No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Kunmingaspis (Trilobita) putatively from the Yunling collage, and the Cambrian history of the eastern Himalayan syntaxial region
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 July 2015
Abstract
Faunal data provide critical constraints upon tectonic models, particularly in such areas of extreme structural complexity as the region adjacent to the eastern syntaxis of the Himalaya. Trilobites reported to have been collected from the Yunling collage at Yinchangou, northwestern Yunnan, are here assigned to Kunmingaspis yunnanensis Chang, 1964, and the concept of the genus Kunmingaspis is reconsidered. Although there is debate about to the paleogeographic affinities of the Yunling collage, the apparent presence of this species supports previous arguments for faunal links between the Yangtze platform and the Himalayan margin during Early and Middle Cambrian time. A significant tectonic event of Late Cambrian/Early Ordovician age present in the western central Himalayan margin suggests that the Lhasa block collided with India at that time, but the northward extent of that block remains unclear. The recently discovered Late Cambrian trilobite fauna of Bhutan may hold the key to establishing faunal relationships between the Tethyan Himalaya, Sibumasu, and the Yangtze platform during this interval. No Cambrian sedimentary rocks are yet known from the Lhasa or Qiangtang blocks of Tibet and so there is no direct evidence for the existence of Cimmeria during the Cambrian Period.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Paleontological Society
References
Audley-Charles, M. G.
1988. Evolution of the southern margin of Tethys (North Australian region) from early Permian to late Cretaceous, p. 79–100. In
Audley-Charles, M. G. and Hallam, A. (eds.), Gondwana and Tethys. Geological Society Special Publication 37, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhargava, O. N.
1995. Correlation, p. 182–190. In
Bhargava, O. N. (ed.), The Bhutan Himalaya: A geological account. Geológical Survey of India, Calcutta.Google Scholar
Brookfield, M. E.
1993. The Himalayan passive margin from Precambrian to Cretaceous times, Sedimentary Geology, 84:1–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrett, C., Jong, J., and Stait, B.
1990. Early–Middle Palaeozoic biogeography of Asian terranes derived from Gondwana, p. 163–174. In
McKerrow, W. S. and Scotese, C. R. (eds.), Palaeozoic Palaeogeography and Biogeography. Geological Society Memoir, 12, London.Google Scholar
Chang, C.-F., Pan, Y.-S., and Sun, Y.-Y.
1989. The tectonic evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: A review, p. 415–476. In
Şengör, A. M. C. (ed.), Evolution of the Tethys Region. Kluwer Academic Publishing, Boston/Dordrect/London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, W.
1964. The boundary of the Lower and Middle Cambrian with desciption of some pytchopariid trilobites. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Academia Sinica, Nanjing, 38 p. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Chaturvedi, R. K., Mishra, S. N., and Mulay, V. V.
1983. On fossiliferous Ordovician rocks of Black Mountain region, Bhutan Himalaya and their significance in stratigraphic correlation. Records of the Geological Society of India, 113:35–47.Google Scholar
Chen, X., and Rong, J.-R.
1992. Ordovician plate tectonics of China and its neighbouring regions, p. 277–291. In
Webby, B. D. and Laurie, J. R. (eds.), Global Perspectives on Ordovician Geology. Balkema Press, Rotterdam.Google Scholar
Dalziel, I. W. D.
1992. Antarctica; a tale of two supercontinents?
Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 20:501–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeCelles, P. G., Gehrels, G. E., Quade, J., LaReau, B., and Spurlin, M.
2000. Tectonic implications of U-Pb zircon ages of the Himalayan orogenic belt in Nepal. Science, 288:497–499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dewey, J. F., Shackleton, R. M., Chang, C., and Sun, Y.
1988. The tectonic evolution of the Tibet Plateau. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A
327:379–413.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A., and Cocks, L. R. M.
1998. Biogeography and palaeogeography of the Sibumasu terrane in the Ordovician: A review, p. 43–56. In
Hall, R. and Holloway, J. D. (eds.), Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.Google Scholar
Garzanti, E., Casnedi, R., and Jadoul, F.
1986. Sedimentary evidence of a Cambro-Ordovician orogenic event in the northwestern Himalaya. Sedimentary Geology, 48:237–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, H., Zan, S., and Luo, K.
1996. Cambrian stratigraphy and trilobites of eastern Liaoning. Jilin University Press, Jilin, 183 p. (In Chinese with English summary)Google Scholar
Hayden, H. H.
1904. The geology of Spiti with parts of Bashahr and Rupshu. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 36:1–121.Google Scholar
Hughes, N. C.
1994. Ontogeny, intraspecific variation, and systematics of the Late Cambrian trilobite Dikelocephalus
. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 79, 89 p.Google Scholar
Hughes, N. C.
1999. Statistical and imaging methods applied to deformed fossils, p. 127–155. In
Harper, D. A. T. (ed.), Numerical Paleobiology. John Wiley, London.Google Scholar
Hughes, N. C., and Jell, P. A.
1999. The biostratigraphy and biogeography of Himalayan Cambrian trilobites, p. 109–116. In
Macfarlane, A., Sorkhabi, R. B., and Quade, J. (eds.), Himalaya and Tibet: Mountain Roots to Mountain Tops. Geological Society of America Special Paper 328, Boulder, Colorado.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jell, P. A., and Hughes, N. C.
1997. Himalayan Cambrian trilobites. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 58:1–113.Google Scholar
LeFort, P., Debon, F., Pêcher, A., Sonet, J., and Vidal, P.
1986. The 500 Ma magmatic event in Alpine southern Asia, a thermal episode at Gondwana scale. Sciences de la Terre, 47:191–209.Google Scholar
Leloup, P. H., Lacassin, R., Tapponnier, P., Schärer, U., Zhong, D., Lui, X., Zhang, L., Ji, S., and Phan, T. T.
1995. The Ailao-Shan–Red River shear zone (Yunnan, China), Tertiary transform boundary of Indochina. Tectonophysics, 251:3–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leng, C.-L.
1983. The discovery of Cambrian and Ordovician system in Jinjiang District, Zhongdian County, Yunnan. Contribution to the Geology of the Qinghai-Xizhang (Tibet) Plateau, 11:31–36. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Li, S.-J.
1981. Cambrian of the Yangtze Region, p. 73–115. In
L.-W. Xiang, R.-S. Nan, Z.-M. Guo and others, Chinese Stratigraphy, 4, Cambrian of China. Geological Publishing House, Beijing. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Liu, Y.-Y., Sun, Z.-H., and Yang, S.-M.
1984. Transitional type of the Cambrian and Ordovician Systems in southeastern Hubei. Journal of Stratigraphy, 8:94–106. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Lochman, C.
1947. Analysis and revision of eleven Lower Cambrian trilobites. Journal of Paleontology, 21:59–71.Google Scholar
Lu, Y.-H., Zhu, Z.-L., Qian, Y.-Y., Lin, H.-L., and Yuan, J.-L.
1982. Correlation chart of Cambrian in China with explanatory text, p. 28–54. In
Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology (ed.), Stratigraphic Correlation Chart in China with Explanatory Text. Science Press, Beijing. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Lu, Y.-H., Zhang, W.-T., Chien, Y.-Y., Lin, H.-L., Zhou, Z.-Y., Qian, Y., Zhang, S.-G., and Wu, H.-J.
1974. Cambrian trilobites, p. 82–136. In
Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology (ed.), A Handbook of the Stratigraphy and Paleontology in Southwest China. Science Press, Beijing. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Luo, H.-L.
1974. Trilobites. In
Geological Bureau of Yunnan (ed.), Atlas of Fossils from Yunnan. People's Publishing House of Yunnan, Kunming, 701 p. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Luo, H.-L.
1982. On the occurrence of Late Cambrian Gushan trilobite fauna in western Yunnan. Contribution to the Geology of the Qinghai-Xizhang (Tibet) Plateau, 10:1–12. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Luo, H.-L.
1983. New finds of trilobites from Late Cambrian in western Yunnan. Contribution to the Geology of the Qinghai-Xizhang (Tibet) Plateau, 11:1–30. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Luo, H.-L.
1984a. The discovery of the Late Cambrian Gushan-aged strata in western Yunnan and their significance. Geological Review, 30:425–429. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Luo, H.-L.
1984b. Subdivision and correlation of the Cambrian System in south eastern Yunnan. Acta Paleontologica Sinica, 58:96–104. (In Chinese with English summary)Google Scholar
Luo, H.-L.
1985. Cambrian subdivision and faunal characters in western Yunnan. Journal of Stratigraphy, 9:72–75. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Luo, H.-L., Jiang, Z., and Tang, L.
1994. Stratotype section for Lower Cambrian stages in China. Yunnan Science and Technology Press, Kunming, 183 p. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Matthew, G. G.
1887. Illustrations of the fauna of the St. John Group. No. 4. On the smaller eyed trilobites of Division 1, with a few remarks on the species of the higher division of the group. Canadian Record of Science, 2:357.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, I.
1996. Gondwanaland dispersion, Asian accretion and the evolution of eastern Tethys. Australian Journal of Earth Science, 43:605–623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metcalfe, I.
1998. Palaeozoic and Mesozoic geological evolution of the SE Asian region: multidisciplinary constraints and implications for biogeography, p. 25–41. In
Hall, R. and Holloway, J. D. (eds.), Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.Google Scholar
Mitchell, A. H. G., Marshall, T. R., Skinner, A. C., Baker, M. D., Amos, B. J., and Bateson, J. H.
1977. Geology and exploration geochemistry of the Yadanatheingi and Kyaukme-Longtawkno areas, Northern Shah States, Burma. Institute of Geological Sciences, London, Number, 51:1–35.Google Scholar
Nan, R., and Chang, S.
1982. Lower Cambrian trilobites from Shiqiao Formation southern Liaoning. Bulletin of the Shenyang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4:7–15. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Powell, C. McA., and Conaghan, P. J.
1973. Plate tectonics and the Himalayas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 20:1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasetti, F.
1955. Lower Cambrian ptychopariid trilobites from the conglomerates of Quebec. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Contributions, 123:1–35.Google Scholar
Remane, J., Basset, M. G., Cowie, J. W., Gohrbandt, K. H., Lane, H. R., Michelson, O., and Wang, N.-W.
1996. Revised guidelines for the establishment of global chronostratigraphic standards by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). Episodes, 19:78–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rushton, A. W. A., and Hughes, N. C.
1996. Biometry, systematics and biogeography of the late Cambrian trilobite Maladioidella abdita
. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 86:247–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwimmer, D. R.
1975. Quantitative taxonomy and biostratigraphy of Middle Cambrian trilobites from Montana and Wyoming. Mathematical Geology, 7:149–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şengör, A. M. C., Cin, A., Rowley, D. B., and Nie, S.
1991. Magmatic evolution of the Tethysides: a guide to reconstruction of collage history. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 87:411–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şengör, A. M. C., Cin, A., Rowley, D. B., and Nie, S.
1993a. Space-time patterns of magmatism along the Tethysides: a preliminary study. Journal of Geology, 101:51–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şengör, A. M. C., Natal'in, B. A., and Burtman, V. S.
1993b. Evolution of the Altaid tectonic collage and Palaeozoic crustal growth in Eurasia. Nature, 364:299–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şengör, A. M. C., Altmer, D., Cin, A., Ustaömer, T., and Hsu, K. J.
1988. Origin and assembly of the Tethyside orogenic collage at the expense of Gondwana Land, p. 119–181. In
Audley-Charles, M. G. and Hallam, A. (eds.), Gondwana and Tethys. Geological Society Special Publication 37, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shah, S. K.
1982. Cambrian stratigraphy of Kashmir and its boundary problems. Precambrian Research, 17:87–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shergold, J. H., Burrett, C. F., Akerman, T., and Stait, B.
1988. Late Cambrian trilobites from Tarutao Island, Thailand. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir, 44:303–320.Google Scholar
Smith, A. G.
2000. Paleomagnetically and tectonically based global maps for Vendian to mid-Ordovician time, p. 11–46. In
Zhuravlev, A. Yu. and Riding, R. (eds.), The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation. Columbia University Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, Y., and Xiang, L.
1979. Late Upper Cambrian trilobite fauna from western Yunnan. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences
1:1–17. (In Chinese with English abstract)Google Scholar
Sun, Z.-H.
1982. Late Lower Cambrian trilobites from southern Dahongshan region, Hubei. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 21:302–308. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Sun, Z.-H.
1984. Trilobita. In
Reginal Geological Surveying Team of Hubei (ed.), Palaeontological Atlas of Hubei Province, 328–422, pl. 119–171. Hubei Science and Technology Press
(Wuhan). (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Sundberg, F. A.
1994. Corynexochida and Ptychopariida (Trilobita, Arthropoda) of the Ehmaniella biozone (Middle Cambrian), Utah and Nevada. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science, 446:1–137.Google Scholar
Sundberg, F. A., Yuan, J.-L., McCollum, L. B., and Zhao, Y.-L.
1999. Correlation of the Lower-Middle Cambrian of South China and the western United States of America. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 38(Supplement):102–107.Google Scholar
Tangri, S. K., and Pande, A. C.
1995. Tethyan Sequence, p. 109–141. In
Bhargava, O. N. (ed.), The Bhutan Himalaya: A geological account. Geological Survey of India, Calcutta.Google Scholar
Thein, M. L.
1973. The Lower Paleozoic stratigraphy of western part of the Southern Shan State, Burma. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 6:143–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veevers, J. J., Powell, C. McA., and Johnson, B. D.
1975. Greater India's place in Gondwanaland and in Asia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 27:383–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, E., Burchfiel, B. C., Roydon, L. H., Chen, L., Chen, J., Li, W., and Chen, Z.
1998. Late Cenozoic Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang, Red River, and Dali fault systems of southwestern Sichuan and central Yunnan, China. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 327:1–108.Google Scholar
Xiang, L.-W.
1981. Classification of Cambrian chronostratigraphy of China, p. 4–15. In
Xiang, L.-W., Nan, R.-S., Guo, Z.-M., Li, S.-J., Yang, J.-L., Zhou, G.-Q., Sheng, X.-F., Qian, Y., An, T.-X., Yuan, K.-X., and Zhang, S.-G. (eds.), Stratigraphy of China, 4, the Cambrian System of China. Geological Publishing House, Beijing. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Yin, A., and Harrison, T. M.
2000. Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 28:211–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yin, A., and Nie, S.-Y.
1996. A Phanerozoic palinspastic reconstruction of China, p. 442–485. In
Yin, A. and Harrison, T. M. (eds.), The Tectonic Evolution of Asia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Yin, G.-Z., and Li, S.-J.
1978. Trilobita, p. 385–595. In
Stratigraphic and Palaeontological Team of Guizhou (ed.), Paleontological Atlas of Southwest China, Guizhou, volume 1, Cambrian–Devonian. Geological Publishing House, Beijing. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Yuan, J.-L., Zhao, Y.-L., and Guo, Q.-J.
1999. On the Kaili Formation. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 38(Supplement):15–27. (In Chinese with English summary)Google Scholar
Yuan, J.-L., Zhao, Y.-L., Wang, Z.-Z., Zhou, Z., and Chen, X.-Y.
1997. A preliminary study on the Lower-Middle Cambrian boundary and the trilobite fauna at Balang, Taijiang, Guizhou, south China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 36:494–522. (In Chinese with English summary)Google Scholar
Zhang, Q., and Li, C.
1984. The Cambrian trilobites from Gaotan, Guichi Country, Anhui province. Bulletin of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5:78–84. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Zhang, T.-R.
1981. Trilobita, p. 134–214. In
Geological Surveying Team of Xinjiang Bureau of Geology, Institute of Geological Sciences of Xinjiang Bureau of Geology, and Investigating Department of Xinjiang Bureau of Petroleum (ed.), Palaeontological Atlas of Northwestern China, Xinjiang volume (Late Proterozoic–Early Palaeozoic). Geological Publishing House, Beijing. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Zhang, W.-T.
1988. The Cambrian System in Eastern Asia, correlation chart and explanatory notes. International Union of Geological Sciences, 81 p.Google Scholar
Zhang, W.-T., Lu, Y.-H., Chu, C.-L., Qian, Y.-Y., Lin, H.-J., Zhou, Z.-Y., Zhang, S.-G., and Yuan, J.-L.
1980. Cambrian trilobite faunas of southwestern China. Palaeontologia Sinica New Series B, 16:1–497. (In Chinese with English summary)Google Scholar
Zhao, Y.-L., and Huang, Y.-H.
1992. Some suggestion for the subdivision of Lower Cambrian of South China. Geology of Guizhou, 9:241–243. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Zhao, Y.-L., Huang, Y.-Z., Mao, J.-R., Shen, Z.-D., and Xie, H.
1992. Some suggestion to the subdivision of Lower Cambrian of South China. Geology of Guizhou, 9:241–243. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Zhou, T.-M., Liu, Y.-R., Meng, X.-S., and Sun, Z.-H.
1977. Trilobita, p. 104–266. In
Geological Institute of Hubei, Geological Bureaus of Henan, Hubei, Guandong and Guanxi (eds.), Palaeontological Atlas of South-Central China, 1, Palaeozoic. Geological Publishing House, Beijing. (In Chinese)Google Scholar