wu, W. (2008). Dimensions of social capital and firm competitiveness improvement: The mediating role of information sharing. Journal of Management Studies, 45, 122146.Google Scholar