Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-sxzjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T23:07:35.663Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The conscious roots of selfless, unconscious goals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 April 2014

Gordon B. Moskowitz
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015. gbm@lehigh.eduhttp://psychology.cas2.lehigh.edu/content/gbm4
Emily Balcetis
Affiliation:
Psychology Department, New York University, New York, NY 10003. emilybalcetis@nyu.eduhttp://www.psych.nyu.edu/balcetis/

Abstract

We counter Huang & Bargh's (H&B's) metaphoric description of the unconscious, selfish goal on three points. First, we argue, unconscious goals are rooted in conscious choices related to well-being. Second, unconscious goal pursuit occurs through early-stage orienting mechanisms that promote individuals' well-being. Third, unconscious goals work selflessly, resulting in their own demise.

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aarts, H., Custwers, R. & Holland, R.W. (2007) The nonconscious cessation of goal pursuit: When goals and negative affect are coactivated. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92:165–78. Available at: http://goallab.nl/publications/documents/Aarts,%20Custers,%20Holland%20%282007%29%20-%20goal%20priming%20and%20negative%20affect.pdf.Google Scholar
Balcetis, E. & Dunning, D. (2006) See what you want to see: Motivational influences on perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91:612–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balcetis, E. & Dunning, D. (2010) Wishful seeing: Desired objects are seen as closer. Psychological Science 21:147–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balcetis, E., Dunning, D. & Granot, Y. (2012) Subjective value determines initial dominance in binocular rivalry. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48:122–29.Google Scholar
Bargh, J. A. (1990) Auto-motives: Preconscious determinants of social interaction. In: Handbook of motivation and cognition, vol. 2, ed. Higgins, E. T. & Sorrentino, R. M., pp. 93130. Guilford. Available at: http://www.yale.edu/acmelab/articles/Bargh_1990.pdf.Google Scholar
Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Lee-Chai, A., Barndollar, K. & Trotschel, R. (2001) The automated will: Unconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81:1004–27. Available at: http://www.yale.edu/acmelab/articles/AutomatedWill2001.pdf.Google Scholar
Cesario, J., Plaks, J. E. & Higgins, E. T. (2006) Automatic social behavior as motivated preparation to interact. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90:893910.Google Scholar
Chun, W. Y., Kruglanski, A. W., Friedman, R. & Sleeth-Keppler, D. (2011) Multifinality in unconscious choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101:1124–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cialdini, R. B., Schaller, M., Houlihan, D., Arps, K., Fultz, J. & Beaman, A. L. (1987) Empathy-based helping: Is it selflessly or selfishly motivated? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52:749–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, S., Balcetis, E. & Dunning, D. (2013) Affective signals of threat produce perceived proximity. Psychological Science 24:3440.Google Scholar
Custers, R. & Aarts, H. (2010) The unconscious will: How the pursuit of goals operates outside of conscious awareness. Science 329:4750. Available at: http://www.goallab.nl/publications/documents/Custers%20and%20Aarts%20-%20The%20unconscious%20will%20-%20Science%202010.pdf.Google Scholar
Fishbach, A., Friedman, R. S. & Kruglanski, A. W. (2003) Leading us not unto temptation: Momentary allurements elicit overriding goal temptation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84:296309. Available at: http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/ayelet.fishbach/research/tg.pdf.Google Scholar
Förster, J., Liberman, N. & Friedman, R. S. (2007) Seven principles of goal activation: A systematic approach to distinguishing goal priming from priming of non-goal constructs. Personality and Social Psychology Review 11:211–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harber, K. D., Yeung, D. & Iacovelli, A. (2011) Psychosocial resources, threat, and the perception of distance and height: Support for the resources and perception model. Emotion 11:1080–90.Google Scholar
Kruglanski, A. W., Shah, J. Y., Fishbach, A., Friedman, R., Chun, W. Y. & Sleeth-Keppler, D. (2002) A theory of goal systems. In: Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 34, ed. Zanna, M. P., pp. 331–78. Academic Press. Available at: http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/ayelet.fishbach/research/advances.pdf.Google Scholar
Maner, J. K., Gailliot, M. T. & DeWall, C. N. (2007) Adaptive attentional attunement: Evidence for mating-related perceptual bias. Evolution and Human Behavior 28:2836.Google Scholar
Martin, L. L. & Tesser, A. (2009) Five markers of motivated behavior. In: The psychology of goals, ed. Moskowitz, G. B. and Grant, H., pp. 257–76. Guilford.Google Scholar
Moskowitz, G. B. (2002) Preconscious effects of temporary goals on attention. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38:397404.Google Scholar
Moskowitz, G. B. & Li, P. (2011) Egalitarian goals trigger stereotype inhibition: A proactive form of stereotype control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47(1):103–16.Google Scholar
Moskowitz, G. B., Li, P., Ignarri, C. & Stone, J. (2011) Compensatory cognition associated with egalitarian goals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47(2):365–70.Google Scholar
Moskowitz, G. B., Li, P. & Kirk, E. (2004) The implicit volition model: On the preconscious regulation of temporarily adopted goals. In: Advances in experimental social psychology, vol.36, ed. Zanna, M., pp. 317413. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Pichon, S., de Gelder, B. & Grezes, J. (2012) Threat prompts defensive brain responses independently of attentional control. Cerebral Cortex 22:274–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shah, J. Y. (2003) Automatic for the people: How representations of significant others implicitly affects goal pursuit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84:661–81. Available at: http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/84/4/661/.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shah, J. Y. & Gardner, W. L. (2008) Handbook of motivation science. Guilford.Google Scholar
Van Koningsbruggen, G. M., Stroebe, W. & Aarts, H. (2011) Through the eyes of dieters: Biased size perception of food following tempting food primes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47:293–99.Google Scholar
Wicklund, R. A. & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1982) Symbolic self-completion. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Zeigarnik, B. (1927) Das Behalten erledigter und unerledigter Handlungen [The retention of completed and uncompleted actions]. Psychologische Forschung 9:185.Google Scholar