Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T12:39:33.258Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Lipid Mobilization in Dormant and Nondormant Caryopses of Yellow Foxtail (Setaria lutescens)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Fredric R. Lehle ,
David W. Staniforth  and
Cecil R. Stewart
Fredric R. Lehle
Affiliation:
Dep. Hortic., Pestic. Res. Ctr., Michigan State Univ., East Lansing MI 48824
David W. Staniforth
Affiliation:
Dep. Plant Pathol., Seed and Weed Sci., Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011
Cecil R. Stewart
Affiliation:
Dep. Bot., Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The major reserve lipid of yellow foxtail [Setaria lutescens (Weigel) Hubb.] caryopses is triacylglyceride stored in lipid bodies. Lipid bodies are heavily concentrated in the cells of the embryo axis, scutellum, and aleurone layer and are roughly spherical (average diam 0.5 μm). Percentage lipid (hot isopropanol extract) on a fresh-weight basis of mature, unimbibed seed and caryopses collected locally was about 6.4 and 11%, respectively. About 95% of the total (0.23 mg/caryopsis) was saponifiable and distributed among fatty acid classes as follows: 16:0, 5.8%; 18:0, 1.5%; 18:1, 16.2%; 18:2, 73.7%; and 18:3, 2.8%. In nondormant caryopses, saponifiable lipid content declined (18:1 and 18:2 only) about 23% during the first 6 days after imbibition in the dark at 25 C. This modest decline was preceded by the appearance of an alkaline lipase at about 24 h after the onset of imbibition. Free fatty acids accumulated during these early stages of germination and accounted for about 22% of the total saponifiable lipid remaining (0.17 mg/caryopsis) 6 days after the onset of imbibition. Lipid content and lipase activity did not change in dormant caryopses treated similarly. The delayed initiation of lipid mobilization in germinating caryopses suggests that triacylglyceride degradation is not a pivotal metabolic pathway controlling dormancy.

Keywords

Seed germinationfatty acidstriacylglycerideultrastructure
Type
Research Article
Information
Weed Science , Volume 31 , Issue 1 , January 1983 , pp. 28 - 36
Copyright
Copyright © 1983 Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. Alberghina, F.A.M. 1967. Metabolic control of lipid utilization in castor bean cotyledons. G. Biochim. 16:143–150.Google Scholar
2. Barclay, A. S. and Earle, F. R. 1974. Chemical analysis of seeds III: Oil and protein content of 1253 species. Econ. Bot. 28:178–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3. Biswas, P. K., Chakrabarti, A. G., Collins, H. A., and Bettis, R. B. 1970. Histochemical studies in weed seed dormancy. Weed Sci. 18:106–109.Google Scholar
4. Christie, W. W., Noble, R. C., and Moore, J. H. 1970. Determination of lipid classes by a gas - chromatographic procedure. Analyst (London) 95:940–944.Google Scholar
5. Cocucci, M. C. and Caldogno, F. R. 1967. Inhibition by sucrose of utilization of storage lipids in germinating seeds of Cucurbita maxima . G. Bot. Ital. 101:231–236.Google Scholar
6. Dawson, J. H. and Bruns, V. F. 1975. Longevity of barnyardgrass, green foxtail and yellow foxtail seeds in soil. Weed Sci. 23:437–440.Google Scholar
7. Ditmer, J. C. and Wells, M. A. 1969. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of lipids and lipid components. Pages 482–530 in Lowenstein, J. M., ed. Methods in Enzymology, Vol. XIV. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
8. Dure, L. S. 1960. Gross nutritional contributions of maize endosperm and scutellum to germination growth of maize axis. Plant Physiol. 35:919–925.Google Scholar
9. Earle, F. R. and Jones, Q. 1962. Analyses of seed samples from 113 plant families. Econ. Bot. 16:221–250.Google Scholar
10. Frey-Wyssling, A. and Mühlethaler, K. 1965. Ultrastructural Plant Cytology with an Introduction to Molecular Biology. Elsevier Publishing Co., New York. 377.Google Scholar
11. Hawke, J. C. and Stumpf, P. K. 1980. Desaturation of oleic and linoleic acids by leaves of dark- and light-grown maize seedlings. Plant Physiol. 65:1027–1030.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12. Ingle, J., Beevers, L., and Hageman, R. H. 1964. Metabolic changes associated with germination of corn. I. Changes in weight and metabolites and their redistribution in the embryo axis, scutellum and endosperm. Plant Physiol. 39:735–740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13. Jacks, T. J., Yatsu, L. Y., and Altschul, A. M. 1967. Isolation and characterization of peanut spherosomes. Plant Physiol. 42: 585–597.Google Scholar
14. Johnson, F. B. and Stein, H. 1957. Mass isolation of viable wheat embryos. Nature (London) 179:160–161.Google Scholar
15. Lado, P., Schwendimann, M., and Marre, E. 1968. Repression of isocitrate lyase synthesis in seeds germinated in the presence of glucose. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 157:140–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16. Lawrence, R. C., Fryer, T. F., and Reitzer, B. 1967. Rapid method for the quantitative estimation of microbial lipases. Nature (London) 213:1264–1265.Google Scholar
17. Longo, C. P. and Longo, G. P. 1970. The development of glyoxysomes in peanut cotyledons and maize scutella. Plant Physiol. 45:249–254.Google Scholar
18. MacLeod, A. M. and White, H. B. 1961. Lipid metabolism in germinating barley. I. The fats. J. Inst. Brew. (London) 67:182–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19. MacLeod, A. M. and White, H. B. 1962. Lipid metabolism in germinating barley. II. Barley lipase. J. Inst. Brew. (London) 68:487–495.Google Scholar
20. Metcalf, L. D., Schmitz, A. A., and Pelka, J. R. 1966. Rapid preparation of fatty acid esters from lipids for gas chromatographic analysis. Anal. Chem. 38:514–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21. Muto, S. and Beevers, H. 1974. Lipase activities in castor bean endosperm during germination. Plant Physiol. 54:23–28.Google Scholar
22. Noma, A., Okabe, H., and Kita, M. 1973. A new colorimetric microdetermination of free fatty acids in serum. Clin. Chim. Acta 43:317–320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23. Norris, R. F. and Schoner, C. A. Jr. 1980. Yellow foxtail (Setaria lutescens) biotype studies: Dormancy and germination. Weed Sci. 28:159–163.Google Scholar
24. Reynolds, E. W. 1963. The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron opaque stain in electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 17: 208–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25. Rost, T. L. 1972. The ultrastructure and physiology of protein bodies and lipids from hydrated dormant and nondormant embryos of Setaria lutescens (Gramineae). Am. J. Bot. 59:607–616.Google Scholar
26. Rost, T. L. 1975. The morphology of germination in Setaria lutescens (Gramineae): The effects of covering structures and chemical inhibitors on dormant and non-dormant florets. Ann. Bot. 39:21–30.Google Scholar
27. Spurr, A. R. 1969. A low - viscosity epoxy embedding medium for electron microscopy. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 26:31–43.Google Scholar
28. Stoller, E. W. and Wax, L. M. 1974. Dormancy changes and fate of some annual weed seeds in the soil. Weed Sci. 22:151–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29. Syrett, P. J. 1966. The kinetics of isocitrate lyase formation in Chlorella: Evidence for the promotion of enzyme synthesis by photophosphorylation. J. Exp. Bot. 17:641–654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30. Tavener, R.J.A. and Laidman, D. L. 1972. The induction of triglyceride metabolism in the germinating wheat grain. Phytochemistry 11:981–987.Google Scholar
31. Tavener, R.J.A. and Laidman, D. L. 1972. The induction of lipase activity in the germinating wheat grain. Phytochemistry 11:989–997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32. Watson, M. L. 1958. Staining of tissue sections for electron microscopy with heavy metals. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 4:475–478.Google Scholar
33. Wells, M. A. and Ditmer, J. C. 1963. The use of Sephadex for the removal of non-lipid contaminants from lipid extracts. Biochemistry 2:1259–1263.Google Scholar
34. Winton, A. L. and Winton, K. B. 1932. The Structure and Composition of Foods. Vol. 1. Cereals, Starch, Oil Seeds, Nuts, Oils, Forage Plants. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 710.Google Scholar
35. Yatsu, L. Y., Jacks, T. J., and Hensarling, T. P. 1971. Isolation of spherosomes (oleosomes) from onion, cabbage, and cottonseed tissues. Plant Physiol. 48:675–682.Google Scholar