Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T01:24:32.783Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

End-Permian mass extinction of foraminifers in the Nanpanjiang basin, South China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2015

Haijun Song ,
Jinnan Tong ,
Z. Q. Chen ,
Hao Yang  and
Yongbiao Wang
Haijun Song
Affiliation:
1Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, PR China,
Jinnan Tong
Affiliation:
1Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, PR China,
Z. Q. Chen
Affiliation:
2School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia,
Hao Yang
Affiliation:
1Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, PR China, <2003yanghao@163.com>
Yongbiao Wang
Affiliation:
1Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, PR China,
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Newly obtained foraminifer faunas from the Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) transition at the Dajiang and Bianyang sections in the Nanpanjiang Basin, South China, comprise 61 species in 40 genera. They belong to the Palaeofusulina sinensis Zone, the youngest Permian foraminifer zone in South China. Quantitative analysis reveals that the last occurrences of more than a half of species (28/54) fall into a 60-cm-interval at the uppermost Changhsingian skeletal packstone unit and thus calibrate the end-Permian extinction to the skeletal packstonecalcimicrobial framestone boundary. About 93% (54/58) of species of the latest Permian assemblage became extinct in the P-Tr crisis. Four major foraminiferal groups, the Miliolida, Fusulinida, Lagenida, and Textulariina, have extinction rates up to 100%, 96%, 92%, and 50%, respectively, and thus experienced selective extinctions. Both Hemigordius longus and ?Globivalvulina bulloides temporarily survived the end-Permian extinction event and extended into the earliest Triassic but became extinct soon after. The post-extinction foraminifer assemblage is characterized by the presence of both disaster taxa and Lazarus taxa. Foraminifer distribution near the P-Tr boundary also reveals that the irregular contact surface at the uppermost Permian may be created by a massive submarine dissolution event, which may be coeval with the end-Permian mass extinction. A new species, Rectostipulina hexamerata, is described here.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 83 , Issue 5 , September 2009 , pp. 718 - 738
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Altiner, D. 1981. Recherches stratigraphiques et micropaléontologiques dans le Taurus Oriental au NW de Pinarbasi (Turquie). Université de Genève, Section des Sciences de la Terre, Thèse No. 2005, 450 p.Google Scholar
Altiner, D. 1999. Sengoerina argandi n. gen. n. sp., and its position in the evolution of Late Permian biseriamminid foraminifers. Micropaleontology, 45:215–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altiner, D., Groves, J. R., and Özkan-Altiner, S. 2005. Calcareous foraminiferal recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction, southern Turkey. Albertiana, 33:14–17.Google Scholar
Altiner, D. and Özkan-Altiner, S. 2001. Charliella rossae n. gen. n. sp., from the Tethyan realm: remarks on the evolution of Late Permian biseriamminids. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 31:309–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altiner, D., Savini, R., and Özkan-Altiner, S. 2003. Morphological variation in Hemigordius harltoni Cushman and Waters, 1928: Remarks on the taxonomy of Carboniferous and Permian Hemigordiopsids. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 109:195–211.Google Scholar
Angiolini, L., Carabelli, L., Nicora, A., Crasquin-Soleau, S., Marcoux, J., and Rettori, R. 2007. Brachiopods and other fossils from the Permo-Triassic boundary beds of the Antalya Nappes (SW Taurus, Turkey). Geobios, 40:715–729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, H. A. and Brasier, M. D. 2005. Foraminifera, p. 142–187. In Armstrong, H. A. and Brasier, M. D. (eds.), Microfossils, 2nd ed. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.Google Scholar
Baud, A., Richoz, S., and Pruss, S. 2007. The lower Triassic anachronistic carbonate facies in space and time. Global and Planetary Change, 55:81–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berczi-Makk, A. 1992. Midian (Upper Permian) foraminifera from the large Mihalovits quarry at Nagyvisnyo (North-Hungary). Acta Geologica Hungarica, 35:27–38.Google Scholar
Boeckelmann, K. 1991. The Permian-Triassic of the Gartnerkofel-1 Core and the Reppwand Outcrop section (Carnic Alps, Austria). Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 45:17–36.Google Scholar
Boyer, D. L., Bottjer, D. J., and Droser, M. L. 2004. Ecological signature of Lower Triassic shell beds of the Western United States. Palaios, 19:372–380.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozorgnia, F. 1973. Paleozoic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of central and east Alborz Mountains, Iran. National Iranian Oil Company, Geological Laboratories Publication, 4, 185 p.Google Scholar
Brady, H. B. 1876. A Monograph of Carboniferous and Permian Foraminifera (the Genus Fusulina excepted). Palaeontographical Society London, 166 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brönnimann, P. and Zaninetti, L. 1972. Foraminifera from the basal Upper Muschelkalk at Hyeres, Western Basse-Provence, Southern France. Rivista Italianna di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 78:31–64.Google Scholar
Cao, C. and Shang, Q. 1998. Microstratigraphy of Permo-Triassic transitional sequence of the Meishan section, Zhejiang, China. Palaeoworld, 9:147–152.Google Scholar
Chen, J., Beatty, T. W., Henderson, C. M., and Rowe, H. 2009. Conodont biostratigraphy across the Permian-Triassic boundary at the Dawen section, Great Bank of Guizhou, Guizhou Province, South China: Implications for the Late Permian extinction and correlation with Meishan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 29: (in press).Google Scholar
Chen, Z. Q., Kaiho, K., and George, A. D. 2005. Survival strategies of brachiopod faunas from the end-Permian mass extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 224:232–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Z. Q., Kaiho, K., George, A. D., and Tong, J. 2006. Survival brachiopod faunas of the end-Permian mass extinction from the southern Alps (Italy) and South China. Geological Magazine, 143:301–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Z. Q. and McNamara, K. J. 2006. End-Permian extinction and subsequent recovery of the Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 236:321–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Z. Q., Tong, J., Zhang, K., Yang, H., Liao, Z., Song, H., and Chen, J. 2009. Environmental and biotic turnover across Permian-Triassic boundary from shallow carbonate platform in western Zhejiang, South China. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 56(6):775–797.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cherdyntsev, W. 1914. Foraminiferal fauna of the Permian deposits of the eastern belt of European Russia. Kazan, Trudy Obshchestva Estestvoispytateley pri Imperatorskomy Kazanskomy Universitety, 46:3–88. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Cirilli, S., Radrizzani, C. P., and Ponton, M. E. A. 1998. Stratigraphical and palaeoenvironmental analysis of the Permian-Triassic transition in the Badia Valley (Southern Alps, Italy). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 138:85–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colani, M. 1924. Nouvelle contribution à l'étude des fusulinidés de l'Extrême-orient. Mémoires du Service Géologique de l'Indo-chine, Hanoi-Haiphong, 11:9–191.Google Scholar
Collin, P. Y., Kershaw, S., Crasquin-Soleau, S., and Feng, Q. 2009. Facies changes and diagenetic processes across the Permian-Triassic boundary event horizon, Great Bank of Guizhou, South China: A controversy of erosion and dissolution. Sedimentology, 56:677–693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crasquin-Soleau, S., Marcoux, J., Angiolini, L., Richoz, S., Nicora, A., Baud, A., and Bertho, Y. 2004. A new ostracode fauna from the Permian-Triassic boundary in Turkey (Taurus, Antalya Nappes). Micropaleontology, 50:281–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cushman, J. A. and Waters, J. A. 1928. Some Foraminifera from the Pennsylvanian and Permian of Texas. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, 4:31–55.Google Scholar
Delage, Y. and Hérouard, E. 1896. Traité de Zoologie concrète, Paris, 1, 584 p.Google Scholar
Derville, H. 1931. Les marbres du calcaire Carbonifère en Bas-Boulonnais. Deuxième partie, pp. 113–142. Étude micrographique des organismes. O. Boehm, Strasbourg.Google Scholar
Eichwald, C. E. 1830. Zoologia specialis, Volume 2, 323 pp.Google Scholar
Enos, P., Lehrmann, D. L., Wei, J., Yu, Y., Xiao, J., Chaikin, D. H., Minzoni, M., Berry, A. K., and Montgomery, P. 2007. Triassic evolution of the Yangtze platform in Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China. The Geological Society of America Special Paper, 417:1–105.Google Scholar
Erk, A. S. 1942. Sur la présence du genre Codonofusiella Dunb. et Skin. dans le Permien de Bursa (Turquie). Ecologae Geologicae Helvetiae, 34:243–253.Google Scholar
Erwin, D. H. 1993. The Great Paleozoic Crisis: Life and Death in the Permian. Columbia University Press, New York, 327 p.Google Scholar
Erwin, D. H. 2006. Extinction: How Life on Earth Nearly Ended 250 Million Years Ago. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 306 p.Google Scholar
Ezaki, Y., Liu, J., and Adachi, N. 2003. Earliest Triassic microbialite micro- to megastructures in the Huaying area of Sichuan Province, South China: Implications for the nature of oceanic conditions after the end-Permian extinction. Palaios, 18:388–402.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ezaki, Y., Liu, J., Nagano, T., and Adachi, N. 2008. Geobiological aspects of the earliest Triassic microbialites along the southern periphery of the tropical Yangtze platform: Initiation and cessation of a microbial regime. Palaios, 23:356–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flügel, E. 2004. Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks: Analysis, Interpretation and Application. Springer, Berlin, 976 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaillot, J. and Vachard, D. 2007. The Khuff Formation (Middle East) and time-equivalents in Turkey and South China: Biostratigraphy from Capitanian to Changhsingian times (Permian), new foraminiferal taxa, and palaeogeographical implications. Coloquios de Paleontología, 57:37–223.Google Scholar
Galfetti, T., Bucher, H., Martini, R., Hochuli, P. A., Weissert, H., Crasquin-Soleau, S., Brayard, A., Goudemand, N., Bruhwiler, T., and Guodun, K. 2008. Evolution of Early Triassic outer platform paleoenvironments in the Nanpanjiang Basin (South China) and their significance for the biotic recovery. Sedimentary Geology, 204:36–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geinitz, H. B. and Gutbier, A. 1848. Die Versteinerungen des deutschen Zechsteingebirges und Rothligednen, Heft 1. Arnold, Dresden.Google Scholar
Grauvogel-Stamm, L. and Ash, S. R. 2005. Recovery of the Triassic land flora from the end-Permian life crisis. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 4:593–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groves, J. R. and Altiner, D. 2005. Survival and recovery of calcareous foraminifera pursuant to the end-Permian mass extinction. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 4:487–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groves, J. R., Altiner, D., and Rettori, R. 2005. Extinction, survival, and recovery of lagenide foraminifers in the Permian-Triassic boundary interval, Central Taurides, Turkey. Journal of Paleontology, 79, The Paleontological Society Memoir, 62:1–38.Google Scholar
Groves, J. R., Rettori, R., Payne, J. L., Boyce, M. D., and Altiner, D. 2007. End-Permian mass extinction of Lagenide foraminifers in the Southern Alps (Northern Italy). Journal of Paleontology, 81:415–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gu, S., Pei, J., Yang, F., and Gao, Y. 2002. Smaller foraminifera fauna from the Changxingian of the Sidazhai section, Ziyun county, southern Guizhou Province. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 19:163–169. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Gu, S., Peng, F., He, W., Feng, Q., and Jin, Y. 2005. Shallow water smaller foraminifera from the Upper Permian of the Liuqiao area, southeastern Guangxi, South China. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 22:163–172. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Hallam, A. and Wignall, P. B. 1997. Mass extinctions and their aftermath. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 320 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hips, K. and Haas, J. 2006. Calcimicrobial stromatolites at the Permian-Triassic boundary in a western Tethyan section, Bukk Mountains, Hungary. Sedimentary Geology, 185:239–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ishii, K., Okimura, Y., and Nakazawa, K. 1975. On the genus Colaniella and its biostratigraphic significance. Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University, 19:107–138.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D. 1986. Causes and consequences of mass extinctions: A comparative approach, p. 183–229. In Elliott, D. K. (ed.), Dynamics of Extinction, John Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D. 2002. Survival without recovery after mass extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99:8139–8144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenny, C., Izart, A., Baud, A., and Jenny, J. 2004. The Permian deposits of Hydra Island (Greece), micropaleontology, sedimentology and paleoenvironments. Revue de Paleobiologie, 23:275–312.Google Scholar
Jenny-Deshusses, C. 1985. Rectostipulina n. gen. (= Stipulina Lys, 1978), un organisme incertae sedis du Permien supérieur de la Téthys moyenorientale: description morphologique et remarques stratigraphiques. Revue de Paléobiologie, 4:153–158.Google Scholar
Jenny-Deshusses, C., Martini, R., and Zaninetti, L. 2000. First occurrence of the foraminifer Colaniella Likharev in the Upper Permian from the Sosio Valley (Sicily). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIA - Earth and Planetary Science, 330:799–804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, H., Lai, X., Luo, G., Aldridge, R., Zhang, K., and Wignall, P. 2007. Restudy of conodont zonation and evolution across the P/T boundary at Meishan section, Changxing, Zhejiang, China. Global and Planetary Change, 55:39–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jin, Y. G., Wang, Y., Wang, W., Shang, Q. H., Cao, C. Q., and Erwin, D. H. 2000. Pattern of marine mass extinction near the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China. Science, 289:432–436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karavaeva, N. I. and Nestell, G. P. 2007. Permian foraminifers of the Omolon Massifm northeastern Siberia, Russia. Micropaleontology, 53:161–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knoll, A. H., Bambach, R. K., Payne, J. L., Pruss, S., and Fischer, W. W. 2007. Paleophysiology and end-Permian mass extinction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 256:295–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobayashi, F. 1986. Middle Permian foraminifers of the Gozenyama Formation, Southern Kwanto Mountains, Japan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Series C (Geology and Palaeontology), 12:131–163.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, F. 1997. Upper Permian foraminifers from the Iwai-Kanyo area, west Tokyo, Japan. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 27:186–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobayashi, F. 2004. Late Permian foraminifers from the limestone block in the southern Chichibu terrane of West Shikoku, SW Japan. Journal of Paleontology, 78:62–70.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobayashi, F. 2005. Permian foraminifers from the Itsukaichi-Ome Area, west Tokyo, Japan. Journal of Paleontology, 79:413–432.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobayashi, F. 2006. Middle Permian foraminifers of Kaize, southern part of the Saku Basin, Nagano Prefecture, central Japan. Paleontological Research, 10:179–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotlyar, G. V., Zakharov, Y. D., Koczyrkevicz, B. V., Kropatcheva, G. S., Rostovtsev, K. O., Chedija, I. O., and Vuks, G. P. 1983. Evolution of the Latest Permian Biota. Dzhulfian and Dorashamian Regional Stages in the USSR. Izdatelstvo Nauka, Leningrad, 200 p. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Kotlyar, G. V., Zakharov, Y. D., Kropatcheva, G. S., Pronina, G. P., Chedija, I. O., and Burago, V. I. 1989. Evolution of the Latest Permian Biota. Midian Regional Stage in the USSR. Izdatelstvo Nauka, Leningrad, 185 p. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Köylüoglu, M. and Altiner, D. 1989. Micropaléontologie (foraminifères) et biostratigraphie du Permien supérieur de la région d'Hakkari (SE Turquie). Revue de Paleobiologie, 8:467–503.Google Scholar
Kozur, H. W., Aydin, M., Demir, O., Yakar, H., Göncüoglu, M. C., and Kuru, F. 2000. New stratigraphic and palaeogeographic results from the Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic of the Middle Pontides (Northern Turkey) in the Azdavay, Devrekani, Kyre and Inebolu areas: Implications for the Carboniferous-Early Cretaceous geodynamic evolution and some related remarks to the Karakaya oceanic rift basin. Geologia Croatica, 53:209–268.Google Scholar
Krull, E. S., Lehrmann, D. J., Druke, D., Kessel, B., Yu, Y., and Li, R. 2004. Stable carbon isotope stratigraphy across the Permian-Triassic boundary in shallow marine carbonate platforms, Nanpanjiang Basin, South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 204:297–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lange, E. 1925. Eine Mittelpermische Fauna von Guguk Bulat (Padanger Oberland, Sumatra), Verhandelingen van het Geologisch-Mijnbouwkundig Genootschap voor Nederland en Kolonien. Geologische serie, 7:213–295.Google Scholar
Lee, J. S. 1934. Taxonomic criteria of Fusulinidae with notes on seven new Permian genera. The National Research Institute of Geology, Memoirs, 14:1–32.Google Scholar
Lee, J. S., Chen, S., and Chu, S. 1930. The Huanglung Limestone and its fauna. The National Research Institute of Geology, Memoirs, 9:85–143.Google Scholar
Lehrmann, D. J. 1999. Early Triassic calcimicrobial mounds and biostromes of the Nanpanjiang basin, south China. Geology, 27:359–362.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehrmann, D. J., Payne, J. L., Felix, S. V., Dillett, P. M., Wang, H., Yu, Y., and Wei, J. 2003. Permian-Triassic boundary sections from shallow-marine carbonate platforms of the Nanpangjiang Basin, south China: Implications for oceanic conditions associated with the end-Permian extinction and its aftermath. Palaios, 18:138–152.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehrmann, D. J., Payne, J. L., Pei, D., Enos, P., Druke, D., Steffen, K., Zhang, J., Wei, J., Orchard, M. J., and Ellwood, B. 2007. Record of the end-Permian extinction and Triassic biotic recovery in the Chongzuo-Pingguo platform, southern Nanpanjiang basin, Guangxi, south China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 252:200–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehrmann, D. J., Ramezani, J., Bowring, S. A., Martin, M. W., Montgomery, P., Enos, P., Payne, J. L., Orchard, M. J., Wang, H., and Wei, J. 2006. Timing of recovery from the end-Permian extinction: Geochronologic and biostratigraphic constraints from South China. Geology, 34:1053–1056.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehrmann, D. J., Wan, Y., Wei, J., Yu, Y., and Xiao, J. 2001. Lower Triassic peritidal cyclic limestone: an example of anachronistic carbonate facies from the Great Band of Guizhou, Nanpanjiang Basin, Guizhou province, South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 173:103–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehrmann, D. J., Wei, J., and Enos, P. 1998. Controls on facies architecture of a large Triassic carbonate platform: the Great Bank of Guizhou, Nanpanjiang Basin, South China. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 68:311–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leven, E. and Okay, A. I. 1996. Foraminifera from the exotic Permo-Carboniferous limestone blocks in the Karakaya Complex, northwestern Turkey. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 102:139–174.Google Scholar
Li, X. and Ding, M. 1987. Correlation and analysis of the Upper Permian Changxingian foraminifer and conodont zones (or assemblages) in south China. Geological Review, 33:395–401. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Liêm, N. V. 1971. New Late Permian species of Neoendothyra (Endothyrida) from north Vietnam. Paleontologicheskiiy Zhurnal, 3:110–111.Google Scholar
Lin, J. 1978. Foraminifera (Carboniferous-Permian), p. 4–43. In The Palaeontological Atlas of Central-South China, Part 4: Microfossils. Geological Publishing House, Beijing. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Lin, J. 1984. Foraminifera, p. 110–177, 328-330. In Yichang Institute of Geology and Minerals Resources (ed.), Biostratigraphy of the Yangtze Gorge area (3): Late Palaeozoic Era. Geological Publishing House, Beijing. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Lin, J. 1985. Foraminifera from the Lower Permian Qixia Formation of Jiahe, Guangdong. Geological Review, 31:289–294. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Lin, J., Li, J., and Sun, Q. 1990. Late Paleozoic Foraminifera in South China. Science Press, Beijing, 297 p. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Liu, J. B., Ezaki, Y., Yang, S. R., Wang, H. F., and Adachi, N. 2007. Age and sedimentology of microbialites after the end-Permian mass extinction in Luodian, Guizhou Province. Journal of Palaeogeography, 9:473–486. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Loeblich, A. R. Jr. and Tappan, H. 1988. Foraminiferal Genera and Their Classification. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 970 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lys, M., Colchen, M., Bassoulet, J. P., Marcoux, J., and Mascle, G. 1980. La biozone a Colaniella parva du Permien supérieur et sa microfaune dans le bloc calcaire exotique de Lamayuru, Himalaya du Ladakh. Revue de Micropaléontologie, 23:76–108.Google Scholar
Lys, M. and Marcoux, J. 1978. Les niveaux du Permian supérieur des Nappes d'Antalya (Taurides occidentales, Turquie). Compte Rendu Hebdomadaire des Séances de l' Academie des Sciences, Paris, sér. D., 286:1417–1420.Google Scholar
Lys, M., Stampfli, G., and Jenny, J. 1978. Biostratigraphie du Carbonifère et du Permien de I'Elbourz oriental (Iran du N. E.). Notes du Laboratoire de Paleontologie de l'Universite de Geneve, 2:63–99.Google Scholar
Márquez, L. 2005. Foraminiferal fauna recovered after the Late Permian extinctions in Iberia and the westernmost Tethys area. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 229:137–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, C. R. 1990. Confidence intervals on stratigraphic ranges. Paleobiology, 16:1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, C. R. 1995. Distinguishing between sudden and gradual extinctions in the fossil record: predicting the position of the Cretaceous-Tertiary iridium anomaly using the ammonite fossil record on Seymour Island, Antarctica. Geology, 23:731–734.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meldahl, K. H. 1990. Sampling, species abundance, and the stratigraphic signature of mass extinction: A test using Holocene tidal flat molluscs. Geology, 18:890–893.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mertmann, D. 2000. Foraminiferal assemblages in Permian carbonates of the Zaluch Group (Salt Range and Trans Indus Ranges, Pakistan). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Monatshefte, 3:129–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mikhalevich, V. I. 2000. The phylum Foraminifera d'Orbigny, 1826 -Foraminifers, p. 533–623. In Protista, G. P. (ed.), Manual on Zoology. Part 1. Russian Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institute, Sankt-Petersburg, Nauka.Google Scholar
Miklukho-Maklay, K. V. 1954. Foraminifers of the Upper Permian Deposits of the Northern Caucasus. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Geologicheskogo Instituta (VSEGEI). Ministerstva Geologii i Okhrani Nedr, 163 p.Google Scholar
Nakazawa, K., Kapoor, H. M., Ishii, K., Bando, Y., Okimura, Y., and Tokuoka, T. 1975. The Upper Permian and Lower Triassic in Kashmir. Memior of Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series Geology and Mineralogy, 42:1–106.Google Scholar
Nestell, M. and Pronina, G. P. 1997. The age and distribution of the genus Hemigordiopsis, p. 105–110. In Ross, C. A., Ross, J. R. P., and Breckle, P. L. (eds.), Late Paleozoic Foraminifera-their biostratigraphy, evolution, and paleoecology and the Mid-Carboniferous boundary. Volume 36. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research.Google Scholar
Okimura, Y. and Ishii, K. 1981. Upper Permian and Lower Triassic foraminifera from Guryul Ravine and the spur three kilometers north of Barus. In Nakazawa, K. and Kapoor, H. M. (eds.), The Upper Permian and Lower Triassic faunas of Kashmir. Palaeontologica Indica, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, New Series, 46:25–38Google Scholar
Okimura, Y., Ishii, K., and Ross, C. A. 1985. Biostratigraphical significance and faunal provinces of Tethyan Late Permian smaller Foraminifera, p. 115–1158. In Nakazawa, K. and Dickins, J. M. (eds.), The Tethys, her paleogeography and paleobiogeography from Paleozoic to Mesozoic. Tokai University Press, Tokyo.Google Scholar
Ota, A. and Isozaki, Y. 2006. Fusuline biotic turnover across the Guadalupian-Lopingian (Middle-Upper Permian) boundary in mid-oceanic carbonate buildups: Biostratigraphy of accreted limestone in Japan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 26:353–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, J. L., Lehrmann, D. J., Christensen, S., Wei, J., and Knoll, A. H. 2006b. Environmental and biological controls on the initiation and growth of a Middle Triassic (Anisian) reef complex on the Great Bank of Guizhou, China. Palaios, 21:325–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, J. L., Lehrmann, D. J., Follett, D., Seibel, M., Kump, L. R., Riccardi, A., Altiner, D., Sano, H., and Wei, J. 2007. Erosional truncation of uppermost Permian shallow-marine carbonates and implications for Permian-Triassic boundary events. GSA Bulletin, 119:771–784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, J. L., Lehrmann, D. J., Wei, J., and Knoll, A. H. 2006a. The pattern and timing of biotic recovery from the end-Permian extinction on the Great Bank of Guizhou, Guizhou Province, China. Palaios, 21:63–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, J. L., Lehrmann, D. J., Wei, J., Orchard, M. J., Schrag, D. P., and Knoll, A. H. 2004. Large perturbations of the carbon cycle during recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 305:506–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinard, S. and Mamet, B. L. 1998. Taxonomie des petits foraminifères du Carbonifère supérieur-Permien inférieur du bassin de Sverdrup, Arctique Canadien. Palaeontographica Canadiana, 15:1–253.Google Scholar
Powers, C. M. and Pachut, J. F. 2008. Diversity and Distribution of Triassic Bryozoans in the Aftermath of the End-Permian Mass Extinction. Journal of Paleontology, 82:362–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pronina, G. P. 1988. The Late Permian smaller foraminifers of Transcaucasus. Revue de Paleobiologie, 2:89–96.Google Scholar
Pronina-Nestell, G. P. and Nestell, M. K. 2001. Late Changhsingian foraminifers from the northwestern Caucasus. Micropaleontology, 47:205–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rampino, M. R. and Adler, A. C. 1998. Evidence for abrupt latest Permian mass extinction of foraminifera: Results of tests for the Signor-Lipps effect. Geology, 26:415–418.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raup, D. M., Sabine, P. A., Ashmole, P., King, P. W., and Wolfendale, A. W. 1989. The case for extraterrestrial causes of extinction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London - Series B: Biological Sciences, 325:421–435.Google ScholarPubMed
Reichel, M. 1945. Sur un Miliolidé nouveau du Permien de l'île de chypre. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 56:521–530.Google Scholar
Reichel, M. 1946. Sur quelques foraminifères nouveaux du Permien méditerranéen. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 38:524–560.Google Scholar
Reytlinger, E. A. 1950. Foraminifera from the Middle Carboniferous deposits of the central part of the Russian Platform (exclusive of the family Fusulinidae). Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Trudy Instituta Geologicheskikh Nauk, vypusk 126, Geologicheskaya Seriya, 47:1–127. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Reytlinger, E. A. 1965. Foraminiferal development in the Late Permian and Early Triassic epochs in the territory of Transcaucasia. Voprosy Mikropaleontologii, 9:45–70.Google Scholar
Rodland, D. L. and Bottjer, D. J. 2001. Biotic recovery from the End-Permian mass extinction: Behavior of the inarticulate brachiopod Lingula as a disaster taxon. Palaios, 16:95–101.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakagami, S. and Hatta, A. 1982. On the Upper Permian Palaeofusulina-Colaniella fauna from Khao Doi Pha Phlung, north Thailand. Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, 24:1–14.Google Scholar
Schubert, J. K. and Bottjer, D. J. 1992. Early Triassic stromatolites as post-mass extinction disaster forms. Geology, 20:883–886.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sellier de Civrieux, J. M. and Dessauvagie, T. F. J. 1965. Reclassification de quelques Nodosariidae, particulièrement du Permien au Lias. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü Yayinlarindan, Ankara, 124:1–178.Google Scholar
Shang, Q., Vachard, D. and Cardroit, M. 2003. Smaller foraminifera from the Late Changhsingian (Latest Permian) of southern Guangxi and discussion on the Permian-Triassic boundary. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 20:377–388. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Sheng, J. 1955. Fusulinids from Changxing limestone. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 3:287–297. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Sheng, J. 1956. Permian fusulinids from Liangshan, Hanchung, southern Shensi. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 4:173–227. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Sheng, J., Chen, C., Wang, Y., Rui, L., Liao, Z., Bando, Y., Ishii, K., and Nakazawa, K. 1984. Permian-Triassic boundary in middle and eastern Tethys. Journal of Faculty of Sciences, Hokkaido University, Series 4, 21:133–181.Google Scholar
Sidó, M. 1978. Lower Carboniferous Foraminifera from bituminous limestones recovered by an ore exploratory pir near Szabadbattyán, western Hungary. Bulletin of the Hungarian Geological Society, 108:172–193.Google Scholar
Signor, P. W. and Lipps, J. H. 1982. Sampling bias, gradual extinction patterns, and catastrophes in the fossil record, p. 291–296. In Silver, L. T. and Schultz, P. H. (eds.), Geological implications of impacts of large asteroids and comets on the Earth. The Geological Society of America Special Paper 190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solow, A. R. 1996. Tests and confidence intervals for a common upper endpoint in fossil taxa. Paleobiology, 22:406–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solow, A. R., and Smith, W. K. 2000. Testing for a mass extinction without selecting taxa. Paleobiology, 26:647–650.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, H. and Tong, J.in press. Foraminifera, In Xie, S. (ed.), Geobiology: Interaction of Life and Environment on Earth. China University of Geosciences Press, Wuhan. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Song, H., Tong, J., and Chen, Z. Q. 2009. Two episodes of foraminiferal extinction near the Permian-Triassic boundary at the Meishan section, South China. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 56(6):764–774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, H., Tong, J., and He, W. 2006. Latest Permian small foraminiferal fauna at the Meishan Section, Zhejiang Province. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 23:87–104. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Song, H., Tong, J., Zhang, K., Wang, Q., and Chen, Z. Q. 2007. Foraminifers surviving from the end-Permian mass extinction at Meishan, Changxing, China. Palaeoworld, 22:105–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sosnina, M. I. 1978. On foraminifera of the late Permian Chandalazsk Horizon of South Primorye, p. 24–41. In Popeko, L. I. (ed.), Upper Paleozoic of northeast Asia. Instituta Tektoniki i Geofiziki, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Dal' nevostochnyy Nauchnyy Tsentr, Vladivostok.Google Scholar
Springer, M. S. 1990. The effect of random range truncations on patterns of evolution in the fossil record. Paleobiology, 16:512–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. M. and Yang, X. 1994. A double mass extinction at the end of the Paleozoic Era. Science, 266:1340–1344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strauss, D. and Sadler, P. M. 1989. Classical confidence intervals and Bayesian probability estimates for ends of local taxon ranges. Mathematical Geology, 21:411–427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suliemanov, I. S. 1949. Some smaller foraminifers from the Upper Paleozoic deposits of Bashkiria. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Trudy Instituta Geologicheskikh Nauk, vypusk 105, Geologicheskaya Seriya, 35:236–243. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Tappan, H. and Loeblich, A. R. Jr. 1988. Foraminiferal evolution, diversification, and extinction. Journal of Paleontology, 62:695–714.Google Scholar
Tiên, N. D. 1986. Foraminifera and algae from the Permian of Kampuchea, p. 116–137. In Fontaine, H. (ed.), The Permian of Southeast Asia. COOP Technical Bulletin, 18.Google Scholar
Tiên, N. D. 1988. Note on two “incertae sedis” from the Permian of west Thailand, p. 109–111. In Fontaine, H. and Suteethorn, V. (eds.), Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic fossils of west Thailand and their environments. CCOP Technical Bulletin, 20.Google Scholar
Tong, J. 1998. The Middle Triassic environstratigraphy of central-south Guizhou, Southwest China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 143:293–305.Google Scholar
Tong, J. 2004. Evolution of foraminiferid groups through the Permian-Triassic transition in South China., p. 701–708, 1070. In Rong, J. and Fang, Z. (eds.), Mass extinction and recovery—Evidences from the Palaeozoic and Triassic of South China. University of Science and Technology of China Press, Hefei. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Tong, J. and Kuang, W. 1990. A study of the Changxingian foraminifera and microfacies in Liangfengya, Chongqing, Sichuan Province. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 15:337–344. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Tong, J. and Shi, G. R. 2000. Evolution of the Permian and Triassic Foraminifera in South China, p. 291–307. In Yin, H., Dickins, J. M., Shi, G. R., and Tong, J. (eds.), Permian-Triassic evolution of Tethys and western circum Pacific. Elsevier, Amsterdam.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trifonova, E. T. 1978. New foraminifera species from the Lower-Triassic and Middle Triassic in Bulgaria. Dokl Bolg Akad Nauk, 31:1151–1154.Google Scholar
Turhan, N., Okuyucu, C., and Goncuoglu, C. 2004. Autochthonous Upper Permian (Midian) carbonates in the western Sakarya composite Terrane, Geyve area, Turkey: Preliminary data. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 13:215–229.Google Scholar
Ueno, K. 1992. Permian foraminifers from the Takakurayama Group of the southern Abukuma Mountains, northeast Japan. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, 168:1265–1295.Google Scholar
Ueno, K. and Sakagami, S. 1993. Middle Permian foraminifers from Ban Nam Suai Sa-At, Changw at Loei, Northeast Thailand. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, 172:277–291.Google Scholar
Unal, E., Altiner, D., Yilmazi, Ö., and Özkan-Altiner, S. 2003. Cyclic sedimentation across the Permian-Triassic boundary (Central Taurides, Turkey). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 109:359–376.Google Scholar
Vachard, D. 1981. Téthys et Gondwana au Paléozoïque supérieur. Les données afghanes-biostratigrphie, micropaléontologie, paléontologie. Documents et travaux de l'Istitute géologique Albert de Lapparent (I.G.A.L.), 2, 463 p.Google Scholar
Vachard, D. and Ferrière, J. 1991. Une association a Yabeina (foraminifère fusulinoïde) dans le Midien (Permien supérieur) de la région de Whangaroa (Baie d'Orua, Nouvelle-Zélande). Revue de Micropaléontologie, 34:201–230.Google Scholar
Vachard, D., Hauser, M., Martini, R., Zaninetti, L., Matter, A., and Peters, T. 2002. Middle Permian (Midian) foraminiferal assemblages from the Batain Plain (eastern Oman): Their significance to Neotethyan paleogeography. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 32:155–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vachard, D., Rettori, R., Angiolini, L., and Checconi, A. 2008. Glomomidiella gen. n. (Foraminifera, Miliolata, Neodiscidae): A new genus from the Late Guadalupian-Lopingian of Hydra Island (Greece). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 114:349–361.Google Scholar
Vachard, D., Zambetakis-Lekkas, A., Skourtsos, E., Martini, R., and Zaninetti, L. 2003. Foraminifera, algae and carbonate micro-problematica from the Late Wuchiapingian/Dzhulfian (Late Permian) of Peloponnesus (Greece). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 109:339–358.Google Scholar
Wang, K. 1974. Carboniferous and Permian foraminifera, p. 248–288. In Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Acedia Sinica (ed.), Palaeontological Atlas of Southwest China. Science Press, Bejing. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Wang, K. 1976. The foraminifera from the Changhsing formation in western Guizhou. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 15:186–194. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Wang, K. 2002. Carboniferous and Permian foraminifera from the Hengduan Mountain region. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 19:112–133. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Wang, S. C. and Everson, P. J. 2007. Confidence intervals for pulsed mass extinction events. Paleobiology, 33:324–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, S. C. and Marshall, C. R. 2004. Improved confidence intervals for estimating the position of a mass extinction boundary. Paleobiology, 30:5–8.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y., Tong, J., Wang, J., and Zhou, X. 2005. Calcimicrobialite after end-Permian mass extinction in South China and its palaeoenvironmental significance. Chinese Science Bulletin, 50:665–671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wedekind, R. 1937. Einführung in die Grundlagen der historischen Geologic II. Mikrobiostratigraphie: Die Korallen-und Foraminiferenzeit. Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart, 136 p.Google Scholar
Xie, S., Pancost, R. D., Yin, H., Wang, H., and Evershed, R. P. 2005. Two episodes of microbial change coupled with Permo/Triassic faunal mass extinction. Nature, 434:494–497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, Z., Yin, H., Wu, S., Yang, F., Ding, M., and Xu, G. 1987. Permian-Triassic Boundary Stratigraphy and Fauna of South China. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 379 p. (In Chinese with English summary)Google Scholar
Yang, Z. Y., Wu, S. B., Yin, H. F., Xu, G. R., Zhang, K. X., and Bi, X. M. 1993. Permo-Triassic Events of South China. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 153 p.Google Scholar
Yin, H., Zhang, K., Tong, J., Yang, Z., and Wu, S. 2001. The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic boundary. Episodes, 24:102–114.Google Scholar
Zaninetti, L., Altiner, D., and Catal, E. 1981. Foraminifères et biostratigraphie dans le Permian supérieur du Taurus oriental, Turquie. Notes du Laboratoire de Paleontologie de l'Universite de Geneve, 7:1–37.Google Scholar
Zhang, K. X., Ding, M. H., Lai, X. L., and Liu, J. H. 1996. Conodont sequences of the Permian-Triassic boundary strata at Meishan Section, South China, p. 57–64. In Yin, H. F. (ed.), The Palaeozoic-Mesozoic Boundary candidates of Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Permian-Triassic Boundary. China University of Geosciences Press, Wuhan.Google Scholar
Zhang, Z. and Hong, Z. 2000. The middle Permian smaller foraminiferal from the Tungtzeyen form ation of Wuping, Fujian. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 17:39–56. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Zhang, Z. and Hong, Z. 2004. Smaller Foraminifera Fauna from the Changhsing Formation of Datian, Fujian. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 21:64–84. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Zhao, J., Sheng, J., Yao, Z., Liang, X., Chen, C., Rui, L., and Lao, Z. 1981. The Changhsingian and Permian-Triassic boundary of South China. Bulletin of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Academia Sinica, 2:1–112. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Zolotova, V. P. and Baryshnikov, V. V. 1980. Foraminifers from the stratotype area of the Kungurian Stage, p. 72–105. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Ural'skii Nauchnyi Tsentr. (In Russian)Google Scholar