Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T12:35:58.468Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Citizenship and the Right to Leave

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2014

Frederick G. Whelan
Frederick G. Whelan*
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The right to leave one's country, in conjunction with the right to change one's nationality, both of which are proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), are examined in historical and philosophical perspective and with special reference to their implications for a theory of citizenship. These rights are novel elements in enumerations of fundamental rights, at variance with traditional conceptions of state sovereignty and with the practice of many slates, past and present. They are also rights which have not frequently been defended, and have often been denied, by political and legal philosophers, many of whom have defended stronger ties of allegiance and obligations between the citizen and the state than is evidently implied by the human rights doctrine. These rights are clearly grounded in basic liberal values of individual liberty and voluntarism; however, they represent extensions of these values beyond what was usually acknowledged in the classical liberal tradition.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Political Science Review , Volume 75 , Issue 3 , September 1981 , pp. 636 - 653
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 1981

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

SirBlackstone, William. Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol. 1.Google Scholar
Boudin, Leonard B. (1970). “The Right to Travel.” In Dorsen, Norman (ed.), The Rights of Americans. New York: Vintage, pp. 381–98.Google Scholar
Burlamaqui, J. J. (1823). The Principles of Moral and Politic Law, 6th ed. Translated by Nugent, . Philadelphia: Carey and Lea.Google Scholar
Cicero, (1958). Pro Balbo. In The Speeches. Translated by Gardner, R.. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Cranston, Maurice (1973). What Are Human Rights? New York: Taplinger.Google Scholar
del Russo, A. L. (1968). “International Law of Human Rights: A Pragmatic Appraisal.” William and Mary Law Review 9: 749–69.Google Scholar
Dunn, John (1969). The Political Thought of John Locke. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Flathman, Richard E. (1976). The Practice of Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Grotius, Hugo (1925). The Law of War and Peace. Translated by Kelsey, F. W.. Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill.Google Scholar
Heckscher, Eli F. (1955). Mercantilism, Rev. ed., Vol. 2. Translated by Shapiro, M.. London: George Allen.Google Scholar
Henkin, Louis (1977). “Human Rights and ‘Domestic Jurisdiction,’” In Buergenthal, Thomas, with Hall, Judith R. (eds.), Human Rights, International Law, and the Helsinki Accord. Montclair, N.J.: Allenheld, Osmun.Google Scholar
Higgins, Rosalyn (1973). “The Right in International Law of an Individual to Enter, Stay in, and Leave a Country.” International Affairs 49: 341–57.Google Scholar
Hobbes, Thomas (1960). Leviathan. Edited by Oakeshott, Michael. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Holdsworth, W. S. (1923). A History of English Law, 3rd ed. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Hume, David (1963). “Of the Original Contract.” In Essays Moral, Political and Literary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
James, I (1918). “An Apologie for the Oath of Allegiance.” In McIlwain, Charles Howard (ed.), The Political Works of James I. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Jefferson, Thomas (1774). A Summary View of the Rights of British America. In Peterson, Merrill D. (ed.), The Portable Jefferson. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1975. Pp. 3–21.Google Scholar
Jefferson, Thomas (1779). “A Bill Declaring Who Shall Be Deemed Citizens of This Commonwealth.” In Boyd, J. P. (ed.). The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. 2. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1950.Google Scholar
Jefferson, Thomas (1798). “The Kentucky Resolutions.” In Peterson, Merrill D. (ed.), The Portable Jefferson. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1975, pp. 281–89.Google Scholar
Jefferson, Thomas (1801). “First Annual Message.” In Ford, P. L. (ed.), The Works of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. 9. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1905.Google Scholar
Jefferson, Thomas. (1817). Letter to John Manners, June 12, 1817. In Lipscomb, A. A. and Bergh, A. E. (eds.), The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. 15. Washington, D.C.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1903.Google Scholar
Jefferson, Thomas (1903). “Autobiography.” In Lipscomb, A. A. and Bergh, A. E. (eds.), The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association.Google Scholar
Jones, A. H. M. (1940). The Greek City from Alexander to Justinian. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Kant, Immanuel (1970). “On the Common Saying: ‘This May Be True in Theory, but It Does Not Apply in Practice.’” In Reiss, Hans (ed.), Kant's Political Writings. Translated by Nisbet, H. B.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 61–92.Google Scholar
Knisbacher, Mitchell (1973). “Aliyah of Soviet Jews: Protection of the Right of Emigration under International Law.” Harvard International Law Journal 14: 89–110.Google Scholar
Lauterpacht, H. (1945). An International Bill of the Rights of Man. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Lauterpacht, H. (1950). International Law and Human Rights. London: Stevens.Google Scholar
Leary, Virginia (1977). “The Implementation of the Human Rights Provisions of the Helsinki Final Act: A Preliminary Assessment: 1975-1977.” In Buergenthal, Thomas, with Hall, Judith R. (eds.), Human Rights, International Law and the Helsinki Accord. Montclair, N.J.: Allenheld, Osmun.Google Scholar
Locke, John (1965). Second Treatise. In Two Treatises of Government. Edited by Laslett, Peter. New York: Mentor.Google Scholar
Lyons, David (1973). In the Interests of the Governed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Mansfield, Harvey C. Jr., (1976). “The Right of Revolution.” Daedalus 105: 151–62.Google Scholar
McDougal, Myres S., Lasswell, Harold D., and Chen, Lungshu (1974). “Nationality and Human Rights: The Protection of the Individual in External Areas.” Yale Law Journal 83: 900–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKechnie, William Sharp (1958). Magna Carta, 2nd ed. New York: Burt Franklin.Google Scholar
Montesquieu, (1961). The Persian Letters. Edited and translated by Loy, J. Robert. New York: Meridian.Google Scholar
Nett, Roger (1971). “The Civil Right We Are Not Ready For: The Right of Free Movement of People on the Face of the Earth.” Ethics 81: 212–27.Google Scholar
Nozick, Robert (1974). Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Phillipson, Coleman (1911). The International Law and Custom of Ancient Greece and Rome, Vol. 1. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Plato, (1975). Crito. In The Trial and Death of Socrates. Translated by Grube, G. M. A.. Indianapolis: Hackett.Google Scholar
Plato, (1980). The Laws of Plato. Translated by Pangle, Thomas L.. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Plutarch, , “Life of Lycurgus.” In The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans. Translated by Dryden, John. New York: Modern Library, n.d., pp. 49–74.Google Scholar
SirPollack, Frederick, and Maitland, Frederic William (1923). The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2nd ed., Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pufendorf, Samuel (1934). De Jure Naturae et Gentium Libri Octo, Vol. 2. Translated by C. H. and Oldfather W. A. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Rawls, John (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Robinson, Nehemiah (1958). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York: Institute of Jewish Affairs, World Jewish Congress.Google Scholar
Roche, John P. (1974). “The Expatriation Decisions: A Study in Constitutional Improvisation and the Uses of History.” In Sentenced to Life. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1979). Emile, or On Education. Translated by Bloom, Allan. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1978). On the Social Contract. Translated by Masters, Judith R.. New York: St. Martin's.Google Scholar
Schwelb, Egon (1964). Human Rights and the International Community. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.Google Scholar
Smith, Adam (1937). The Wealth of Nations. Edited by Cannan, Edwin. New York: Modern Library.Google Scholar
Sohn, Louis B. (1968). “A Short History of United Nations Documents on Human Rights.” In The United Nations and Human Rights, Eighteenth Report of the Commission to Study the Organization of Peace. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana.Google Scholar
Turdack, Daniel C. (1979). “A Brief Review of the Provisions in Recent Agreements Concerning Freedom of Movement Issues in the Modern World.” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 11:95–115.Google Scholar
United Nations Bulletin 5 (1948).Google Scholar
United Nations Review 10 (1963).Google Scholar
Vattel, E. de (1883). The Law of Nations; or, the Principles of the Law of Nature, applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns. Philadelphia: Johnson.Google Scholar
Westermann, W. L. (1945). “Between Slavery and Freedom.” American Historical Review 50: 213–27.Google Scholar
Wills, Garry (1978). Inventing America. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Wolff, Christian (1934). Jus Gentium Melhodo Scientifica Pertractatum, Vol. 2. Translated by Drake, J. H.. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar