¹ Miller, Nicholas J., Between Nation and State: Serbian Politics in Croatia before the First World War (Pittsburgh, 1997)Google Scholar; Krivokapić-Jović, Gordana, Srpska narodna samostalna stranka: 1903–1914 [The Serb people's Independent Party: 1903–1914] (Zagreb, 2000)Google Scholar; Veliz, Fernando, The Politics of Croatia-Slavonia 1903–1918: Nationalism, State Allegiance and the Changing International Order (Wiesbaden, 2012)Google Scholar. Following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and the Croatian-Hungarian Settlement of 1868, the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia was recognized as a “political nation” forming a single state community together with the Kingdom of Hungary. Croatia and Slavonia was granted autonomy in internal affairs, administration of justice, and education, and its right to unite with the Military Border and Dalmatia was recognized. Surviving as a constitutional framework as long as 1918, the Settlement caused constant disputes between many of the political actors in Croatia and Slavonia—who interpreted it as proof of Croatian statehood—and Hungarian political circles—who considered the Kingdom of Hungary a unitary state that had granted the concession of provincial autonomy to one of its parts (Croatia and Slavonia).

² Croatian State Archives (HR – HDA), fond 78: Presidency of the Land Government (PrZv), box 782, doc. 4385/1909 Pr.

³ Cornwall, Mark, “Loyalty and Treason in Late Habsburg Croatia: A Violent Political Discourse before the First World War,” in Exploring Loyalty, eds. Osterkamp, Jana and Wessel, Martin Shulze (Munich, 2017), 97–120Google Scholar; Cornwall, Mark, “Traitors and the meaning of treason in Austria-Hungary's Great War,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 25 (2015): 113–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴ Suppan, Arnold, “Zur Frage eines österreichischen-ungarischen Imperialismus in Südosteuropa: Regierunsgpolitik und öffentliche Meinung um die Annexion Bosniens und der Herzegowina,” in Die Donaumonarchie und die Südslawische Frage von 1848–1918, eds. Wandruszka, Adam, Plaschka, Richard G., and Drabek, Anna M. (Vienna, 1978), 103–36Google Scholar. Veliz, The Politics of Croatia-Slavonia, 107–12.

⁵ Brubaker, Rogers, “Ethnicity, Migration, and Statehood in Post-Cold War Europe,” in Ethnicity without Groups (Cambridge, MA, 2006), 149Google Scholar.

⁶ Promitzer, Christian, “The South Slavs in the Austrian Imagination: Serb and Slovenes in the Changing View from German Nationalism to National Socialism,” in Creating the Other: Ethnic Conflict and Nationalism in Habsburg Central Europe, ed. Wingfield, Nancy M. (New York, 2005), 192–94Google Scholar.

⁷ The so-called national church organization.

⁸ Grujić, Radoslav, Apologija srpskoga naroda u Kraljevini Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji i njegovih glavnih obeležja [An apologia of the Serbian people in the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia and its main characteristics] (Novi Sad, 1909)Google Scholar.

⁹ “Rasprava optuženim Srbima radi veleizdaje” [Hearing of the Serbs accused of high treason], Srpsko kolo, 5 Mar. 1909, 1–2.

¹⁰ Gross, Mirjana and Szabo, Agneza, Prema hrvatskome građanskom društvu [Towards a Croatian civil society] (Zagreb, 1992), 275Google Scholar.

¹¹ Ibid., 187.

¹² Ibid., 499.

¹³ Ibid., 183.

¹⁴ For example, Zahra, Tara, “Imagined Noncommunities: National Indifference as a Category of Analysis,” Slavic Review 69, no. 1 (2010): 93–119Google Scholar; Judson, Pieter, “‘Do Multiple Languages Mean a Multicultural Society?’ Nationalist ‘Frontiers’ in Rural Austria,” in Understanding Multiculturalism: The Habsburg Central European Experience, eds. Feichtinger, Johannes and Cohen, Gary B. (New York, 2014), 61–82Google Scholar.

¹⁵ King, Jeremy, “The Nationalization of East Central Europe: Ethnicism, Ethnicity, and Beyond,” in Staging the Past: The Politics of Commemoration in Habsburg Central Europe, 1848 to the Present, eds. Bucur, Maria and Wingfield, Nancy M. (West Lafayette, 2001), 123Google Scholar.

¹⁶ Ibid., 113.

¹⁷ Brubaker, “Ethnicity without groups,” in Ethnicity without Groups, 8.

¹⁸ Wimmer, Andreas, Ethnic Boundary Making: Institutions, Power, Networks (Oxford, 2013), 2–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁹ Rogers Brubaker, Grounds for Difference (Cambridge, MA, 2015), 1, 151–52, respectively.

²⁰ The confessional structure was marked by two confessional categories. During the entire history of the Austria-Hungary, members of the “Greek–Eastern” category comprised around 25 percent of the population, while those belonging to the “Roman–Catholic” category accounted for around 72 percent. At the same time, around 87 percent of the population of Croatia and Slavonia belong to the category whose native language was listed as “Croatian or Serbian.”

²¹ Feichtinger, Johannes and Cohen, Gary B., “Introduction,” in Understanding Multiculturalism: The Habsburg Central European Experience, eds. Feichtinger, Johannes and Cohen, Gary B. (New York, 2014), 11Google Scholar. In addition to religious self-identification, Judson also specifically adds “regional” self-identification. See Judson, “Do Multiple Languages Mean a Multicultural Society?,” 62.

²² Ibid., endnote 2, 80.

²³ Ibid., 79.

²⁴ White, George W., Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe (Lanham, 2000), 179Google Scholar.

²⁵ King, “The Nationalization of East Central Europe,” 122–23.

²⁶ Miller, Between Nation and State, 13.

²⁷ Stourzh, Gerald, “The Ethnicizing of Politics and ‘National Indifference’ in Late Imperial Austria,” in Der Umfang der Österreichischen Geschichte: Ausgewählte Studien 1990–2010 (Vienna, 2011), 283–323CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁸ Judson, Pieter M., The Habsburg Empire: A New History (Cambridge, MA, 2016), 264–65Google Scholar.

²⁹ Ibid., 266–67.

³⁰ Ibid., 269–75.

³¹ Veliz, The Politics of Croatia-Slavonia 1903–1918, 91.

³² Malešević, Siniša, Ideologija, legitimnost i nova država: Jugoslavija, Srbija i Hrvatska [Ideology, legitimacy, and a new state: Yugoslavia, Serbia, and Croatia] (Zagreb, 2004), 138–40Google Scholar.

³³ Andreas Wimmer, Nationalist Exclusion and Ethnic Conflict: Shadows of Modernity (Cambridge, 2002), 8.

³⁴ Ibid., 8.

³⁵ Ibid., 9.

³⁶ Ibid., 8.

³⁷ Ibid., 96–97.

³⁸ Petrungaro, Stefano, Kamenje i puške: Društveni protest na hrvatskom selu krajem XIX. stoljeća [Stones and rifles: Social protest in the Croatian countryside in the late 19th century] (Zagreb, 2011), 280Google Scholar.

³⁹ Petrungaro, Stefano, “Popular Protest against Hungarian Symbols in Croatia (1883–1903). A Study in Visual History,” Cultural and Social History 13, no. 4 (2016): 512Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ Ibid., 513.

⁴¹ Ibid., 508–12.

⁴² Ibid., 511–12.

⁴³ Miller, Between Nation and State, 23–24.

⁴⁴ Ibid., 137–68.

⁴⁵ “Značenje veleizdajničke parnice” [The significance of the high treason trial], Srpsko kolo, 26 Nov. 1910, 1; “Značenje veleizdajničke parnice,” Srpsko kolo, 16 Dec. 1910, 1–2. Srpsko kolo is difficult to translate into English. “Kolo” literally means “circle,” “wheel,” “round,” and “bout.” This word also designates a type of the folk dance in Croatia and Serbia (“circle dance”), and in the context of the periodical, it functions as a metaphor for emphasizing “Serbian community,” “unity,” or “bringing Serbian people together.”

⁴⁶ “Jedno ratarsko pismo” [A farmer's letter], Srpsko kolo, 5 Jan. 1912, 2–3.

⁴⁷ Mih. Medaković, “Lokalni patrijotizam” [Local patriotism], Srbobran: narodni srpski kalendar za godinu 1910 [Srbobran: A national Serbian calendar for 1910], 104–10.

⁴⁸ HR-HDA, PrZv, f.78, box 781, doc. 1301Pr./1909.

⁴⁹ HR-HDA, PrZv, f.78, box 790, doc. 4651Pr./1909.

⁵⁰ HR-HDA, PrZv, f.78, box 781, doc. 3704Pr./1911.

⁵¹ Krivokapić-Jović, Gordana, “Položaj Srba u Habsburškoj monarhiji i izbijanje Prvoga svetskoga rata. Srbi u Kraljevini Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji (jul–decembar 1914)” [The position of Serbs in the Habsburg monarchy and the outbreak of the First World War. Serbs in the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia (July–December 1914)], in Dijalog povjesničara-istoričara [Dialogue of Croatian and Serbian historians], eds. Fleck, Hans-Georg and Graovac, Igor (Zagreb, 2003), 7:222Google Scholar.

⁵² HR-HDA, PrZv, f.78, box 792, doc.2191Pr./1910.

⁵³ Both archival documents and newspaper reports from this period contain many cases in which interconfessional coexistence and cooperation were highlighted. Sometimes this was the consequence of the normative ideological imperative of insisting on the political position of “national unity.” However, there are also many reports of local authorities that, apart from addressing specific cases of ethnoconfessional conflicts, generally do not present a picture of widespread, intense, and long-lasting ethnoconfessional tensions among the broader population. Indeed, the views of nationalist activists and their common disappointment over the behavior of individuals and groups whom they considered part of their own ethnoconfessional community often offer a good view of the complexity of ethnic identifications. They also easily disprove one-dimensional perceptions of clearly delimited and defined ethnic communities that are often assumed to exist in all localities and in all social situations.

⁵⁴ A political union in Croatia and Slavonia established in 1905. Until 1918, its core consisted of the Croatian Progressive Party, the Croatian Party of the Right, and the Serb Independent Party. Recognizing the constitutional framework of the Croatian-Hungarian Settlement, the Coalition, albeit with much pragmatic and even opportunistic veering, in principle fought for the democratization and liberalization of the political and social order in Croatia and Slavonia, keeping open the possibility of Croatia and Slavonia's unification with Dalmatia. The recognition and bolstering of Croatia and Slavonia's self-government and the cooperation between Croatian and Serbian politics in the province were seen as the main pillars of support for securing these goals.

⁵⁵ “Pitanje koje mnogo znači” [A question of great significance], Srpsko kolo, 28 Nov. 1911, 3–4.

⁵⁶ Adam Pribićević, “Rat na Balkanu” [War in the Balkans], Srpsko kolo, 1 Nov. 1912, 1; Adam Metikoš, “Stari i mladi” [The old and the young], Srpsko kolo, 14 Nov. 1913, 1–2.

⁵⁷ HR-HDA, PrZv, f.78, box 860, doc.5999Pr./1912.

⁵⁸ HR-HDA, PrZv, f.78, box 860, doc. 3231Pr./1913.

⁵⁹ Radeka, Milan, Gornja Krajina ili Karlovačko vladičanstvo [The upper border or the Karlovac Diocese], rev. ed. (Zagreb, 2007), 204Google Scholar. (The first edition was published in Zagreb in 1975.)

⁶⁰ Horvat, Josip, Živjeti u Hrvatskoj-zapisci iz nepovrata (1900.–1941.) [To live in Croatia–Records from the time of no return (1910–1941)] (Zagreb, 1984), 47–48Google Scholar.

⁶¹ Wimmer, Ethnic Boundary Making.