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Rediscovery of pycnidia in Thamnolia vermicularis: implications for chemotype occurrence and distribution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 May 2013

Janice M. LORD ,
Allison KNIGHT ,
Jennifer M. BANNISTER ,
Lars R. LUDWIG ,
William M. MALCOLM  and
David A. ORLOVICH
Janice M. LORD
Affiliation:
Department of Botany, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. Email: janice.lord@otago.ac.nz
Allison KNIGHT
Affiliation:
Department of Botany, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. Email: janice.lord@otago.ac.nz
Jennifer M. BANNISTER
Affiliation:
Department of Botany, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. Email: janice.lord@otago.ac.nz
Lars R. LUDWIG
Affiliation:
Department of Botany, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. Email: janice.lord@otago.ac.nz
William M. MALCOLM
Affiliation:
PO Box 320, Nelson 7040, New Zealand
David A. ORLOVICH
Affiliation:
Department of Botany, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. Email: janice.lord@otago.ac.nz
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Abstract

Thamnolia vermicularis is a globally widespread arctic-alpine lichen with two distinct chemotypes. The intermixing of these chemotypes at the local scale and lack of genetic variation between them is puzzling given the apparent absence of specialized reproductive structures. Apothecia and conidiomata were originally reported for Thamnolia in the second half of the 19th century, but putative apothecia proved to be parasitic in origin. This study presents conclusive microscopic evidence for the existence of pycnidial conidiomata containing conidia on thalli of Thamnolia vermicularis from geographically widespread locations. Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA from excised pycnidial conidiomata matched that of thallus tips from individual Thamnolia thalli. Our examination of the historic literature found that the occurrence of pycnidial conidiomata was never disproved, but this information was lost from the post-1920s English-language literature. Our rediscovery of pycnidial conidiomata indicates that Thamnolia vermicularis possesses a reproductive strategy with the potential for long-distance dispersal of multitudes of mitotically produced conidia, providing a plausible explanation for the cosmopolitan distribution of the species and the low levels of genetic variation among populations. Reversible processes, for example alternative splicing, warrant consideration as explanations for chemotype intermixing.

Keywords

biogeographyconidiahistoric literatureITS nr DNAlichenlichenicolous fungireproduction
Type
Articles
Information
The Lichenologist , Volume 45 , Issue 3 , May 2013 , pp. 397 - 411
Copyright
Copyright © British Lichen Society 2013

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