Page numbers in italic type refer to sender/addressee of dispatch.

• Abdul Hamid II (1842–1918), Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1876–1909). 151, 163, 168, 175, 176

• Abdülaziz (1842–1918), Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1861–1876). 112

• Abeken, Christian von (1826–1890), Saxon jurist and statesman. Minister of justice (1871–1890). 318, 319–320, 322–323, 330, 338, 407

• Abeken, Heinrich (1809–1872), Prussian theologian and diplomat. Vortragender Rat in the Prussian foreign ministry. 45

• Abel, Carl (1837–1906), philologist, translator, and journalist. Berlin correspondent of the Daily Telegraph, Evening Standard, and The Times (1865–1878). 56, 85, 130, 131n

• Abel, Charles (1824–1895), lawyer and politician from Alsace-Lorraine. Member of the Reichstag (1874–1878). 123

• Abel, Karl August von (1788–1859), Bavarian statesman. Minister of the interior (1837–1847); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Turin (1847–1850). 489

• Adam, Juliette (1836–1936), née Lambert; French author and feminist. 190

• Adams, Sir Francis Ottiwell (1825–1889), British diplomat. Secretary of legation at Tokyo (1868); secretary of embassy at Berlin (1872) and Paris (1874; with rank of minister from 1879); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berne (1881–1888). 23, 69, 82, 83, 84–85, 172

• Aguesseau, Henri François d' (1668–1751), three times chancellor of France, from 1717. 319

• Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (1839–1919), Ottoman general and statesman. Governor of Crete (1875–1876; 1878); grand vizier (1912). 128

• Ahmed Urabi (1841–1911), Egyptian army officer and nationalist leader. Undersecretary of war and a leading cabinet member during the Egyptian revolt (1879–1882). 175, 178n

• Albert (1828–1902), Crown Prince of Saxony. King of Saxony from 1873. 269, 272, 289, 295, 309, 311–313, 323–324, 350, 356, 376–377, 384, 387, 464, 501

• Alexander (1857–1893), born Prince Alexander von Battenberg. Elected prince (knyaz) of Bulgaria (1879–1886). 21, 251

• Alexander (1823–1888), Prince of Hesse and by Rhine. German general. 21, 193–195, 229, 230, 239–240

• Alexander I (1777–1825), Tsar of Russia from 1801. 349

• Alexander II (1818–1881), Tsar of Russia from 1855. 21, 32, 51–53, 58n, 67, 70, 83–84, 102, 106n, 117n, 119, 125, 132, 137, 148, 150, 151n, 153n, 164, 165n, 193, 194–195, 196, 222, 239–240, 241, 244n, 251, 317, 368n

• Alexander III (1845–1894), Tsar of Russia from 1881. 150, 164, 171, 349, 517n

• Alexandra (1826–1875), Princess of Bavaria. 465

• Alexandra of Denmark (1844–1925), Princess of Denmark. Married Edward, Prince of Wales (1863); Queen consort of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1901–1910). 522

• Alfred (1844–1900), Duke of Edinburgh. Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1893). 83n, 522

• Alice (1843–1878), Princess of the United Kingdom. Married Ludwig of Hesse and by Rhine in 1862; Grand Duchess of Hesse from 1877. 5, 226

• Ampthill, see Russell, Odo

• Anderson, Henry Percy (1831–1896), Foreign Office official. Junior clerk (1854); assistant clerk (1865); senior clerk (1873); assistant under-secretary of state (1894). 124, 152, 153, 155, 157, 160, 162, 164–165, 168, 174n, 175–176, 357, 360–361, 365–366, 368, 371, 374–375, 378, 381, 420–423, 507, 509

• Andrássy, Gyula gróf (1823–1890), Hungarian statesman. Minister president of Hungary (1867–1871); foreign minister of Austria-Hungary (1871–1879). 19, 70–71, 93–94, 108, 111–113, 123, 132, 136–137, 146

• Antoine, Dominique (1845–1916), veterinary surgeon and politician from Alsace-Lorraine. Member of the Reichstag (1882–1889). 188

• Antonelli, Giacomo (1806–1876), Italian cardinal deacon. Cardinal Secretary of State (1848). 38, 443

• Arndt (n.a.), Catholic priest from Filehne. 69

• Arnim, Henning Graf von (1851–1910), Prussian landowner, son of Harry Graf von Arnim-Suckow. 92

• Arnim, Sophie Gräfin von (1836–1918), née von Arnim-Boitzenburg, Harry Graf von Arnim-Suckow's second wife from 1857. 92

• Arnim-Boitzenburg, Adolf Graf von (1832–1887), Prussian landowner, civil servant, and politician. Member of the Reichstag (1867–1884; its president in 1880) and of the Prussian upper house (from 1868); Oberpräsident of the Province of Silesia (1874–1877). 96

• Arnim-Suckow, Harry Graf von (1824–1881), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Lisbon (1862), Kassel (1863), Munich (1863), to the Holy See (1864), and Paris (1871; 1872–1874 as imperial ambassador); fled to Switzerland to avoid prison sentence (1875). 14, 39, 67, 86, 91–92, 96–97, 100n, 292–294, 305n, 318, 330, 409, 440, 441–447

• Arnulf (1852–1907), Prince of Bavaria; general. 511

• Arthur (1850–1942), British prince. Duke of Connaught and Strathearn; Governor General of Canada (1911–1916). 383, 522

• Augusta (1811–1890), Princess of Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach. Married Wilhelm I in 1829; Queen of Prussia from 1861; German Empress from 1871. 30–31, 44–46, 58–59, 65, 67–68, 70, 83, 87–88, 106, 122–123, 152, 181, 323

• Augusta Caroline (1822–1916), Princess Augusta of Cambridge. Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz from 1860. 45

• Bach, Joseph (1833–1901), Catholic theologian. Professor at the University of Munich (1867; 1872–1901). 456

• Baillie, Evan Montague (1824–1874), British diplomat. Attaché at Vienna (1846), Paris (1852; 1858), and Frankfurt (1852); secretary of legation at Rio de Janeiro (1859) and Stuttgart (1861); chargé d'affaires at Karlsruhe and Darmstadt (1871–1873). 6, 199–202, 204–206, 395

• Bakunin, Mikhail (1814–1876), Russian anarchist. 302, 326, 337

• Balan, Hermann von (1812–1874), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Stuttgart (1858), Copenhagen (1859), and Brussels (1864–1874); acting secretary of state at the imperial Foreign Office (1872–1873). 39, 52, 68, 80, 99

• Bamberger, Ludwig (1823–1899), banker, politician, and writer. Member of the Reichstag (1867–1893). 337, 338n, 351

• Bancroft, George (1800–1891), American diplomat and historian. United States secretary of the navy (1845–1847); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to London (1846–1849) and Berlin (1867–1874). 61

• Barbolani, Raffaele di Ulisse (1818–1900), Italian diplomat. Secretary general of the foreign ministry (1867–1869); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Constantinople (1869), St Petersburg (1870), Tokyo (1877), and Munich (1881–1888). 511

• Bardi, Enrico Carlo Luigi Giorgio, conte di (1851–1905), Italian prince; youngest son of Carlo III, Duke of Parma. 528

• Bassewitz, Henning Graf von (1814–1885), German statesman. Member of the North German Reichstag (1867–1871); minister of state and for foreign affairs of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1869–1885). 45

• Bazaine, François Achille (1811–1888), French general. Marshal of France (1864). 73

• Beaconsfield, see Disraeli

• Bebel, August (1840–1913), socialist politician. Member of the Reichstag (1867–1913) and the Saxon second chamber (1881–1890); co-founder of the Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei (1869); chairman of the Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands from 1892. 14, 41, 48n, 249, 270–271, 273, 284, 287, 300, 304, 320, 326–328, 367, 368, 371–374

• Beckmann, Albert (n.a.), journalist, newspaper correspondent and press agent at the German embassy in Paris. 293

• Benedetti, Vincent (1817–1900), French diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Turin (1860–1861); ambassador to Berlin (1864–1870). 36–37

• Bennett, James Gordon (1841–1918), American publisher and editor of the New York Herald. 91

• Bennigsen, Rudolf von (1824–1902), Hanoverian and Prussian politician. Member of the Hanoverian Landtag (1855–1866), the Prussian house of deputies (1867–1883; its president 1873–1879), and the Reichstag (1867–1883; 1887–1898); Landesdirektor (1868–1888) and Oberpräsident of the Prussian Province of Hanover (1888–1897). 81, 133–134, 143, 186, 249, 257, 343

• Bentinck und Waldeck-Limpurg, Wilhelm von (1848–1912), British diplomat and German nobleman. Attaché at the Berlin embassy (1871), The Hague and Paris (1872); third secretary at Paris (1872) and Berlin (1875–1876). Succeeded as Standesherr of Waldeck-Limpurg (1888). 46

• Berchem, Maximilian Graf von (1841–1910), German diplomat. Secretary of embassy at St Petersburg (1875) and Vienna (1878); consul general at Budapest (1883); director of the trade division (1885) and undersecretary of state at the Berlin Foreign Office (1886–1890). 118

• Bernard, Simon (1817–1862), French revolutionary and physician. 368

• Bernstorff, Albrecht Graf von (1809–1873), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Munich (1845), Vienna (1848), Naples (1852), and (with an interruption) London (1854–1873; Prussian ambassador from 1862, imperial ambassador from 1871); Prussian foreign minister 1861–1862. 31, 39–40

• Beust, Friedrich Ferdinand Freiherr von (1809–1886), Saxon and Austrian diplomat and statesman. Saxon foreign minister (1849–1866; from 1852 also minister of the interior; from 1858 also minister president); Austrian foreign minister (1866); also Austrian minister president (1867); Reichskanzler (imperial chancellor) from 1868; Austrian ambassador to London (1871–1878) and Paris (1878–1882). 55, 93, 112, 195–196, 256, 289, 314, 435

• Bezanson, Paul (1804–1882), merchant and politician from Alsace-Lorraine. Mayor of Metz (1872–1877); member of the Reichstag (1878–1882). 123

• Biedermann, Friedrich Karl (1812–1901), Saxon philosopher and politician. Professor at Leipzig (1835–1853; again from 1865); member of the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848–1849), the first chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1849–1850; 1869–1876), and the Reichstag (1871–1874). 289–290

• Bismarck, Herbert von (1849–1904), German diplomat and politician; son of Otto von Bismarck. Worked at the Berlin Foreign Office from 1873; Botschaftsrat in London (1882); envoy to The Hague (1884); undersecretary (1885) and secretary of state (1886–1890). Member of the Reichstag (1884–1886; 1893–1904). 130n, 152

• Bismarck, Otto von (1815–1898), Prussian statesman. Envoy to the Federal Diet at Frankfurt (1851–1859), ambassador to St Petersburg (1859) and Paris (1862); Prussian minister president and foreign minister (1862–1872; 1873–1890); Reichstag member (1867; 1891–1893); from 1880 also Prussian minister of trade (1880–1890); German Reichskanzler (1871–1890); Graf 1865; Fürst 1871. 7, 10–14, 16–17, 20–21, 23, 36–40, 43, 45–48, 50–52, 54–60, 62–64, 66–68, 70–82, 84, 86–102, 105–116, 118–125, 127, 129–130, 132–139, 141–152, 154–159, 162–173, 175–179, 182n, 183, 184n, 185–190, 194–195, 197, 199, 207–208, 218–225, 228–229, 231–233, 236, 238, 242, 243n, 245, 250, 257–258, 261, 281n, 284–286, 290, 292, 294, 300, 303–306, 309, 311, 314–316, 318–324, 327–328, 331–334, 336, 341–348, 355–357, 360–362, 364, 369–370, 372, 376, 378–379, 381–382, 384, 387–388, 402, 404, 406–407, 409–410, 412–413, 418–420, 431, 438–442n, 444–447, 451, 460, 467, 468–469, 471–472, 476, 480–481, 496–498, 514, 516n–518, 520–521, 525, 527

• Blanc, Louis (1811–1882), French socialist, historian, and politician. 302

• Bleichröder, Gerson von (1822–1893), German banker. 354

• Blowitz, Henri Opper de (1825–1903), Bohemian journalist. Paris correspondent of The Times from 1873. 107n, 216, 218, 264, 388

• Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht von (1742–1819), Prussian field marshal. 76

• Bluntschli, Johann Caspar (1808–1881), Swiss jurist and politician. Professor at the universities of Zurich (1833), Munich (1848), and Heidelberg (1861). 198

• Bondi, Joseph (1818–1897), Saxon jurist and banker. 486

• Bonn, Franz (1830–1994), Bavarian jurist and politician. Member of the Bavarian second chamber (1881–1886). 506

• Börne, Ludwig (1786–1837), writer and representative of the political-literary movement Junges Deutschland. 351

• Bourke, Robert (1827–1902), British politician and statesman. MP (1868–1886); parliamentary under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1874–1880; 1885–1886); governor of Madras (1886–1890); created Baron Connemara (1887). 488

• Braun, Karl (1822–1893), politician, jurist, and publicist. Member of the Nassau Landtag (1849–1866), the Prussian house of deputies (1867–1879), and the Reichstag (1867–1887). 381

• Braunschweig, Ernst von (1845–1907), German diplomat. Member of the European commission for Eastern Rumelia (1878–1880); consul general at Sofia (1881); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Tehran (1885–1886). 156

• Bray-Steinburg, Otto Camillus Hugo Graf von (1807–1899), Bavarian diplomat and statesman. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at St Petersburg (1843–1859), Berlin (1859) and Vienna (1860–1870 and 1871–1896, with interruptions); foreign minister (1846–1847; 1848–1849; 1870–1871) and minister president (1870–1871). 39, 430

• Brentano, Franz (1838–1917), German philosopher and psychologist. 456

• Bruck, Karl Freiherr von (1830–1902), Austrian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Darmstadt (1868–1870) and Munich (1870–1886); ambassador to Rome (1886–1895). 511

• Buchanan, Sir Andrew (1807–1882), British diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Berne (1852), Copenhagen (1853), Madrid (1858), and The Hague (1860); ambassador to Berlin (1862), St Petersburg (1864), and Vienna (1871–1877). 70, 123

• Bucher, Lothar (1817–1889), Prussian civil servant and publicist. Employed at the Prussian foreign ministry and as personal aide to Bismarck (1864–1886). 81

• Büchner, Wilhelm (1816–1892), chemist and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Hessian Landtag (1849–1850; 1862–1866; 1872–1881) and the Reichstag (1877–1884). 237

• Bülow, Bernhard Ernst von (1815–1879), German diplomat. Secretary of state for foreign affairs (1873–1879); Prussian minister without portfolio (1876–1879). 78, 82–84, 91, 99n, 105, 106n, 108–109, 116, 132, 135n, 141, 148–149, 487

• Burgers, Thomas François (1834–1884), South African Reformist minister and politician. President of the South African Republic (1872–1877). 105

• Burnley, Joseph Hume (1821–1904), British diplomat. Secretary of legation at Berne (1858), Copenhagen (1864), Washington (1864), and The Hague (1867); chargé d'affaires at Dresden (1867–1873). 3–5, 269–278, 297

• Busch, Clemens August (1834–1895), German diplomat. Consul general at Budapest (1878); acting secretary of state at the Berlin Foreign Office (1881); undersecretary of state (1881); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Bucharest (1885), Stockholm (1888), and Berne (1892–1895). 171

• Camphausen, Otto (1812–1896), Prussian statesman. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1849–1852), the upper house (from 1860), and the Reichstag (1867–1869); president of the Seehandlung (Prussian state bank) (1854); minister of finance (1869–1878). 114, 323

• Cardwell, Edward (1813–1886), British statesman and politician. MP (1842–1874); secretary of state for the colonies (1864–1866) and for war (1868–1874); created 1st Viscount Cardwell (1874). 60

• Carl (1801–1883), Prussian prince and general. Governor of the federal fortress at Mainz (1864–1866). 7, 179–181

• Carlowitz, Oswald von (1825–1903), Saxon army officer. Adjutant-general to King Albert. 390

• Carnarvon, see Herbert, Henry Howard Molyneux

• Carnot, Lazare (1753–1823), French general, politician, and statesman. 385

• Carol I (1839–1914), born Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. Ruling Prince of Romania (1866); King from 1881. 239

• Carola (1833–1907), Princess of Wasa-Holstein-Gottorp. Queen of Saxony from 1873. 377, 384

• Carrington, see Wynn-Carington, Charles Robert

• Catherine II (1729–1796), Empress of Russia from 1796. 349

• Cave, Stephen (1820–1880), British lawyer and Conservative politician. MP (1859–1880); paymaster general (1866–1868; 1874–1880). 306–307

• Cavendish, Spencer Compton (1833–1908), British statesman and politician. MP (1857–1891); Marquess of Hartington (1858); secretary of state for war (1866; 1882–1885); chief secretary for Ireland (1871–1874); secretary of state for India (1880–1882); 8th Duke of Devonshire (1891); lord president of the council (1895–1903). 182

• Cavour, Camillo Benso, conte di (1810–1861), Italian statesman. Minister president of Sardinia (1852–1859; 1860–1861); first prime minister of Italy (1861). 314, 343, 362n

• Chamberlain, Joseph (1836–1914), British politician and statesman. MP (1876–1914); president of the Board of Trade (1880–1885); secretary of state for the colonies (1895–1903). 365

• Chanzy, Antoine (1823–1882), French general and diplomat. Commander of the 16th corps of the Army of the Loire (1870); Governor of Algeria (1873–1879); ambassador to Russia (1879–1882). 457, 518

• Childers, Hugh (1827–1896), British statesman. MP (1860–1892); secretary of state for war (1880–1882); chancellor of the exchequer (1882–1885); home secretary (1886). 176, 383, 511

• Colley, Sir George Pomeroy (1834–1881), British army officer. From 1880 governor and commander-in-chief of Natal, and high commissioner for South-Eastern Africa. 366

• Congreve, Richard (1818–1899), English philosopher. Founder of the London Positivist Society (1867) and the Comtist Church of Humanity (1878). 375

• Cope, Edmund W. (1838–1886), British diplomat. Third secretary at Stuttgart (1867) and Darmstadt (1871); second secretary at Rio de Janeiro (1872) and Munich (1875); and secretary of legation at Stockholm (1883–1886). 198–199, 202–204, 395, 496–504, 506–511

• Courcel, Alphonse Chodron de (1835–1919), French diplomat. Ambassador to Berlin (1881–1866) and London (1894–1898). 188

• Cowper-Temple, William Francis (1811–1888), British politician and statesman. MP (1835–1880); president of the Board of Health (1855–1858); paymaster general (1859–1860); first commissioner of works (1860–1866); created Baron Mount Temple (1880). 335

• Crailsheim, Friedrich Krafft von (1841–1926), Bavarian statesman. Minister of foreign affairs (1880–1903), minister president (1890–1903); member of the first chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1895–1918). 505, 509–510, 518

• Criegern, Friedrich Robert von (1808–1890), Saxon jurist. President of the court of appeal at Leipzig (1863); member of the first chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1873–1884). 330

• Cross, Richard Assheton(1823–1914), British statesman and politician. MP (1857–1862; 1868–1886); home secretary (1874–1880; 1885–1886); secretary of state for India (1886–1892); Lord Privy Seal (1895–1900); created Viscount Cross (1886). 140

• Crowe, Sir Joseph Archer (1825–1896), British diplomat, art historian, and journalist. Consul general at Leipzig (1860) and Düsseldorf (1872); commercial attaché at Berlin (1880); commercial attaché for Europe at Paris (1882–1896). 48, 133

• Dalwigk zu Lichtenfels, Reinhard Freiherr von (1802–1880), Hessian statesman. Foreign minister and minister of the interior of the Grand Duchy of Hesse (1850–1871); from 1852 also minister president. 193, 196–198, 223, 255–256

• Decazes, Louis, duc de (1819–1886), French diplomat and statesman. Ambassador to London (1873); minister of foreign affairs (1873–1877). 93, 98–99

• Deinlein, Michael von (1800–1875), Catholic priest. Archbishop of Bamberg (1858). 435

• Delbrück, Rudolf (1817–1903), Prussian civil servant and statesman. Member of the Reichstag (1878–1881); president of the chancery of the North German Confederation (1867) and the imperial chancery (1871–1876); Prussian minister without portfolio (1867). 46, 197, 232–333, 419

• Denys-Burton, Sir Francis Charles Edward (1849–1922), British diplomat. Third secretary at Brussels (1873), Washington (1875), and Berlin (1877); second secretary at Copenhagen (1878); employed at the Foreign Office (1879–1885); secretary of legation at Mexico (1887) and Copenhagen (1890–1894). 139

• Derby, see Stanley, Edward Henry

• Dering, Sir Henry Neville (1839–1906), British diplomat. Third secretary at Berne (1863), Florence (1866), Berlin (1870); secretary of legation at Madrid (1873), Stockholm (1873), Berlin (1876); second secretary at Buenos Aires (1882), and Coburg (1883); secretary of embassy at St Petersburg (1886) and Rome (1888); agent and consul general to Bulgaria (1892); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Mexico (1894) and Rio de Janeiro (1900–1906). 34, 35–36, 139–140

• Dernburg, Friedrich (1833–1911), politician and journalist. Member of the Hessian second chamber (1866–1875) and the Reichstag (1871–1881); editor of the Nationalzeitung (1874–1890). 237

• Déroulède, Paul (1846–1914), French writer and politician. Co-founder of the nationalist Ligue des Patriotes (1882). 38

• Desmoulins, Camille (1760–1794), French lawyer, journalist, and revolutionary. 346

• Dilke, Charles Wentworth (1843–1911), English politician. MP (1868–1885; 1892–1911); 2nd Baronet (1869); under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1880–1882); member of the privy council (1882); president of the Local Government Board (1882–1885). 182, 185–186, 188–189, 276, 365, 390, 518, 519, 521, 523–524, 527

• Disraeli, Benjamin (1804–1881), British statesman. MP (1837–1876); chancellor of the exchequer (1852; 1858–1859; 1866–1868); prime minister (1868, 1874–1880); created Earl of Beaconsfield (1876). 1, 6, 16, 78, 110, 117n, 131, 324n, 331n, 334, 358n, 360

• Dodson, John George (1825–1897), British politician. MP (1857–1884); president of the Local Government Board (1880–1882); chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1882–1884); 1st Baron Monk Bretton (1884). 365

• Dollfus, Jean (1800–1887), industrialist and politician from Alsace-Lorraine. Mayor of Mulhouse (1863–1869); member of the Reichstag (1877–1887). 123

• Döllinger, Ignaz von (1799–1890), theologian and church historian. Professor at the University of Munich from 1826. 12, 432–434, 438, 456, 473n, 486

• Dönhoff, Carl Graf von (1833–1906), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Dresden (1879–1906). 389

• Dubský, Viktor Graf (1834–1915), Austrian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Tehran (1872), Athens (1877), Constantinople (head of embassy 1878–1880) and Madrid (1882–1903; ambassador from 1888). 156

• Duchesne-Poncelett, Alexandre (b. 1839), Belgian boilersmith. 98n, 305–306

• Duff, Alexander (1849–1912), British peer. MP (1874–1879); 6th Earl Fife (Irish peerage, 1879); created 1st Earl of Fife (UK peerage) following his marriage to Princess Louise in 1885. 376–378

• Dufferin, see Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Frederick

• Dürrschmidt, Heinrich (1819–1899), Bavarian jurist and politician. Member of the Bavarian second chamber (1869–1881); judge at the Imperial Court of Justice in Leipzig (1879–1889). 488–489

• Eberhardt, Matthias (1815–1876), Bishop of Trier 1867. 79

• Eden, Charles Calvert (1837–1878), British diplomat. Third secretary at Lisbon (1863), Dresden (1865), and Berne (1867); second secretary at Rio de Janeiro (1869) and Stuttgart (1872–1874). 416

• Edward (1841–1910), Prince of Wales. Crowned Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Emperor of India in 1901. 53, 57, 71, 102, 132, 141–142, 146, 149, 157, 179, 217, 237, 264, 355, 384, 386, 464, 500, 503, 513, 518, 522, 527

• Elben, Otto (1823–1899), politician, journalist, and editor of the Schwäbische Merkur. Member of the second chamber of the Württemberg Landtag (1868–1882) and the Reichstag (1871–1877). 404–405

• Elisabeth (1815–1885), Princess of Prussia. Married Prince Karl of Hesse and by Rhine in 1836. 227

• Elliot, Sir Henry George (1817–1907), British diplomat. Ambassador at Constantinople (1867–1877) and Vienna (1877–1884). 162

• Ernst August (1845–1923), 3rd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale. Last Crown Prince of Hanover. 141–142

• Eulenburg, Friedrich Graf zu (1815–1881), Prussian statesman. Member of the Prussian chamber of deputies (1866–1877); minister of the interior (1862–1878). 58, 60, 231, 328

• Fabrice, Alfred Graf von (1818–1891), Saxon general and statesman. Minister of war (1866–1891); minister president (1876); and from 1882 also foreign minister. 85, 315, 355

• Fabrice, Oswald Freiherr von (1820–1898), Saxon diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Madrid (1852–1853), Brussels (1864–1874; from 1869 also at London), and Munich (1874–1897). 478, 480, 497

• Falk, Adalbert (1827–1900), Prussian statesman and jurist. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1858–1861; 1873–1882) and the Reichstag (1867; 1873–1882); Prussian minister of cultural affairs (1872–1879); president of the higher regional court in Hamm (1882–1890). 69, 144, 186, 409

• Fäustle, Johann Nepomuk von (1828–1887), Bavarian jurist and statesman. Member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1875–1881); minister of justice (1871–1887); plenipotentiary to the Federal Council (1872). 407, 436–437, 461

• Ferry, Jules (1832–1893), French politician and statesman. Mayor of Paris (1870–1871); prime minister (1880–1881; 1883–1885). 189

• Fischer, Johann Joseph (n.a.), lawyer and Justitzrat from Cologne. 30

• Fischer, Paul (1836–1920), jurist and civil servant. Undersecretary of state in the imperial post office (1895–1897). 418

• Fish, Hamilton (1808–1893), American statesman and politician. Governor of New York (1849–1850) and United States Secretary of State (1869–1877). 62

• Fleischer, Richard (1849–1937), publicist and founding editor of the Deutsche Revue (1877–1922). 374–375

• Fleury, Émile Félix (1815–1884), French general and diplomat; ambassador to St Petersburg (1869–1870). 195, 196n

• Forckenbeck, Max von (1821–1892), jurist and politician. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1859–1873; its president 1866–1869), the upper house (1873–1892), and the Reichstag (1867–1892; its president 1874–1879); mayor of Breslau (1872–1878) and Berlin (1878–1892). 81, 142–143, 231, 257, 288

• Ford, Sir Francis Clare (1828–1899), British diplomat. Secretary of embassy at St Petersburg (1871) and Vienna (1872); chargé d'affaires at Karlsruhe and Darmstadt (1873); envoy extraordinary at Buenos Aires (1878), Montevideo (1879), Rio de Janeiro (1879), Athens (1881), and Madrid (1884); ambassador at Madrid (1887), Constantinople (1892), and Rome (1893–1898). 4, 18, 211–212, 214–217, 225, 296

• Förster, Heinrich (1799–1881), Catholic priest. Member of the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848); Prince-Bishop of Breslau (1853); deposed de facto (but with no ecclesiastical effect) in the Prussian part of his diocese by the Prussian royal court for church affairs in 1875.

• Forwerk, Ludwig (1816–1875), Catholic bishop and deacon of the cathedral chapter Bautzen. Member of the first chamber of the Saxon Landtag from 1854. 282–284, 294–295

• Francesco II (1836–1894), King of the Two Sicilies (1859–1861). 516

• Franchi, Alessandro (1819–1878), Italian cardinal. Prefect of the Congregation for Propagation of the Faith (1874); Cardinal Secretary of State (1878). 496–497

• Franckenstein, Georg Freiherr von und zu (1825–1890), landowner and politician. Member of the first chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1847–1890) and the Reichstag (1872–1890). 143

• Frankenberg-Ludwigsdorf, Graf Friedrich (1835–1897), landowner and politician. Member of the Reichstag (1867–1881), the Prussian house of deputies (1867–1869), and the upper house (from 1885). 38, 39n

• Frankenberg und Ludwigsdorf, Robert von (1807–1873), Prussian general. Commandant of Cologne from 1864. 30

• Franz Joseph I (1830–1916), Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary (1848). 32, 51–53, 58n, 67–68, 70, 102, 112, 136, 146n, 147, 150, 169–171, 435n

• Frere, Henry Bartle (1815–1884), British colonial administrator. Commissioner for Sind (1851–1859); governor of Bombay (1862–1867); high commissioner for Southern Africa (1877–1880). 160

• Freusberg, Joseph (1842–1917), Prussian civil servant. Landrat of the Olpe (1870) and the Arnsberg districts (1883); employed in the Prussian ministry for cultural affairs from 1899. 69

• Freycinet, Charles de (1828–1923), French statesman. Prime minister (1879–1880; 1882; 1886; 1890–1892), minister of foreign affairs (1879–1880; 1882; 1885–1886; 1890–1892) and minister of war (1888–1893; 1898–1899). 152

• Freydorf, Rudolf von (1819–1882), Baden statesman. Minister of foreign affairs (1866–1871) and of justice (1871–1876); member of the second chamber of the Baden Landtag (1867–1881). 10, 210, 228

• Freytag, Andreas (1818–1905), Bavarian jurist and politician. Member of the Bavarian second chamber (1869–1881) and the Reichstag (1871–1874; 1878–1884). 486–487, 492, 494

• Friderich, Carl (1816–1894), Baden politician. Member of the Baden second chamber (1850–1892; its president from 1877) and of the Reichstag (1874–1877); mayor of Durlach (1872–1884). 258

• Friedrich I (1826–1907), son of Leopold I of Baden. Deputized for his brother Ludwig II as regent from 1852; Grand Duke of Baden from 1856. 265

• Friedrich Franz II (1823–1883), Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1842. 45

• Friedrich Wilhelm II (1819–1904), Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz from 1860. 45

• Friedrich I (1657–1713), Prince Elector of Brandenburg (1688). Crowned himself ‘King in Prussia’ in 1701. 430

• Friedrich II (Frederick the Great) (1712–1786), King in Prussia from 1740. King of Prussia from 1772. 16, 52n, 180, 330n, 332, 383, 385

• Friedrich III, German Emperor and King of Prussia, see Friedrich Wilhelm III

• Friedrich Karl (1828–1885), Prince of Prussia. Prussian general. 264

• Friedrich Wilhelm (1833–1888), Prince of Prussia. Reigned for ninety-nine days in 1888 as Friedrich III, German Emperor and King of Prussia. 30, 34n, 44, 46, 48, 64, 81–82, 88, 97, 102, 107, 115, 117n, 138, 140–141, 153, 169, 178, 313, 384, 402, 462n, 495, 497n, 528

• Friedrich Wilhelm III (1770–1840), King of Prussia from 1797. 44

• Friedrich Wilhelm IV (1795–1861), King of Prussia from 1840. 138

• Friedrich III (1463–1525), also known as Frederick the Wise. Elector of Saxony from 1486. 295

• Friedrich, Johannes (1836–1917), theologian. Professor at the University of Munich (1865); from 1871 a leading member of the Old Catholic Church. 434

• Friesen, Richard Freiherr von (1808–1884), Saxon statesman. Minister of the interior (1849–1852), minister of finance (1858–1876), foreign minister (1866–1876), and minister president (1871–1876). 276–278, 280, 284–285, 288, 290, 298, 307, 314, 332–333, 350, 372

• Fritzen, Adolf (1838–1919), Catholic priest and teacher. Court chaplain and tutor of the princes Friedrich August and Max of Saxony (1874–1887); Bishop of Strasbourg (1891–1919). 295

• Fritzsche, Reinhold (1851–1929), piano maker and socialist politician. Active in workers' educational associations in Berlin in 1877 and 1878; settled in Offenburg in 1879. 141

• Frohschammer, Jakob (1821–1893), Catholic theologian and philosopher. 456

• Gambetta, Léon (1838–1882), French statesman. Minister of the interior in the Government of National Defence (1870–1871); prime minister and minister of foreign affairs (1881–1882). 130, 152, 159, 172n, 173, 179, 326, 346–347, 384–385, 518, 524

• Gascoigne, Sir William ($c$.1350–1419), chief justice of the King's Bench (1400–1413). 319

• Gasser, Rudolf Freiherr von (1829–1904), Bavarian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Stuttgart and Darmstadt (1868), Dresden (1873), and St Petersburg (1883–1903). 298

• Gathorne-Hardy, Gathorne (1814–1906), British statesman. MP (1856–1878); home secretary (1867–1868); secretary of state for war (1874–1878; 1886) and for India (1878–1880); lord president of the council (1885–1886; 1886–1892); created Viscount Cranbrook of Hemsted (1878); 1st Earl of Cranbrook (1892). 124

• Geib, August (1842–1879), bookseller and socialist politician. Reichstag member (1874–1877). 300

• Georg V (1819–1878), Crown Prince of Hanover (1837); King of Hanover (1851–1866). 51n, 89, 141n, 281n, 300, 516

• Georg (1832–1904), Saxon prince and second son of King Johann. King of Saxony from 1902. 272, 295, 350

• George (1819–1904), British prince. Second Duke of Cambridge (1850); British army officer. 141, 424

• Georgi, Otto Robert (1831–1918), Saxon jurist and politician. Member of the Reichstag (1871–1877) and Saxony's first chamber (1877–1899; 1901–1907); mayor of Leipzig (1876–1899). 313, 330

• Gerber, Karl von (1823–1891), jurist and Saxon statesman. Professor of law at the universities of Erlangen, Tübingen, Jena, and Leipzig (from 1863); Saxon minister of cultural affairs (1871–1891) and minister president (1891). 85, 283

• Germain, Charles (1831–1909), jurist and politician from Alsace-Lorraine. Member of the Reichstag (1874–1890). 123

• Giers, Nikolai de (1820–1895), Russian diplomat and statesman. Minister of foreign affairs (1882–1885). 156, 421, 513n, 517n, 518

• Gilderdale, John Smith (1828–1891), English chaplain at Dresden (1871–1891). 297

• Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898), British statesman and liberal politician. MP (1832–1845; 1847–1890); chancellor of the exchequer (1852–1855; 1859–1866; 1873–1874; 1880–1882); prime minister (1868–1874; 1880–1885; 1886; 1892–1894). 6, 16, 163n, 324, 358n, 363–364, 367, 375, 379

• Gneist, Rudolf (1816–1895), Prussian politician, jurist, and historian of law. Professor at the University of Berlin from 1845; member of the Prussian house of deputies (1859–1893) and the Reichstag (1867–1884). 286, 320, 361

• Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749–1832), German writer. 216, 217n

• Goodenough, James Graham (1830–1875), Royal Navy officer. Travelling attaché to the maritime courts of Europe (1871); commander-in-chief of the Australia station (1873). 46

• Gorchakov, Alexander (1798–1883), Russian statesman and diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Stuttgart (1841), also to the Federal Diet at Frankfurt (from 1850), and Vienna (1854); foreign minister (1856–1882); vice chancellor (1862–1867); chancellor (1867–1882). 70–71, 106, 108, 111–113, 119, 136, 150, 194–196, 281

• Görtz, Carl Graf von Schlitz genannt von (1822–1885), Hessian politician and diplomat. Member of the first chamber (1847–1849; 1856–1885; its president 1875–1885); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berlin (1850–1861; 1864–1866). 196

• Görz, Joseph (1810–1900), Hessian jurist and politician. Member of the Hessian second chamber (1848–1849; 1874–1880; its president 1874–1879) and the first chamber (1883–1899); Reichstag member (1878–1879); president of the Oberlandesgericht in Mainz (1883–1892). 224

• Gosling, Sir Audley Charles (1836–1913), British diplomat. Second secretary at Stuttgart (1878–1879); consul general at Budapest (1879); secretary of legation at Copenhagen (1881) and Madrid (1885); secretary of embassy at Madrid (1887) and St Petersburg (1888); minister resident and consul general to the Republics of Guatemala, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Salvador (1890); minister resident (1897) and minister plenipotentiary at Santiago (1899–1901). 416– 418

• Gould, Gerard Francis ($c$.1835–1883), British diplomat. Secretary of legation at Buenos Aires (1866), Athens (1869), Berne (1870), Copenhagen (1873), Stockholm (1873), and Lisbon (1876); minister resident at Belgrade (1878) and Stuttgart (1881–1883). 420, 422–425

• Gramont, Antoine Alfred Agénor, duc de (1819–1880), French diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Kassel (1851), Stuttgart (1852), and Turin (1853); ambassador to the Holy See (1857) and Vienna (1861); minister of foreign affairs (1870). 194

• Granville, see Leveson-Gower, Granville George

• Grévy, Jules (1807–1891), French politician and statesman. President of France (1879–1887). 189, 346

• Grillenberger, Karl (1848–1897), journalist and socialist politician from Nuremberg. Member of the Reichstag (1881–1897) and the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1892–1897). 499–500

• Gruner, Ludwig (1801–1882), artist. Copper engraver and director of the Königliche Kupferstich-Kabinett at Dresden. 272

• Guenther, William Barstow (1815–1892), Prussian civil servant. President of the Seehandlung (Prussian state bank) (1870); member of the Prussian upper house (from 1872); Oberpräsident of the Province of Posen (1873–1886). 69

• Gustav II Adolf (1594–1632), King of Sweden from 1611. 295

• Hacker (n.a.), physician from Munich. Socialist candidate in the 1878 Reichstag election. 499

• Haggard, Sir William Henry Doveton (1846–1926), British diplomat. Second secretary at Vienna (1880) and Stuttgart (1881); secretary of legation at Rio de Janeiro (1885) and Athens (1887); consul general at Tunis (1894); minister resident at Caracas (1897); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Buenos Aires (1902) and Rio de Janeiro (1906–1814). 421

• Hamilton, Mary, Duchess of (1817–1888), née Princess Marie Amelie of Baden. Married William, 11th Duke of Hamilton, in 1852. 221

• Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Frederick (1826–1902), British diplomat and statesman; Irish peer. Created Earl of Dufferin in British peerage (1871) and Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (1888). Governor General of Canada (1872); ambassador to St Petersburg (1879) and Constantinople (1881); Viceroy of India (1884); ambassador at Rome (1888) and Paris (1891–1896). 176

• Hammerstein, Wilhelm Freiherr von (1808–1872), German statesman. Minister of finance (1851), interior minister (1852–1853), and minister president (1862–1865) of the Kingdom of Hanover; minister president and foreign minister of Mecklenburg-Strelitz from 1868; member of the North German Reichstag (1867–1868). 45

• Hänel, Albert (1833–1918), jurist and liberal politician. Professor of law at the universities of Königsberg (1860) and Kiel (1863). Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1867–1888) and the Reichstag (1867–1903). 319

• Harcourt, Sir William Vernon (1827–1904), British statesman. MP (1868–1904); home secretary (1880–1885); chancellor of the exchequer (1886; 1892–1895). 368

• Hardy, see Gathorne-Hardy, Gathorne

• Harriss-Gastrell, James Plaister (b. 1830), British diplomat. Second secretary at Lisbon (1865), Berlin (1868), Washington (1871), and Vienna (1874); secretary of legation at Buenos Aires (1866) and Rio de Janeiro (1879); minister resident and consul general at Bogota (1882), from 1884 to the Republics of Guatemala, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Salvador; acting consul at Chicago (1889–1890). 29

• Hartington, see Cavendish, Spencer Compton

• Hartmann, Jakob von (1795–1873), Bavarian General der Infanterie (infantry general). 430

• Hartmann, Lev (1850–1913), Russian would-be assassin of Alexander II (1879). Emigrated to France, England, and finally the USA, in 1881. 153

• Hasenclever, Wilhelm (1837–1889), socialist journalist and politician. Reichstag member (1869–1871; 1874–1888); president of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (1871–1875). 299, 304

• Hasselmann, Wilhelm (1844–1916), journalist and socialist politician. Member of the Reichstag (1874–1881); emigrated to New York 1881. 141, 299, 326, 345

• Hatzfeldt, Paul Graf von (1831–1901), German diplomat. Envoy extraordinary at Madrid (1874), ambassador at Constantinople (1878); secretary of state in the Berlin Foreign Office (1881); minister of state without portfolio (1882–1885); ambassador to London (1885–1901). 156

• Haymerle, Heinrich Karl von (1828–1881), Austrian diplomat and statesman. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Athens (1869–1872) and to The Hague (1872); ambassador to Rome (1877); minister of foreign affairs (1879–1881). 146n, 159, 162

• Hefele, Karl Joseph von (1809–1893), Catholic theologian. Bishop of Rottenburg from1869). 410–411, 415

• Hegnenberg-Dux, Friedrich Graf von (1810–1872), Bavarian politician and statesman. Member of the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848) and the Bavarian second chamber (1845–1867; its president 1849–1865); minister president and minister of foreign affairs (1871–1872). 433, 435, 439–441, 444

• Heine, Heinrich (1797–1856), German poet. 351, 485n

• Heinrich (1838–1900), Prince of Hesse and by Rhine; General der Kavallerie (cavalry general). 227, 264

• Heinrich (1726–1802), Prussian prince, brother of Frederick the Great. General, and diplomat. 180

• Heinrich (1862–1929), Prussian prince. German admiral. 384

• Helldorf, Oskar von (1829–1899), Saxon diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Vienna (1876–1897). 329

• Henri d'Artois, comte de Chambord (1820–1883), legitimist pretender to the throne of France from 1844. 73, 523

• Herbert, Henry Howard Molyneux (1831–1890), British statesman, 4th Earl of Carnarvon (1849). Secretary of state for the colonies (1866–1867; 1874–1878); Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1885–1886). 331

• Herz, Carl (1831–1897), Bavarian jurist and politician. Member of the Reichstag (1871–1878; 1881–1883) and the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1870–1886); Landgerichtspräsident in Aschaffenburg (1883–1897). 461, 502

• Hill, Sir Clement Lloyd (1845–1913), British diplomat. Junior clerk (1867); acting second secretary at Munich (1875–1876); private secretary to the under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1885–1886); assistant clerk (1886); senior clerk (1894–1905); MP (1906–1913). 114, 485–495

• Hirsch, Max (1832–1905), politician and economist. Member of the Reichstag (1869–1871; 1877–1878; 1881–1884; 1890–1893) and the Prussian house of deputies (1899–1905). 340

• Hirschfeld, Louis von (1842–1895), German diplomat. First secretary at Constantinople (1881) and Paris (1882–1883). 176

• Hirschhorn, Rudolf (1834–1921), lawyer. Member of the second chamber of the Hessian Landtag (1875–1878). 235–236

• Hödel, Max (1857–1878), plumber and would-be assassin of Wilhelm I in 1878. 336n, 337

• Hofmann, Karl von (1827–1910), Hessian statesman. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Berlin (1866–1872), minister president and foreign minister (1872–1876); president of the Reichskanzleramt (1876); Prussian minister of commerce (1879–1880); imperial secretary of state in the ministry of the interior (1879–1880) and for Alsace-Lorraine (1880–1887). 10–11, 196, 197n, 210, 215, 217–218, 221, 223–225, 229–233, 333

• Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Chlodwig Fürst zu (1819–1901), German statesman. Member of the first chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1846–1876) and the Reichstag (1868–1881); Bavarian minister president (1866–1870); imperial ambassador to Paris (1874); Statthalter of Alsace-Lorraine (1885); Prussian minister president and German chancellor (1894–1900). 110, 135n, 152–153, 186n

• Hohenwart, Karl Graf von (1824–1899), Austrian statesman and civil servant. Landeshauptmann of Krain (1862); Landespräsident of Steiermark (1867); governor of Upper Austria (1868); minister president and minister of the interior (1871); member of the Reichsrat (1879–1891). 34n, 435

• Holstein, Friedrich von (1837–1909), German diplomat and civil servant. Second secretary of embassy (1871) and secretary of legation (1872) at Paris; employed in the political department of the German Foreign Office between 1876 and 1906. 293

• Holthof, Karl (1835–1884), jurist, journalist, and politician. Reichstag member (1877–1888). 237

• Hompesch-Bollheim, Ferdinand Graf von (1824–1913), Bavarian diplomat. Minister resident at Athens (1859–1863) and Berne (1865); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Florence (1868) and London (1868–1871). 40

• Hörmann, Winfried Hörmann von (1821–1896), Bavarian statesman. Member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1869–1883) and the Reichstag (1871–1874); minister of the interior (1868–1869); president of the district of Swabia and Neuburg (1870–1877). 463

• Hornig, Richard (1841–1911), equerry, private secretary, and companion to Ludwig II of Bavaria. 464, 525

• Hosein Khan Moshir od-Dowleh, Mirza (1828–1881), Persian diplomat and statesman. Prime minister (1871–1873). 65

• Howard, Sir Henry Francis (1809–1898), British diplomat. Attaché at Munich (1832); secretary of legation at Berlin (1846–1852); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Lisbon (1855), Hanover (1859), and Munich (1866–1872). 1, 3, 8, 15, 429– 437

• Hübel, Gustav Ludwig (1800–1881), Saxon civil servant. President of the Evangelisch-Lutherische Landeskonsistorium (1874–1875). 295

• Hübner, Alexander von (1811–1892), Austrian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary (1849), then ambassador to Paris (1856–1859); minister of police (1859); ambassador to the Holy See (1865–1867). 112

• Hügel, Karl Eugen Freiherr von (1805–1870), Württemberg diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at London (1841–1848), Berlin (1850), The Hague (1851), and Vienna (1852); minister of foreign affairs (1855–1864). 395

• Ignatyev, Nikolay Pavlovich (1832–1908), Russian general and diplomat. Ambassador at Constantinople (1864–1877); minister of the interior (1881–1882). 137

• Isenburg-Birstein, Fürst Karl zu (1838–1899), head of the house of Isenburg-Birstein from 1866. Member of the first Hessian chamber (1864–1899) and the Prussian upper house (1872–1899). 203

• Isma'il Pasha (1830–1895), Khedive of Egypt and Sudan (1863–1879). 110n, 111, 167n, 307

• Itzenplitz, Heinrich Graf von (1799–1883), Prussian statesman. Member of the Prussian upper house (1854–1883) and the North German Reichstag (1867–1871); minister of agriculture (1862) and of commerce (1862–1873). 60

• Jacobini, Ludovico (1832–1887), Italian cardinal from 1879. Apostolic nuncio to Austria (1874–1880) and Cardinal Secretary of State (1880–1887). 521

• Jaunez, Edouard (1834–1916), engineer and politician from Alsace-Lorraine. Member of the Reichstag (1877–1890). 123

• Jerningham, Sir Hubert Edward Henry (1842–1914), British diplomat and statesman. Third secretary at Constantinople (1870) and Darmstadt (1872); second secretary at Darmstadt (1873; repeatedly also acting chargé d'affaires) and Vienna (1878–1879); MP (1881–1885); colonial secretary of British Honduras (1887) and Mauritius (1889); Lieutenant-Governor (1892) and Governor (1893) of Mauritius; Governor of Trinidad and Tobago (1897–1900). 11, 21, 207–210, 212–214, 217–240

• Jervoise, H.S. Clarke (1832–1911), Foreign Office official. Junior clerk (1854); acting second secretary at Florence (1868), Rome (1870), remained there on special service until 1874; acting second secretary at Lisbon (1875; acting chargé d'affaires 1876); senior clerk at Foreign Office (1878–1880); senior clerk (1880–1894). 37

• Jocelyn, William Nassau (1832–1892), British diplomat. Secretary of legation at Stockholm (1868) and Berne (1873); secretary of embassy at Constantinople (1874–1878); chargé d'affaires to Hesse and Baden at Darmstadt (1878–1892). 250–259, 262–263, 265–266

• Johann (1468–1532), Elector of Saxony from 1525, known as John the Steadfast. 295

• Johann I (1801–1873), King of Saxony from 1854. 269, 287

• Johann Salvator (1852–$c$.1890), Austrian archduke and army officer. Renounced his title and privileges in 1889 and went missing the following year. 112

• Jolly, Julius (1823–1891), Baden politician and statesman. Minister president (1868–1876); member of the second chamber of the Baden Landtag (1868–1876). 238

• Jörg, Josef Edmund (1819–1901), Bavarian politician, archivist, and Catholic publicist. Member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1865–1881) and the Reichstag (1874–1878). 94, 482, 484, 491n, 493, 502

• Jourdan, Mathieu Jouve (1746–1794), French revolutionary. 346

• Kameke, Georg von (1817–1893), Prussian general and minister of war (1873–1883). 81, 124, 152, 182

• Karl (1809–1877), Prince of Hesse and by Rhine. Hessian general. 227

• Karl I (1823–1891), King of Württemberg from 1864. 9, 395, 401–402, 415

• Károlyi von Nagykároly, Graf Alajos (1825–1889), Austrian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Copenhagen (1858) and Berlin (1859–1866); ambassador to Berlin (1871) and London (1878–1888). 151

• Katharina Friederike Charlotte (1821–1898), Princess of Württemberg. 422

• Katz, Casimir Rudolf (1824–1880), industrialist and politician. Reichstag member (1877–1880). 238

• Kenealy, Edward (1819–1880), Irish barrister and writer. MP (1875–1880). 302–303

• Ketteler, Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von (1811–1877), Bishop of Mainz (1872) and Catholic politician. Member of the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848–1849), the first Hessian chamber (1851–1857), and the Reichstag (1871–1872). 12, 38, 84, 204, 207–209, 214, 224–225, 452

• Khan, Mohammad Qassem ($c$.1805–1872), Persian army officer and diplomat. Chargé d'affaires (1855), minister resident (1856) and envoy extraordinary (1859–1860) at St Petersburg; Governor General of the province of Gilan (1862–1868) and the province of Fars (1872). 63

• Kiefer, Alois (1836–1902), Bavarian printer, journalist, and labour union official. 499

• Kimberley, see Wodehouse, John

• Koch, Otto (1810–1876), Saxon politician. Member of the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848–1849), the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1849–1850) and the first chamber (from 1850); mayor of Leipzig (1849–1876). 289

• Könneritz, Hans Freiherr von (1820–1911), Saxon diplomat and court official. Chargé d'affaires at St Petersburg (1853; minister resident from 1860); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Munich (1864) and Berlin (1866–1873). 389

• Könneritz, Léonçe Robert Freiherr von (1835–1890), Saxon landowner and statesman. Member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1866–1876) and the Reichstag (1874–1877); Oberhofmarschall (1873–1891); Kreishauptmann of Zwickau (1874) and Leipzig (1876); minister of finance (1876–1890). 315, 344

• Krause, Hugo von (1835–1874), Prussian diplomat. Secretary of legation at St Petersburg (1862), Munich (1864), and Washington (1868); secretary of embassy at London (1870). 61

• Krause, Karl Gotthold (1837–1899), Saxon lawyer and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1869–1881) and the Reichstag (1875–1877; 1890–1893). 329

• Kreutz, Alexander, Graf von (1850–1911), Russian diplomat; attaché in Washington and Berlin. 126

• Kühlwetter, Friedrich von (1809–1882), Prussian civil servant and statesman. President of the administrative district of Aachen (1848–1866), of Düsseldorf (1866); minister of the interior (1848); head of the civil administration in Alsace (1870); president of the Province of Westphalia (1871–8). 69

• Kullmann, Eduard (1853–1892), journeyman cooper. Tried to assassinate Bismarck in 1874. 94–95, 476

• Kunitz, Rudolf (n.a.), Prussian crown prosecutor at Frankfurt. 250

• Landau, Isidor (1850–1944), journalist and theatre critic. Editor of the Dresdner Presse (1875–1877). 328

• Lanfrey, Pierre (1828–1877), French historian, diplomat, and politician. 383

• Lasker, Eduard (1829–1884), German jurist and politician. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1863–1879) and the Reichstag (1867–1884). 81, 231, 249, 306, 351–352, 354, 379, 460, 462, 466

• Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825–1864), socialist politician and writer. Founding president of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (1863). 299–302, 304, 325–326

• Lauer, Gustav Adolph von (1808–1889), Prussian army officer and personal physician to Wilhelm I. 181

• Layard, Sir Austen Henry (1817–1894), British archaeologist, politician, and diplomat. MP (1852–1870); under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1852; 1861–1866); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Madrid (1869); ambassador to Constantinople (1877–1880). 151n, 156

• Ledóchowski, Mieczyslaw Halka (1822–1902), Archbishop of Gniezno and Poznan (1866). Cardinal (1875) and prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples (1892). 69, 79, 441, 444, 498, 519

• Lefebvre de Béhaine, Édouard Alphonse, comte de (1829–1897), French diplomat. Chargé d'affaires at Munich (1871); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at The Hague (1880); ambassador to the Holy See (1882). 469–471, 497, 505

• Leitrim, William Sydney Clements (1806–1878), Anglo-Irish landlord. MP (1839–1847); 3rd Earl of Leitrim (1855); assassinated in Donegal in 1878. 346

• Leo XIII (1810–1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci. Pope from 1878. 153–155, 168–169, 171–172, 190, 362, 497n, 501, 519–520

• Leonhardt, Adolf (1815–1880), jurist and statesman. Minister of justice of Hanover (1865–1866) and Prussia (1867–1879). 318, 330, 406, 409

• Leopold I (1676–1747), Prince of Anhalt-Dessau. Prussian general. 118

• Leopold (1846–1930), Prince of Bavaria. German army officer. 528

• Leveson-Gower, Granville George (1815–1891), British statesman. MP (1837–1846); 2nd Earl Granville (1846); foreign secretary (1851–1852; 1870–1874; 1880–1885); lord president of the council (1852–1866 with interruptions in 1854–1855 and 1858–1859); colonial secretary (1868–1870). 6, 29–78, 155–190, 193–212, 255–266, 269–280, 357–391, 395–406, 418–425, 429–475, 505–528

• Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826–1900), socialist politician. After the failed Baden revolution of 1848–1849 went into exile in Switzerland and then England (1850–1862); returned to Germany 1862; member of the Reichstag (1867–1871; 1874–1900) and the Saxon second chamber (1879–1886; 1889–1892). 48n, 237, 249, 270–271, 273n, 284, 287, 300, 326–328, 391

• Lindau, Rudolf (1829–1910), German journalist and diplomat. Attaché for press and commercial affairs at the Paris embassy (1872); head of the press office at the Berlin Foreign Office from 1879. 378

• Lister, Thomas Villiers (1832–1902), Foreign Office official. Assistant under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1873–1893). 183, 389

• Littlewood, Henry Bucknall (1838–1912), commission agent from London. 29

• Loë in Terporten bei Goch, Felix Freiherr von (1925–1896), jurist and Catholic politician. Member of the provincial Landtag of the Rhineland (1868–1888), the Prussian house of deputies (1870–1876; 1890–1896), and the North German Reichstag (1867–1871). 202

• Loftus, Lord Augustus William Frederick Spencer (1817–1904), British diplomat. Attaché at Berlin (1837) and Stuttgart (1844); secretary of legation at Stuttgart (1852) and Berlin (1853); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Vienna (1858), Berlin (1860), and Munich (1862); ambassador to Berlin (1866) and St Petersburg (1871); governor of New South Wales (1879–1885). 7, 18, 19, 29–36, 44–45, 119, 317, 416

• Louis XIV (1638–1715), King of France from 1643. 316

• Louis Philippe (1773–1850), duc d'Orléans. Elected King of the French after the revolution of July 1830; deposed in February 1848. 75

• Louise Margaret (1860–1917), Prussian princess. Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn upon her marriage to Prince Arthur in 1879. 522

• Lowe, Charles (1848–1931), British journalist and author. Berlin correspondent for The Times (1878–1891). 382–383

• Löwe, Wilhelm (1814–1886), physician and republican politician. Member of the Frankfurt National Assembly and president of the Stuttgart Rump Parliament (1849); exiled in Switzerland, Paris, London, and New York; returned to Germany after Prussian amnesty of 1861; member of the Prussian house of deputies (1863–1886) and the Reichstag (1867–1881). 317

• Lucius-Ballhausen, Robert Freiherr (1835–1914), landowner, physician and politician. Member of the Reichstag (1867–1881), the Prussian house of deputies (1870–1879; 1882–1893), and the upper house (from 1895). 81, 143

• Ludwig (1845–1921), Bavarian prince. Prince regent (1912–1913), see Ludwig III.

• Ludwig I (1786–1868), King of Bavaria (1825–1848). 485n, 489

• Ludwig II (1845–1886), King of Bavaria from 1864. 11, 19, 44, 109–110, 429–430, 431n, 434, 436–438, 453, 457, 462–465, 476, 482, 484–487, 488n, 491–492, 494–496, 500–502, 505–506, 509–511, 514–517, 522–528

• Ludwig III (1845–1921), Bavarian prince. Prince regent (1912–1913); reigned as last King of Bavaria (1913–1918). 528

• Ludwig III (1806–1877), Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1848. 198–199, 222–224, 229, 232, 236

• Ludwig IV (1837–1892), Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1877. 5, 197n, 226–227, 245, 251, 262, 265–266

• Luise (1776–1810), Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; Queen consort of Prussia from 1797. 180

• Luise (1838–1923), Prussian princess. Grand Duchess of Baden from 1856. 106

• Luitpold (1821–1912), Prince of Bavaria. Prince regent from 1886. 44, 482, 491, 527–528

• Lumley, see Savile (formerly Savile Lumley), John

• Luthardt, August (1824–1906), Bavarian jurist and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1881–1886). 506–507

• Luther, Martin (1483–1546), reforming theologian. 389–390

• Lutz, Johann (1826–1890), Bavarian statesman. Minister of justice (1867–1871) and of cultural affairs (1869–1880); head of the council of ministers (1880–1890); ennobled in 1880 and given the title {Freiherr} in 1883. 429, 435–437, 456, 486, 494, 506–507, 518

• Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell (1817–1887), British diplomat. Baron Lyons (1858), created Viscount Lyons (1881); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Washington (1858–1865), ambassador to France (1867–1887); died before patent was sealed on earldom (1887). 62, 65, 98, 130, 134, 137, 146, 165–166

• Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1800–1859), British historian and politician. MP (1830–1847; 1852–1856); secretary at war (1839–1841); created 1st Baron Macaulay (1857). 391

• MacDonell, Sir Hugh Guion (1832–1904), British diplomat. Secretary of embassy at Berlin (1875) and Rome (1878); chargé d'affaires at Munich (1882); envoy extraordinary at Rio de Janeiro (1885), Copenhagen (1888), and Lisbon (1893–1902). 16, 117–118, 126–128, 189, 509, 510, 511– 528

• MacMahon, Patrice de (1808–1893), French general and statesman. Governor General of Algeria (1864–1870); President of France (1873–1879). 73, 105n, 346–347, 469–470

• Magnus, Anton Freiherr von (1821–1882), Prussian diplomat. Minister resident at Mexico (1865); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Hamburg (1867), Stuttgart (1872), and Copenhagen (1878–1881). 402

• Majunke, Paul (1842–1899), Catholic priest, politician, and publicist. Member of the Reichstag (1874–1884) and the Prussian house of deputies (1878–1884). 96, 320, 409n

• Malet, Sir Edward Baldwin (1837–1908), British diplomat. Secretary of legation at Peking (1871), Athens (1873), and Rome (1875); secretary of embassy at Rome (1876) and Constantinople; consul general in Egypt (1879); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Brussels (1883); ambassador to Berlin (1884–1895). 165

• Malkam Khan, Mirza (1833–1908), Persian diplomat and reformer. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to London (1873–1888) and Rome (1898–1908). 65

• Malsen, Ludwig Freiherr von (1828–1895), Bavarian diplomat and court official. Oberhofmarschall from 1868. 522

• Mansfield, William Murray (1705–1793), English judge and statesman. Solicitor general (1742) and attorney general for England and Wales (1754); chief justice of the King's Bench (1756–1788); chancellor of the exchequer (1757); created 1st Earl of Mansfield (1792). 319

• Manteuffel, Edwin Freiherr von (1809–1885), Prussian general. Military governor of Schleswig (1864); commander during the Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War; governor general of Alsace-Lorraine (1879–1885). 75, 119, 188

• March, George Edward (1834–1881), Foreign Office official. Superintendent of the treaty department (1873–1881). 406

• Maria Alexandrovna (1824–1880), née Marie of Hesse and by Rhine. Married Alexander II and became Empress of Russia upon his accession to the throne in 1855. 21, 193, 195, 222

• Maria Alexandrovna (1853–1920), Grand Duchess of Russia. Became Duchess of Edinburgh upon her marriage to Prince Alfred in 1874, and, from 1893, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. 83, 522

• Maria Feodorovna (1847–1928), Princess Dagmar of Denmark. Married Alexander Alexandrovich (later Alexander III) in 1866; Empress of Russia 1881–1894. 150

• Maria Therese (1849–1919), Archduchess of Austria-Este. Married Prince Ludwig of Bavaria in 1868; last Queen of Bavaria (1913–1918). 528

• Mariani, Jean Baptiste (1834–1890), French diplomat. Chargé d'affaires at Munich (1882–8); ambassador to Rome (1888–1890). 189–190, 509–511, 527

• Marie (1825–1889), Princess of Prussia. Queen of Bavaria from 1848. 510, 526

• Marie (1850–1922), Princess of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. Grand Duchess consort of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1868. 45

• Marie (1857–1882), Princess of Waldeck and Pyrmont. Princess of Württemberg upon her marriage to Crown Prince Wilhelm in 1877. 422

• Marr, Wilhelm (1819–1904), journalist and anti-Semitic publicist. Member of the Hamburg state parliament (1861–1862). 351n–354

• Martin, Konrad (1812–1879), theologian and Catholic priest. Professor at the University of Bonn (1844); Bishop of Paderborn (1856; deposed de facto, but with no ecclesiastical effect, in 1875). 69, 498

• Martinucci, Vincenzo (n.a.), Italian architect. Architect of the Apostolic Palace until 1879. 512

• Marx, Karl (1818–1883), German philosopher and socialist thinker. 300, 304

• Masella, Gaetano Aloisi (1826–1902), Italian cardinal. Apostolic nuncio at Munich (1877) and Lisbon (1879–1883); prefect of the Congregation of Rites (1899). 145n, 496–498

• Maucler, Karl René Freiherr von (1841–1907), Württemberg diplomat. Chargé d'affaires (1873) and then envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at St Petersburg (1879–1881). 416–417

• Maximilian II (1811–1864), King of Bavaria from 1848. 484–485n

• May, Thomas Erskine (1815–1886), British civil servant and constitutional theorist. Clerk of the House of Commons (1871–1886); created Baron Farnborough (1886). 345–346n

• Maybach, Albert von (1822–1904), Prussian railway official and statesman. President of the imperial railway office; imperial undersecretary of state (1877); Prussian minister of commerce and public works (1878–1891); member of the Prussian house of deputies (1882–1888; 1890–1893). 254

• Mayr, Georg von (1841–1925), Bavarian civil servant. Head of the Bavarian Statistical Bureau (1869); undersecretary of state in the imperial office for Alsace-Lorraine (1879–1887). 509

• Mazarin, Jules (1602–1661), Italian cardinal and diplomat. Chief minister of France from 1642. 371

• Meglia, Francesco Pier (1810–1883), cardinal priest. Apostolic nuncio to Mexico (1864), Munich (1866), and Paris (1874–1879). 95

• Melchers, Paulus (1813–1895), Archbishop of Cologne (1866). Exiled to the Netherlands (1875); cardinal priest in Rome (1885). 79, 153, 154, 519

• Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Felix (1809–1847), composer, pianist, and conductor. 351

• Menshikov, Vladimir Aleksandrovich (1816–1893), Russian general. 66

• Mermillod, Gaspard (1824–1892), Swiss Catholic priest. Vicar apostolic of Geneva (1873); Bishop of Lausanne and Geneva (1883); cardinal (1890). 295

• Metternich, Clemens Wenzel Fürst von (1773–1859), Austrian statesman. Foreign minister (1809–1848); house, court, and state chancellor (1821–1848). 363

• Meyer, Rudolf (1839–1899), social conservative publicist. Fled to Austria in 1877 to avoid prison sentence; emigrated to USA and Canada (1881); returned to Austria in 1889. 322

• Meyerbeer, Giacomo (1791–1864), born Jacob Liebmann Beer. Composer and conductor. 351

• Michell, Thomas (1835–1899), British consul general for Eastern Rumelia (1879) and Norway (1880–1897). 155, 157

• Milan I (1854–1901), ruler of Serbia (1868–1889), first as prince and then, from 1882, as king. 511

• Minckwitz, Heinrich Eduard (1819–1886), Saxon jurist and liberal politician. Member of the Frankfurt Pre-Parliament (1848), the Reichstag (1867; 1871–1877), and the Saxon second chamber (1869–1880). 281, 285, 286, 372

• Mittnacht, Hermann Freiherr von (1825–1909), Württemberg jurist and statesman. Member of the second chamber of the Württemberg Landtag (1861–1900); minister of justice (1867–1878), foreign minister (1873–1900) and minister president (1876–1900). 397, 399–400, 406–409, 411–412, 416n, 417–419

• Mohl, Moritz (1802–1888), Württemberg economist and politician. Member of the Frankfurt Pre-Parliament and National Assembly (1848–1849), the Württemberg constituent assembly (1849–1850), the chamber of deputies (1851–1887), and the Reichstag (1871–1873). 397

• Mohl, Robert von (1799–1875), Baden politician and diplomat. Professor at Tübingen (1825) and Heidelberg (1847); plenipotentiary to the Federal Diet (1861–1866); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Munich (1866–1871); president of the Baden audit office (1871–1874); Reichstag member (1874–1875). 286

• Moltke, Helmuth Graf von (1800–1891), Prussian general. Chief of staff of the Prussian army (1858–1888); member of the Reichstag (1867–1891) and the Prussian upper house (1872). 55, 75–76, 102–104, 152, 182, 218, 312–313, 315, 374

• Mommsen, Theodor (1817–1903), historian, classical scholar, and politician. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1863–1866; 1873–1879) and the Reichstag (1881–1884); Nobel laureate in literature (1902). 381

• Montebello, Gustave Lannes de (1838–1907), French diplomat. Chargé d'affaires at Munich (1880); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Brussels (1882); ambassador to Constantinople (1886) and St Petersburg (1891–1902). 509

• Moreau, Jean Victor Marie (1863–1813), French general. Mortally wounded in the Battle of Dresden. 291

• Morier, Sir Robert Burnett David (1826–1893), British diplomat. Attaché at Vienna (1853) and Berlin (1858); second secretary at Berlin (1862); secretary of legation at Athens (1865), Frankfurt (1866), and Darmstadt (1866); chargé d'affaires at Stuttgart (1871) and Munich (1872); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Lisbon (1876) and Madrid (1881); ambassador to Russia (1884–1893). 3–4, 6, 9, 15, 22, 114, 193–198, 396–401, 438–485, 488

• Most, Johann Josef (1846–1906), politician, journalist. Member of the Reichstag (1874–1876); editor of the anarchist newspaper Freiheit in London (1879–1881); emigrated to the USA after serving a prison sentence (1882). 164n, 287–288, 293, 300, 368–369

• Motteler, Julius (1838–1908), bookkeeper, publisher, and socialist politician. Reichstag member (1874–1878; 1903–1907); went into exile in Zurich (1879) and London (1888–1901). 300

• Moufang, Christoph (1817–1890), Catholic theologian, priest, and politician. Administrator of the diocese of Mainz; domestic prelate from 1886; member of the Reichstag (1871–1890) and the first Hessian chamber (from 1863). 237

• Moy de Sons, Karl Graf von (1827–1894), Bavarian court official. Master of ceremonies from 1859. 434

• Müffling genannt Weiß, Wilhelm von (1839–1912), Prussian jurist and civil servant. Landrat of the circle of Czarnikau (1872) and Demmin (1877); police president at Stettin (1887) and Frankfurt am Main (1889–1904). 69

• Muhsin Khan, Mirza (1819–1910), Persian diplomat. Minister plenipotentiary at London; ambassador at Constantinople (1872–1890); minister of foreign affairs (1896–1899). 66

• Münster, Georg Herbert Graf zu (1820–1902), German diplomat. Hanoverian envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to St Petersburg (1856–1865); imperial ambassador to London (1873) and Paris (1885–1900). Member of the first chamber of the Hanoverian Landtag (1846–1866), the Reichstag (1867–1874), and the Prussian upper house (1867–1902). 68, 78, 103, 110, 164

• Murray, Sir Charles Augustus (1806–1895), British diplomat and writer. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berne (1853), Tehran (1854), Dresden (1859), Copenhagen (1866), and Lisbon (1867–1874). 274

• Murray, Eustace Clare Grenville (1824–1881), British diplomat and journalist. From 1851 posted as attaché to Vienna, Hanover, Constantinople, and Tehran; consul general at Odessa (1858–1868); Paris correspondent for various newspapers and magazines from 1869. 91

• Napier, Robert Cornelis, (1810–1890), British army officer. Commander of the Ethiopian campaign (1867–188); commander-in-chief, India (1871); Governor of Gibraltar (1874–1883); created Baron Napier of Magdala (1868). 313

• Napoleon I (1769–1821), French general. Emperor of the French (1804–1814; 1815). 76n, 180, 314, 316, 349, 383, 385, 473–474, 489

• Napoleon III (1808–1873), Charles Louis, later Louis Napoléon Bonaparte. President of the French Second Republic (1848–1851); assumed dictatorial powers in December 1851; Emperor of the French (1852–1870). 95, 194n, 214n, 247n, 271n, 368n, 431

• Naro, Costantino Patrizi (1798–1876), Italian cardinal. Cardinal vicar (1841); dean of the college of cardinals (1870). 443

• Nasir al-Din (1831–1896), Qajar Shah of Iran from 1848. 63–66

• Neidhart, Karl von (1827–1909), Hessian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berlin (1876–1908). 246

• Neumann, Leopold (1831–1895), politician and lawyer in Freiburg. Member of the Baden second chamber (1875–1879; 1892–1894). 238

• Neve, Johann (1846–1896), German anarchist. Lived in Paris, London, and Zurich (1874–1885); extradited to Germany from Belgium in 1887 and sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment. 164

• Nicholas I (1796-1855), Tsar of Russia from 1825. 318, 417n

• Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1776–1831), Prussian civil servant, historian, and diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the Holy See (1816–1827). 349

• Niethammer, Friedrich Freiherr von (1831–1911), Bavarian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Brussels (1869; from 1870 also at The Hague), Switzerland (1872; from 1873 also at Baden), and Saxony (1887–1903). 39

• Noailles, Emmanuel-Henri-Victurnien, marquis de (1830–1909), French diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Washington (1872); ambassador to Rome (1873), Constantinople (1882–1886), and Berlin (1896–1902). 176

• Nordenflycht, Ferdinand Otto Freiherr von (1816–1901), Prussian civil servant. Member of the chamber of deputies (1866–1867); Oberpräsident of the Province of Silesia (1873–1874). 95–96

• Nostitz-Wallwitz, Hermann von (1826–1906), Saxon statesman. Minister of the interior (1866–1891), the royal house (1869–1871; 1882–1895), and foreign affairs (1876–1882); member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1857–1866) and the Reichstag (1874–1877). 276, 289, 315–316, 323, 329, 331, 333, 338–339, 345, 347, 349–350, 354–355, 357, 360–365, 367–369, 371, 391

• Nostitz-Wallwitz, Oswald von (1830–1885), Saxon diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berlin (1873–1885). 329

• Oechsner, Georg (1822–1895), Hessian politician and mayor of Mainz (1885–1894). Member of the Hessian second chamber (1866–1874) and the Reichstag (1877–1878). 237

• Oehler, Anton von (1810–1879), Catholic priest. Vicar general of the diocese of Rottenburg from1852. 415

• Olga Nikolaievna (1822–1892), Grand Duchess of Russia. Queen of Württemberg from 1864. 411, 417n

• Ormonde, James Butler, Duke of (1665–1745), army officer and politican. Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1703–1707; 1710–1713). 118

• Orton, Arthur (1834–1898), Australian butcher and ‘Tichborne claimant’. 303

• Oscar II (1829–1907), King of Sweden from 1872, and King of Norway (1872–1905). 102

• Osten-Sacken, Nikolai von der (1831–1912), Russian diplomat. Minister resident at Darmstadt (1870); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Munich (1880); ambassador to Berlin (1895–1912). 518

• Otto (1848–1916), King of Bavaria (1886–1913). 465, 494, 526, 528

• Otto-Walster, August (1834–1898), journalist and socialist politician. Emigrated to New York between 1876 and 1890. 275

• Ow-Felldorf, Karl Freiherr von (1818–1898), Bavarian jurist and politician. Member of the Bavarian second chamber (1863–1892; its president 1871–1872 and 1875–1892), first chamber (1893–1898), and the Reichstag (1871–1882). 482

• Paget, Augustus Berkeley (1823–1896), British diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Saxony (1858), Denmark (1859), Portugal (1866), and Italy (1867); ambassador to Italy (1876) and Austria-Hungary (1884–1894). 168, 519, 521

• Palgrave, William Gifford (1826–1888), British diplomat and consular agent. Consul at Sukhumi (1866), Trebizond (1867), St Thomas and St Croix (1873), Manila (1876); consul general at Sofia (1878), Bangkok (1879), and Montevideo, where he also was minister resident (1884). 128–129, 251

• Palmerston, Henry John Temple (1784–1865), British statesman; 3rd Viscount Palmerston (1802). MP (1807–1865); secretary at war (1809–1828); foreign secretary (1830–1841; 1846–1851); home secretary (1851); prime minister (1855–1858; 1859–1865). 363

• Pauline (1877–1965), Princess of Württemberg. 422

• Paumgarten, Ludwig von (1821–1883), Bavarian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Florence (1868), Dresden (1870), and the Holy See (1873). 513

• Pauncefote, Julian (1828–1902), British diplomat. Assistant under-secretary of state for the colonies (1874) and foreign affairs (1876); permanent under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1882); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary (1889), ambassador to the United States from (1893); created 1st Baron Pauncefote (1899). 262, 419

• Peel, Sir Robert (1788–1850), British statesman. MP (1809–1850); home secretary (1821–1830); prime minister (1834–1835; 1841–1846). 290, 314, 343, 356n

• Perponcher-Sedlnitzky, Wilhelm Graf von (1819–1893), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Darmstadt (1857–1859), Naples (1860–1861), Munich (1862–1863), and The Hague (1863–1875). 98–99

• Petre, Sir George Glynn (1822–1905), British diplomat. Secretary of embassy at Berlin (1868); chargé d'affaires at Stuttgart (1872–1881); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Buenos Aires (1881–1883) and Lisbon (1884–1893). 6, 13, 18, 36–43, 44, 46–47, 114, 402–416, 416, 418– 419

• Petsch, Albert (n.a.), dentist from Berlin. 177

• Pfeuffer, Sigmund von (1824–1894), Bavarian statesman. Minister of the interior (1871–1881); Regierungspräsident of the Circle of the Rhine (1867–1871), and Upper Bavaria (1881–1894). 494

• Pfordten, Ludwig Freiherr von der (1811–1880), jurist, diplomat, and statesman. Saxon minister of the interior and temporary foreign minister (1848–1849); member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1849–1858); Bavarian minister president and foreign minister (1849–1859; 1864–1866); Bavarian envoy to the Federal Diet (1859–1864). 196n, 256

• Pfretzschner, Adolph Freiherr von (1820–1901), Bavarian statesman. Minister of trade (1865–1866) and finances (1866–1872); minister president and minister of foreign affairs (1872–1880); member of the first chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1872–1897). 454n, 467, 469–471, 476, 485–486, 492,

• Pietro, Angelo Di (1828–1914), apostolic nuncio to Munich (1882) and Madrid (1887). Cardinal (1893) and prefect of the Congregation of the Council (1893–1895). 509–510, 519–521

• Piombazzi, Sigmund Ritter von (1851–1891), Austrian consul. Vice consul at Constantinople (1871); consul at Edirne (1879), Plovdiv (1879–1886), and Odessa (1886–1891). 157

• Pius VII (1742–1823), born Gregorio Barnaba Chiaramonti. Cardinal 1785; pope from 1800. 489

• Pius IX (1792–1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti. Pope from 1846. 38, 55–56, 63, 71–73, 77n, 79, 89, 95, 100–102, 121, 153n, 155, 211, 213, 283n, 295, 305, 409–411, 441–449, 452–453n, 511

• Planitz, Bernhard Edler von der (1828–1907), Saxon landowner and politician. Member of the Saxon first chamber (1869–1902). 330

• Plunkett, Sir Francis Richard (1835–1907), British diplomat. Second secretary at St Petersburg (1862), Copenhagen (1863), Vienna (1865), Berlin (1868), Florence (1868), and Berlin (1871); secretary of legation at Tokyo (1873), Washington (1876); secretary of embassy at St Petersburg (1877), Constantinople (1881), and Paris (1881); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Tokyo (1884–1887; also consul general in this period), Stockholm (1888), and Brussels (1893); ambassador to Vienna (1900–1905). 46, 49–52

• Polit-Desancic, Mihailo (1833–1920), Serbian politician and journalist. Member of the Hungarian diet (1873–1913). 472

• Pollexfen, Sir Henry ($c$.1632–1691), British judge and politician. 320

• Protic, Kosta (1831–1892), Serbian general and statesman. Minister of war (1873–1875; 1889); member of the regency council (1889–1892). 511

• Puttkamer, Robert von (1828–1900), Prussian statesman. Member of the Reichstag (1874–1884; 1890–1891), the Prussian house of deputies (1879–1885), and the upper house (from 1889); Oberpräsident of Silesia (1877) and Pomerania (1891–1899); minister of cultural affairs (1879–1881) and of the interior (1881–1888). 144–145, 367

• Rabenau, Adalbert Freiherr Nordeck zur (1817–1892), jurist and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Hessian Landtag (1847–1849; 1851–1856; 1872–1892), the Frankfurt Pre-Parliament (1848), and the Reichstag (1867–1881). 196, 235–236

• Radowitz, Joseph von (1839–1912), German diplomat. Consul general at Bucharest (1870); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Athens (1874–1882); acting head of embassy at St Petersburg (1876–1878) and Paris (1880); ambassador to Constantinople (1882) and Madrid (1892–1908). 245

• Ramel Michelet, Georg Ove von (1830–1908), Swedish army officer; military attaché at Berlin (1873–1877). 124

• Raspail, François-Vincent (1794–1878), French chemist, physician, and socialist politician. 288

• Reich, Karl ($c$.1825), Prussian jurist. Judge at the Berlin Stadtgericht (1873) and the Berlin Landgericht (from 1879). 294

• Reichardt, Julius (1826–1898), publisher and founding editor of the Dresdner Nachrichten. 364

• Reichensperger, Peter (1810–1892), Prussian politician and Catholic publicist. Member of the Frankfurt Pre-Parliament and the Prussian National Assembly (1848), the Erfurt Diet (1850), and the Prussian second chamber (1849–1856; 1858–1892); Reichstag member (1867–1892). 38

• Reinkens, Joseph Hubert (1821–1896), theologian. Professor at the University of Breslau (1853); first Old Catholic bishop in Germany (1873). 13, 42n, 71–73, 209–211, 224

• Reuleaux, Franz (1829–1905), mechanical engineer. Professor at the universities of Zurich (1856) and Berlin (1864). 334

• Reuter, Paul Julius Freiherr von (1816–1899), entrepreneur, journalist, and founder of Reuter's Telegram Company. Naturalized British subject (1857). 63–64

• Ricardo, David (1872–1823), English economist. 301–304

• Richter, Eugen (1838–1906), publicist and politician. Member of the Reichstag (1867–1906) and the Prussian house of deputies (1869–1905). 341, 370, 379

• Rickert, Heinrich (1833–1902), journalist and liberal politician. Member of the Reichstag (1874–1903) and the Prussian house of deputies (1870–1902). 38

• Riedel, Emil von (1832–1906), Bavarian jurist and statesman; minister of finance (1877–1904). 508

• Rittler, Alois (1839–1890), Catholic priest, journalist, teacher, and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1875–1890). 506

• Röder, Eugen von (1808–1888), Prussian civil servant. Master of ceremonies (1863); Vize-Oberzeremonienmeister (1873) and Oberküchenmeister (1885). 46

• Roncetti, Cesare (1834–1881), Italian archbishop. Apostolic nuncio at Munich (1879–1881). 500–502, 505

• Ronge, Johannes (1813–1887), theologian and leader of the German Catholics (Deutschkatholiken). 43

• Roon, Albrecht von (1803–1879), Prussian general and statesman. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1860–1861; 1863–1870), the North German Reichstag (1867–1870), and the Prussian upper house (from 1872); minister of war (1859–1873) and the navy (1861–1872); minister president (1873); created Graf (1871). 58–60, 77, 89

• Rosenberg, Adalbert Franz Anton Freiherr von (1818–1880), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Lisbon (1859), Stockholm (1862), Stuttgart (1867), and Hamburg (1872–1875). 402

• Rudhart, Gideon von (1833–1898), Bavarian diplomat. Chargé d'affaires at Paris (1871); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berlin (1877), St Petersburg (1880), and Dresden (1883–1887). 157–158

• Rudolf (1858–1889), Archduke of Austria and Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary. 19, 159, 495–496

• Russell, John (1792–1878), British statesman, known as Lord John Russell before 1861. MP (1830–1861); home secretary (1834–1839); secretary of state for war and the colonies (1839–1841); prime minister (1846–1852; 1865–1866); foreign secretary (1852–1853; 1859–1865); secretary of state for the colonies (1855); created 1st Earl Russell (1861). 77n, 89, 106, 122n

• Russell, Odo (1829–1884), British diplomat. Attaché at Paris, Vienna, Constantinople, Washington, and Naples; from 1860 on special service at Rome (as unaccredited envoy to the Holy See); undertook a special mission to the German headquarters at Versailles (November 1870–March 1871); ambassador to Berlin (1871–1884); styled Lord Odo Russell from 1872, created Baron Ampthill (1881). 7, 10–14, 16–21, 23, 34, 45–49, 52 –68, 70–84, 86–116, 119–126, 128–143, 146–160, 162–165, 171–185, 188–190, 413, 481n, 492

• Russell, William Howard (1820–1907), British journalist and (war) correspondent for The Times. 270

• Saburov, Peter Alexandrovich (1835–1918), Russian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary at Athens (1870); ambassador to Berlin (1880–1884). 20–21, 178, 188–189

• Sachße, Friedrich Raimund (1817–1898), jurist and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1857–1874) and the North German Reichstag (1867–1869). 283

• Saint-Vallier, Charles Raymond de (1833–1886), French diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Stuttgart (1868–1870); ambassador to Berlin (1877–1881). 135, 148–152, 172

• Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil (1830–1903), British Statesman. MP (1853–1868); secretary of state for India (1866–1867; 1874–1878); 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (1868); secretary of state for foreign affairs (1878–1880; 1885–1886; 1887–1892; 1895–1900); prime minister (1885–1886; 1886–1892; 1895–1902). 6, 18, 137n, 138–155, 245–255, 317, 333–357, 358n, 414–418, 496–504

• Savigny, Carl Friedrich von (1814–1875), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Karlsruhe (1850), Dresden (1859), and Brussels (1863); envoy to the Federal Diet (1864–1866); member of the Prussian house of deputies (1867–1868; 1870–1875) and the Reichstag (1867–1875). 38

• Savile (formerly Savile Lumley), John (1818–1896), British diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Saxony (1866), the Swiss Confederation (1867), and Belgium (1868); ambassador to Italy (1883–1888); created 1st Baron Savile (1888). 80, 184, 478

• Schachtmeyer, Hans Ferdinand Rudolf von (1816–1897), Prussian army officer; governor of Strasbourg (1875–1878); commanding general of the XIII army corps in Württemberg (1878–1886). 421

• Schefsky, Josephine (1843–1912), opera singer and actress. Employed at the Munich Hoftheater (1871–1879). 464

• Scherr, Gregor von (1804–1877), Archbishop of Munich and Freising from 1856. 432, 434, 451

• Schiller, Friedrich (1759–1805), German poet and dramatist. 367

• Schlör, Gustav von (1820–1883), Bavarian jurist, politician, and statesman. Minister of trade (1866–1871); member of the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848–1849) and the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1855–1883). 493

• Schlözer, Kurd von (1822–1894), German diplomat. Consul general in Mexico (1869–1871); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Washington (1871–1882), and Prussian envoy to the Holy See (1882–1892). 62, 169n, 171n, 513n, 519, 521

• Schmid, Anton (1842–1908), Baden politician and farmer. Member of the Baden second chamber (1881–1888). 258

• Schröder, Johann Wilhelm (1833–1910), Catholic priest and cathedral vicar from Paderborn. 69

• Schulze-Delitzsch, Franz Hermann (1808–1883), social reformer and politician. Member of the Prussian National Assembly (1848), Prussian house of deputies (1848–1849; 1861–1872) and the Reichstag (1867–1883). 40–42, 300, 340

• Schwarz, Franz Joseph (1821–1885), Catholic priest in Ellwangen and art historian. Domestic prelate from 1875. 411

• Schwauß, Karl August (1826–1906), Dresden police director (1863–1893). 272

• Schweinitz, Hans Lothar von (1822–1901), Prussian general and diplomat. Envoy extraordinary at Vienna (1869; imperial ambassador from 1871); ambassador to St Petersburg (1876–1892). 34n, 110, 119

• Schweitzer, Jean Baptiste von (1833–1875), lawyer, journalist, and socialist politician. Member of the North German Reichstag (1867–1871); president of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (1867–1871). 300, 327

• Scott, Sir Charles Stewart (1838–1924), British diplomat. Second secretary at Mexico (1866), Lisbon (1868), Stuttgart (1871), Munich (1872), Vienna (1873), St Petersburg (1874), and Darmstadt (1877); secretary of legation at Coburg (1879); repeatedly acting chargé d'affaires at Darmstadt from 1877 to 1883, also at Stuttgart in 1881; secretary of embassy at Berlin (1883); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berne (1888) and Copenhagen (1893); ambassador to St Petersburg (1898–1904). 4, 20, 240–249, 251, 259, 264–265, 399, 455

• Scroggs, Sir William ($c$.1623–1683), British judge. Lord Chief Justice of England (1678–1681). 320

• Séguier, Antoine-Louis (1726–1792), French jurist and magistrate. 319

• Seydewitz, Otto von (1818–1898), Prussian landowner and politician. Reichstag member (1867–1884; 1887–1890; its president 1879–1880); Oberpräsident of the Province of Silesia (1879–1894). 143

• Seymour, Francis George Hugh (1812–1884), British army officer, courtier, and politician. Fifth Marquess of Hertford (1870); Lord Chamberlain (1874–1879). 64–65

• Seymour, Sir George Hamilton (1797–1880), British diplomat. Minister resident at Florence (1830); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Brussels (1835), Lisbon (1846), St Petersburg (1851–1854), and Vienna (1855–1858). 318

• Shuvalov, Pyotr Andreyevich (1827–1889), Russian diplomat. Ambassador to London (1874–1879). 102, 106n, 111, 150

• Siaosi Tupou I (1797–1893), King of Tonga from 1845. 129

• Siemens, Friedrich (1826–1904), industrialist and brother of Werner von Siemens. 325

• Siemens, Werner von (1816–1892), inventor and industrialist; founder of Telegraphen Bau-Anstalt von Siemens & Halske. 325

• Sigl, Johann Baptist (1839–1902), Bavarian journalist and politician. Founding editor of the Bayerisches Vaterland (1869); member of the Reichstag (1893–1898) and the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1897–1899). 451–452, 499–500

• Silbernagl, Isidor (1831–1904), Catholic theologian. Professor of church law and church history at the University of Munich from 1863. 456

• Simmers, Joseph Adolph (n.a.), German seed merchant. Imperial consul at Toronto from 1871. 62

• Skobelev, Mikhail Dmitrievich (1843–1882), Russian general. Governor of Minsk from 1881. 385, 421, 507

• Soden, Oskar Freiherr von (1831–1906), Württemberg diplomat. Chargé d'affaires at Karlsruhe (1866); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Munich (1868–1906). 95, 497

• Solms-Sonnenwalde, Bernhard Graf zu (1825–1912), German diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Rio de Janeiro (1872), Dresden (1873), and Madrid (1878); ambassador to Rome (1887–1893). 39, 314, 328

• Sonnemann, Leopold (1831–1909), banker, publicist, and politician. Founding editor of the Frankfurter Zeitung (1856–1866); member of the Reichstag (1871–1884). 139, 250, 263

• Spitzeder, Adele (1832–1895), German actress and imposter. 448–452

• Spitzemberg, Karl Freiherr Hugo von (1826–1880), Württemberg diplomat. Chargé d'affaires at St Petersburg (1860); minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary at Berne (1865), and Berlin (1866–1880); from 1871 also plenipotentiary at the Federal Council. 414, 487

• Stanley, Edward Henry (1826–1893), British statesman; styled Lord Stanley prior to 1869. MP (1848–1869); parliamentary under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1852); secretary of state for the colonies (1858; 1882–1885); first secretary of state for India (1858–1859); foreign secretary (1866–1868; 1874–1878); 15th Earl of Derby (1869). 6, 11, 78–138, 212–245, 280–334, 406–414, 475–496

• Stanton, Sir Edward (1827–1907), British army officer and diplomat. Consul general at Warsaw (1860) and Egypt (1865); chargé d'affaires at Munich (1876–1882). 110, 495– 496, 505

• Starck, Julius Rinck Freiherr von (1825–1910), Hessian statesman. Minister president and foreign minister (1876–1884); from 1879 also minister of the interior and justice; member of the first chamber (1884–1902). 233, 235–236, 252, 260, 262

• Stauffenberg, Franz August Freiherr Schenk von (1834–1901), jurist and politician. Member of the Bavarian second chamber (1867–1877; 1879–1899; president 1873–1875); member of the Reichstag (1871–1893; vice president 1876–1879). 143, 379, 433, 464

• Stauffenberg, Franz Ludwig Philipp Schenk von (1801–1881), Bavarian landowner and politician. Hereditary member of the first chamber of the Bavarian Landtag from 1837 and its president from 1848. 464, 508

• Stein, Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum (1757–1831), Prussian statesman and reformer. Minister of finances and commerce (1804–1807; 1807–1808). 314, 349n

• Stephens, Francis (b. 1838), Foreign office official. Junior clerk (1854); assistant clerk (1869). 108, 159, 221, 255, 256, 418, 419, 505

• Stern, Josef (1839–1902), journalist and politician. From 1873 editor of the Frankfurter Zeitung; member of the Prussian house of deputies (1882–1885). 250

• Stieber, Wilhelm (1818–1882), Prussian jurist, police official. Head of the criminal investigation department of the Berlin police (1853–1861); chief of the political police (1866–1873); director of the Feldpolizei (1866; 1870–1871). 264

• Stoecker, Adolf (1835–1909), Lutheran theologian, publicist, and politician. Founder of the anti-semitic Christlich-soziale Partei (1878); member of the second chamber of the Prussian Landtag (1879–1898) and the Reichstag (1881–1893; 1898–1908). 353, 374

• Stolberg-Wernigerode, Otto Graf zu (1837–1896), German statesman. Member of the Reichstag (1867; 1871–1878), the Prussian upper house (from 1867; its president 1872–1877 and 1893–1896); ambassador to Vienna (1876–1878); German vice chancellor and vice president of the Prussian state ministry (1878–1881), principal chamberlain to Wilhelm I (1884–1892). 88, 147, 324

• Stosch, Albrecht von (1818–1896), Prussian general and admiral. Prussian minister without portfolio and head of the imperial admiralty (1872–1883). 182

• Strachey, Catherine (1841–1920), née Doveton, George Strachey's second wife from 1862. 296–298

• Strachey, George (1828–1912), British diplomat. Secretary of legation at Copenhagen (1867), Berne (1873), and Dresden (1873, with additional role of chargé d'affaires); minister resident (1890–1897). 4–5, 10, 14, 16, 18, 21, 23, 115, 279–391

• Stranski, Georgi (1847–1904), Bulgarian politician and statesmen. Director of finance (1880–1881) and member of the permanent committee of Eastern Rumelia (1879–1880; 1882–1884); Bulgarian minister of foreign affairs (1887–1890). 157

• Struck, Heinrich (1825–1902), physician. Bismarck's medical attendant; director of the Kaiserliche Gesundheitsamt (1876–1886). 66

• Stübel, Paul Alfred (1827–1895), lawyer and politician. Mayor of Dresden (1877–1895); member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1877–1884) and the Reichstag (1881–1884). 373–374

• Stumm, Ferdinand von (1843–1925), Prussian and German diplomat. Secretary of legation and chargé d'affaires at the Holy See (1871–1872); secretary of legation at Paris, Munich, Washington, Brussels, St Petersburg, and London, before becoming envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Darmstadt (1882), Copenhagen (1885), and Madrid (1887–1892). 45

• Swaine, Leopold (1840–1931), British army officer. Military attaché at St Petersburg (1878), Constantinople (1879–1881), and Berlin (1882–1889; 1891–1896). 183–184

• Sybel, Heinrich von (1817–1895), German historian and politician. Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1862–1864; 1874–1880) and the North German Reichstag (1867–1871). 320

• Széchényi, Emmerich Graf (1825–1898), Austrian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Stockholm (1849–1850) and Naples (1860–1864); ambassador to Berlin (1878–1892). 147

• Tauffkirchen-Guttenberg, Carl von (1826–1895), Bavarian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to St Petersburg (1867), the Holy See (1869), and Stuttgart (1874–1895). 38–39, 453–454

• Tautphoeus, Rudolf Freiherr von (1838–1885), Bavarian diplomat. Secretary of legation at Florence (1867), Berlin (1867), and Rome (1872; envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from 1880). 39–40

• Tenterden, Charles Stuart Aubry Abbott (1834–1882), British diplomat; 3rd Baron Tenterden (1870). Assistant under-secretary (1871) and then permanent under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1873–1882). 23, 82, 137–138, 149, 153, 155, 174n, 248, 254, 366, 477n, 500, 502, 506

• Tessendorff, Hermann (1851–1895), Prussian jurist. Public prosecutor in Burg (1864), Magdeburg (1867), and Berlin (1873); Senatspräsident at the higher regional courts in Königsberg (1879), Naumburg (1884), and at the Berlin Kammergericht (1885); from 1886 Oberreichsanwalt in Leipzig. 97, 293, 326–328

• Tewfik Pasha (1830–1895), Khedive of Egypt and the Sudan 1879. 167n, 175

• Thenius, Hermann (1839–1912), Saxon journalist. Editor-in-chief of the Dresdner Anzeiger from 1878. 360

• Theresa (1850–1938), Princess of Liechtenstein and of Bavaria. 511

• Thibaudin, Jean (1822–1905), French general. Minister of war (1883). 187

• Thiers, Adolphe (1797–1877), French statesman and politician. President of the Third Republic (1871–1873). 53n, 93, 385, 440, 446–447

• Thile, Carl Hermann von (1812–1889), Prussian diplomat. Undersecretary of state in the Prussian foreign ministry (1862); undersecretary of state (Staatssekretär) in the foreign office of the North German Confederation, then of the German Empire (1870–1871; 1872). 31, 39–40

• Thomson, Sir Ronald Ferguson (1830–1888), British diplomat. Attaché (1848), oriental secretary (1862), secretary of legation (1863), and then envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary (1879–1887) at Tehran. 65

• Thornton, Sir Edward (1817–1906), British diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Rio de Janeiro (1865) and Washington (1867); ambassador at St Petersburg (1881) and Constantinople (1883–1887). 62

• Townley, Richard Greaves (1853–1888), British diplomat. Attaché (1879), then third secretary at Berlin (1880); second secretary at Rio de Janeiro (1883) and Peking (1886). 170

• Traeger, Albert (1830–1912), lawyer, journalist, and poet. Reichstag member (1874–1878; 1881–1887; 1890–1912). 284

• Treitschke, Heinrich von (1834–1896), historian and publicist. Professor at the universities of Freiburg, Kiel, Heidelberg, and, from 1873, Berlin; Reichstag member (1871–1884). 117, 118, 286, 310, 330, 331, 354

• Trench, Power Henry Le Poer (1841–1899), British diplomat. Second secretary at Washington (1870), the Foreign Office (1879–1881) and Rome (1881); secretary of legation at Tokyo (1882–1889); secretary of embassy at Berlin (1889–1893); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Mexico (1893–1894) and Japan (1894–1896; also consul general). 363, 419

• Turban, Ludwig Karl Friedrich (1821–1898), Baden statesman. Minister of commerce (1872–1881); minister president and minister of foreign affairs (1876–1893); minister of the interior (1881–1890). 258, 265

• Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques (1727–1781), French economist and statesman. 343

• Tuttle, Herbert (1846–1894), American journalist and historian. Berlin correspondent of the New York Tribune, and the London Daily News (1873–1879); lecturer at Cornell University (1881); Professor (1883). 324, 334

• Ubri, Pavel Petrovich (1820–1896), Russian diplomat. Ambassador to Berlin (1863–1880) and Vienna (1880–1882). 147, 150

• Umberto I (1844–1900), King of Italy from 9 January 1878. 511

• Urban, Edmund (1828–1900), Saxon civil servant. Town councillor (from 1866) and mayor of Zwickau (1886–1896). 287

• Uxkull-Gyllenband, August Graf von (1828–1907), Württemberg diplomat and civil servant. Secretary of legation at Berlin (1866); head of the foreign ministry (1874); director of the Geheimes Haus- und Staatsarchiv (1879–1892). 405

• Vahlteich, Carl Julius (1839–1915), socialist politician and journalist. Reichstag member (1874–1876; 1878–1881); emigrated to the USA (1881). 288, 300

• Vandamme, Dominique René (1770–1830), French general and military commander during the Napoleonic wars. 291

• Vansittart, Edward Westby (1818–1904), British naval officer. 53

• Varnbüler von und zu Hemmingen, Friedrich Gottlob Karl Freiherr (1809–1889), Württemberg statesman and politician. Member of the Württemberg chamber of deputies (1844–1849; 1851–1889); head of government and minister of foreign affairs (1864–1870); Reichstag member (1872–1881). 159, 344

• Victoria (1819–1901), Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from1837. Empress of India from 1876. 5–6, 14, 29–32, 34, 44–46, 83, 180, 306, 346, 383, 522–523

• Victoria (1840–1901), Princess Royal. Married Friedrich Wilhelm (Friedrich III) in 1858; German Empress and Queen of Prussia from 1888. Known as Empress Frederick after her husband's untimely death in 1888. 30n, 46, 65, 82–83, 102

• Vittorio Emanuele II (1820–1878), King of Sardinia (1849–1861). King of Italy from 1861. 83, 102, 109n

• Vitzthum von Eckstädt, Hermann Ludwig Graf (1821–1892), Saxon Geheimer Rat and marshal of the royal household. 389

• Vladimir Alexandrovich (1848–1909), Grand Duke of Russia and army officer. 150

• Völk, Joseph (1819–1882), Bavarian lawyer and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1855–1882) and the Reichstag (1871–1881). 461

• Wächter, August Freiherr von (1807–1879), Württemberg diplomat and statesman. Minister resident (1850), then envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary (1855–1871) at Paris; minister president and foreign minister (1871–1873). 395, 404, 417

• Waddington, William (1826–1894), French statesman and diplomat. Minister of public instruction (1873; 1877); minister of foreign affairs (1877–1879); prime minister (1879); ambassador to London (1883–1893). 135, 151, 159n

• Wagner, Richard (1813–1883), German composer. 502

• Wahl, Ludwig (1831–1905), Catholic priest. Saxon court chaplain from 1871; apostolic prefect and apostolic vicar from 1890. 283

• Waldemar (1868–1879), Prussian prince. 384

• Walker, Sir Charles Pynder Beauchamp (1817–1894), British officer and diplomat. Military attaché at Berlin (1865–1877); inspector-general of military education (1878–1884). 34, 46, 54–56, 60, 75–76, 124, 125

• Wallenstein, Albrecht von (1583–1634), Bohemian military commander. 60, 77

• Walsham, Sir John (1830–1905), British diplomat. Secretary of embassy at Berlin (1878) and Paris (1883); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Peking (1885) and Bucharest (1892–1895). 144–145, 160–162, 165–170, 176–177, 185–188

• Walter, August (1827–1888), Saxon politician and merchant. Member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1869–1884) and the Reichstag (1877–1878; 1881–1884). 276, 288

• Wambolt von Umstadt, Franz Freiherr (1829–1908), Hessian diplomat and Catholic nobleman. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Paris (1864) and Dresden (1866–1869). 202

• Watzdorf, Werner von (1836–1904), Saxon civil servant and statesman. Geheimer Legationsrat (1872) and Erster Rat (1881) in the Saxon ministry for foreign affairs; minister of finance (1895–1902). 371

• Weber, Ernst von (1830–1902), travel writer and promoter of German colonization. 160

• Weis, Ludwig von (1813–1880), Bavarian jurist, politician, and civil servant. Member of the Bavarian second chamber (1849–1871; its president 1870–1871); mayor of Würzburg (1859–1862). 430

• Welcker, Hermann (1814–1887), civil servant and politician. Member of the second chamber of the Hessian Landtag (1872–1878) and the Reichstag (1874–1877). 237

• Welsersheimb, Zeno Graf Welser von (1835–1921), Austrian army officer and statesman. Military attaché in Paris (1866) and Berlin (1870–1875); Austrian minister of defence (1880–1905). 124

• Werder, Bernhard von (1823–1907), Prussian army officer and German diplomat. Military plenipotentiary at St Petersburg (1869); governor of Berlin (1886); adjutant general to Friedrich III (1888); and ambassador to St Petersburg (1892–1895). 120

• Werther, Karl Anton Philipp Freiherr von (1809–1894), Prussian diplomat. Entered diplomatic service in 1832; envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Berne (1841), Athens (1845), Copenhagen (1849), St Petersburg (1854), and Vienna (1859); ambassador to Paris (1869–1871) and Constantinople (1874–1877). 63

• Werthern, Georg Graf von (1816–1895), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Athens (1860), Constantinople (1862), Lisbon (1863), Madrid (1864), and Munich (1867–1888). 430, 476, 478, 496, 511, 526

• Wetherell, Thomas Frederick (1830–1908), British civil servant and journalist. Private secretary to Lord Granville (1871–1876). 276, 436

• Wigard, Franz Jakob (1807–1885), Saxon politician and stenographer. Member of the Frankfurt Pre-Parliament, the National Assembly (1848–1849), the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1850; 1869–1873), and the Reichstag (1867–1873). 373–374

• Wilhelm (1845–1900), Prince of Hesse and by Rhine. General der Infanterie (infantry general). 227

• Wilhelm I (1797–1888), deputized for Friedrich Wilhelm IV in 1857 and became regent in 1858. King of Prussia from 1861; German Emperor from 1871. 7–9, 11–12, 14–16, 19, 23, 30–34, 43–46, 51–52, 55–60, 63, 66–68, 70, 72–75, 77n, 78, 80–83, 85, 87–92, 96n, 97, 105, 107, 109, 111, 115–116, 119, 123–127, 132, 135, 137–138, 141, 144, 146n–152, 153n, 155, 158, 169–171, 173–174, 178–183, 193, 194n, 221, 234, 238–239, 241–242, 244n, 247–249, 261, 269–271, 291, 299n, 311–313, 323–324, 328, 331, 336, 339n, 362, 383–384, 386–387, 409n, 415, 418, 425, 429–431, 442, 444n, 445, 453, 464–465, 468, 495, 499n, 514n, 519, 521, 528

• Wilhelm II (1859–1941), Prince of Prussia. German Emperor and King of Prussia (1888–1918). 44, 178, 384

• Wilhelm I (1781–1864), King of Württemberg from 1816. 415, 423

• Wilhelm II (1848–1921), Prince of Württemberg. King of Württemberg (1891–1918). 422–423

• Windthorst, Ludwig (1812–1891), Hanoverian statesman and politician. Minister of justice (1851–1853; 1862–1865); member of the Hanoverian second chamber (1849–1856; 1862–1866; its president 1851), the Reichstag (1867–1891), the Prussian house of deputies (1867–1891), and the provincial assembly of Hanover (1884–1891). 38, 95, 144–145, 185, 375, 443

• Wodehouse, John (1826–1902), British politician and statesman. Under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1852–1856; 1859–1861); colonial secretary (1870–1874; 1880–1882); secretary of state for India (1882–1885; 1886; 1892–1894); secretary of state for foreign affairs (1894–1895); created 1st Earl of Kimberley (1866). 61

• Wolf, Adolf von (1810–1895), Bavarian jurist. Oberstaatsanwalt at the court of appeal for Upper Bavaria (1873–1878). 433–434

• Wolseley, Garnet Joseph (1833–1913), British army officer. Adjutant-general to the forces (1882–1890); created Viscount Wolseley (1885); commander-in-chief, Ireland (1890–1895); commander-in-chief of the forces (1895–1900). 383

• Worth, Frederick Gonner (n.a.), wine merchant from London. 29–30

• Wurmb, Lothar von (1824–1890), Prussian civil servant. President of the Berlin police (1867); Regierungspräsident in Wiesbaden (1872–1890); member of the Reichstag (1867; 1884–1890), the Prussian house of deputies (1882–1885), and the upper house (1885–1890). 40–41

• Wurmser, Dagobert Sigmund Graf von (1734–1794), Austrian field marshal. 314

• Wyke, Sir Charles Lennox (1815–1897), British diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Mexico (1860–1861), Hanover (1866), Copenhagen (1867–1881), and Lisbon (1881–1884). 355–356

• Wynn-Carington (formerly Carrington), Charles Robert (1843–1928), British statesman. MP (1865–1868); 3rd Baron Carrington (1868); governor of New South Wales (1885–1890); elected member of London County Council (1890–1907); Lord Chamberlain (1892–1895), Lord Privy Seal (1911–1912); created Earl Carrington (1895) and 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire (1912). 173

• Ziegler, Friedrich von (1839–1897), Bavarian civil servant. Cabinet secretary (1877–1883); district president of Upper Palatinate (1888) and Upper Bavaria (1894). 501