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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 November 2019
I am the first to admit that my career has not followed a conventional path. But in talking to my colleagues, I am not sure that there is a conventional path to an academic career. This retrospective is both a look at how the profession has changed over the forty years since I began graduate school in the late 1970s, and a reflection on my own trajectory within that profession. Historiographical references reflect my own views and are not meant to be comprehensive. I first discovered the history of science as an undergraduate history major at Connecticut College in the early 1970s. The course of physics for non-majors I took with David Fenton was based on Harvard Project Physics, which had been developed in the 1960s by two professors of science education, F. James Rutherford and Fletcher G. Watson, and the historian of science Gerald Holton. We actually wrote term papers for the class; mine was on the theory that Stonehenge was an astronomical observatory.
For their comments, I wish to thank Benita Blessing, Lucinda Cole, Michael A. Osborne and Anna Marie Roos. They are not responsible for any of the opinions expressed herein.
1 Holton, Gerald, ‘Harvard project physics: a report on its aims and current status’, Physics Education (1969) 4, pp. 19–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
2 For a summary see Palmer, William G., ‘The burden of proof: J.H. Hexter and Christopher Hill’, Journal of British Studies (1979) 19, pp. 122–129CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The TLS articles appeared in November 1975.
3 Westfall, R.S., Force in Newton's Physics, London: Macdonald, 1971Google Scholar.
4 Shapin, Steven and Thackray, Arnold, ‘Prosopography as a research tool in the history of science: the British scientific community, 1700–1900’, History of Science (1974) 12, pp. 1–28CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed. Sam's final project was a massive database of early modern scientists, which was carried on after his death by Robert Hatch at the University of Florida. See http://users.clas.ufl.edu/ufhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/major-minor-ind/westfall-dsb/index.htm.
5 Anita Guerrini, ‘Newtonian matter theory, chemistry, and medicine, 1690–1713’, PhD dissertation, Indiana University, 1983.
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7 Thackray, Arnold, Atoms and Powers, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Metzger, Hélène, Atttraction universelle et religion naturelle chez quelques commentateurs anglais de Newton, Paris: Hermann, 1938Google Scholar; Shapin, Steven, ‘History of science and its sociological reconstructions’, History of Science (1982) 20, pp. 157–211CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Shapin, , ‘Of gods and kings: natural philosophy and politics in the Leibniz–Clarke disputes’, Isis (1981) 72, pp. 187–215CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Schofield, Robert, Mechanism and Materialism, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970Google Scholar; Rattansi, P.M. and McGuire, J.E., ‘Newton and the “Pipes of Pan”’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society (1966) 21, pp. 108–143Google Scholar; Jacob, Margaret C., The Newtonians and the English Revolution, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1976Google Scholar; Frank, Robert G. Jr, Harvey and the Oxford Physiologists, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980Google Scholar; Brown, Theodore M., ‘From mechanism to vitalism in eighteenth-century English physiology’, Journal of the History of Biology (1974) 7, pp. 179–216CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed. This list is, of course, just the tip of the iceberg.
8 Simon Schaffer, ‘Newtonian cosmology and the steady state’, PhD thesis, Cambridge University, 1980; Rousseau, G.S. and Porter, Roy (eds.), The Ferment of Knowledge: Studies in the Historiography of Eighteenth-Century Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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11 Guerrini, Anita, Obesity and Depression in the Enlightenment: The Life and Times of George Cheyne, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000Google Scholar. I have always hated the title. I must thank Bob Markley, who persuaded me to send the manuscript to the series he was then editing at Oklahoma.
12 An important book on this topic is Welsch, Kathleen A. (ed.), Those Winter Sundays: Female Academics and Their Working-Class Parents, Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2005Google Scholar.
13 Robert B. Townsend and Julia Brookins, ‘The troubled academic job market for history’, Perspectives on History, February 2016, at www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/february-2016/the-troubled-academic-job-market-for-history. I should add that there were a lot more PhDs in 2009 than in 1984.
14 Thomas, Keith, Man and the Natural World, London: Allen Lane, 1983Google Scholar; Ritvo, Harriet, The Animal Estate, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987Google Scholar. Ritvo gives a good overview of animal history in the 1980s in the introduction to her Noble Cows and Hybrid Zebras: Essays on Animals and History, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2010, pp. 1–12.
15 French, Richard, Antivivisection and Medical Science in Victorian Society, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975Google Scholar; Maehle, A.H. and Tröhler, U., ‘Animal experimentation from antiquity to the end of the eighteenth century’, in Rupke, Nicolaas (ed.), Vivisection in Historical Perspective, New York: Routledge, 1987, pp. 14–47Google Scholar.
16 Guerrini, Anita, ‘The ethics of animal experimentation in seventeenth-century England’, Journal of the History of Ideas (1989) 50, pp. 391–407CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.
17 Guerrini, Anita, Experimenting with Humans and Animals: From Galen to Animal Rights, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003Google Scholar.
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19 Nancy Siraisi, ‘Introduction’, in Early Anatomy in Comparative Perspective, op. cit. (18), pp. 3–10, 10.
20 Richardson, Ruth, Death, Dissection, and the Destitute, London: Routledge, 1988Google Scholar.
21 Roger, Jacques, Les sciences de la vie dans la pensée française au XVIIIe siècle, nouvelle édition, Paris: Albin Michel, 1993Google Scholar; translated as The Life Sciences in Eighteenth-Century French Thought (ed. Keith Benson, trans. Robert Ellrich), Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997. Salomon-Bayet, Claire, L'institution de la science et l'expérience du vivant, Paris: Flammarion, 1978Google Scholar.
22 Guerrini, Anita, The Courtiers’ Anatomists: Animals and Humans in Louis XIV's Paris, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2015CrossRefGoogle Scholar; articles that were not part of the book project include Guerrini, , ‘Duverney's skeletons’, Isis (2003) 94, pp. 577–603CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Guerrini, , ‘Anatomists and entrepreneurs in early eighteenth-century London’, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences (2004) 59, pp. 219–239CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Guerrini, , ‘The creativity of God and the order of nature: anatomizing monsters in the early eighteenth century’, in Wolfe, Charles (ed.), Monsters and Philosophy, London: KCL Press, 2005, pp. 153–168Google Scholar; Guerrini, , ‘Alexander Monro primus and the moral theatre of anatomy’, The Eighteenth Century: Theory and Interpretation (2006) 47, pp. 1–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Guerrini, , ‘Advertising monstrosity: broadsides and human exhibition in early eighteenth-century Britain’, in Fumerton, Patricia and Guerrini, Anita, with McAbee, Kris (eds.), British Ballads and Broadsides, 1500–1800, Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2010, pp. 109–127Google Scholar; Guerrini, , ‘The value of a dead body’, in Deutsch, Helen and Terrall, Mary (eds.), Vital Matters, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012, pp. 246–264CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Guerrini, , ‘Experiments, causation, and the uses of vivisection in the first half of the seventeenth century’, Journal of the History of Biology (2013) 46, pp. 227–254CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Guerrini, , ‘The hermaphrodite of Charing Cross’, in Stewart, Larry and Dyck, Erika (eds.), The Uses of Humans in Experiment, Leiden: Brill, 2016, pp. 28–52Google Scholar.
23 Meli, Domenico Bertoloni, Mechanism, Experiment, Disease, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011Google Scholar; Meli, Bertoloni, Visualizing Disease, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2018CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bouley, Bradford, Pious Postmortems, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017Google Scholar; Dacome, Lucia, Malleable Anatomies, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Donato, Maria-Pia, Morte improvvisi, Rome: Carocci, 2010Google Scholar; translated as Sudden death, trans. Valentina Mazzei, Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2014; Hendriksen, Marieke, Elegant Anatomy, Leiden: Brill, 2015CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Klestinec, Cynthia, Theaters of Anatomy, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011Google Scholar; Knoeff, Rina and Zwijnenberg, Robert (eds.), The Fate of Anatomical Collections, Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2015Google Scholar; Mandressi, Raphael, Le regard de l'anatomiste, Paris: Seuil, 2003Google Scholar; Margócsy, Daniel, Commercial Visions, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2014CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Margócsy, Daniel, Somos, Mark and Joffe, Stephen N., The Fabrica of Andreas Vesalius: A Worldwide Descriptive Census, Ownership, and Annotations of the 1543 and 1555 Editions, Leiden: Brill, 2018CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Messbarger, Rebecca, The Lady Anatomist, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2010CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
24 Guerrini, Anita, ‘The ghastly kitchen’, History of Science (2016) 54, pp. 78–104CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
25 Guerrini, Anita, ‘A diet for a sensitive soul: vegetarianism in eighteenth-century Britain’, Eighteenth-Century Life (1999) 23, pp. 34–42Google Scholar.
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28 Among Albala, Ken's numerous works see Eating Right in the Renaissance, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002Google Scholar; Cooking in Europe 1250–1650, Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2006; http://kenalbala.blogspot.com. Smith, Pamela, The Body of the Artisan, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2004CrossRefGoogle Scholar; https://www.makingandknowing.org; Elaine Leong, Recipes and Everyday Knowledge, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2018; https://recipes.hypotheses.org.
29 Spary and Zilberstein, op. cit. (27).
30 See most recently Haraway, Donna, Staying with the Trouble, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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33 Guerrini, The Courtiers’ Anatomists, op. cit. (22), pp. 3–5, 118–127.
34 An excellent survey of recent work is Cole, Lucinda, ‘Animal studies and the eighteenth century: the nature of the beast’, Literature Compass, 2019, doi: 10.1111/lic3.12536CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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36 Guerrini, Anita, ‘The trouble with plovers’, in Keulartz, Jozef, Drenthen, Martin and Proctor, James D. (eds.), New Visions of Nature: Complexity and Authenticity, Cham: Springer, 2009, pp. 75–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Guerrini, Anita and Dugan, Jenifer E., ‘Informing ecological restoration in a coastal environment’, in Hall, Marcus (ed.), Restoration and History, New York: Routledge, 2010, pp. 131–142Google Scholar; Higgs, Eric, Falk, Donald, Guerrini, Anita, Hall, Marcus, Harris, Jim, Hobbs, Richard, Jackson, Stephen, Rhemtulla, Jeanine and Throop, William, ‘The changing role of history in restoration ecology’, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment (2014) 12(9), pp. 499–506CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Beller, Erin, McClenachan, Loren, Trant, Andrew, Sanderson, Eric W., Rhemtulla, Jeanine, Guerrini, Anita, Grossinger, Robin and Higgs, Eric, ‘Toward principles of historical ecology’, American Journal of Botany (2017) 104(5), pp. 1–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Guerrini, Anita, Burnette, Donald and Dugan, Jenifer E., ‘Invisible landscapes: perception, heritage, and coastal change in southern California’, in Price, Lisa and Marchi, Nemer (eds.), Coastal Heritage and Cultural Resilience, Cham: Springer, 2018, pp. 23–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
37 Guerrini, Anita, ‘Deep history, evolutionary history, and animals in the Anthropocene’, in Keulartz, Jozef and Bovenkerk, Beatrice (eds.), Animal Ethics in the Age of Humans, Cham: Springer, 2016, pp. 25–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Guerrini, , ‘Animals and ecological science’, in Kalof, Linda (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Animal Studies, New York: Oxford University Press, 2016, pp. 489–505Google Scholar.
38 See, for example, Jordyn Brown, ‘State reviewing how it divvies up higher education money’, Register-Guard (Eugene, Oregon), 25 August 2019, at www.registerguard.com/news/20190825/state-reviewing-how-it-divvies-up-higher-education-money, quoting a state official about differential state funding for STEM majors versus liberal-arts majors: ‘Our intent is not to undervalue the liberal arts, but the state has decided it wants to generate more STEM graduates because that's what the industry has said it needs’, not specifying what industry.
39 Katie Rose Guest Pryal, ‘Quit lit is about labor conditions’, Women in Higher Education, 7 June 2018, at www.wihe.com/article-details/74/quit-lit-is-about-labor-conditions. My thanks to Laura Miller for this reference.
40 Daniel Bessner and Michael Brenes, ‘A moral stain on the profession’, Chronicle of Higher Education, 26 April 2019, at www.chronicle.com/article/a-moral-stain-on-the-profession.
