Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T17:05:29.678Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Practical fertilization procedure and embryonic development of the New Zealand geoduck clam (Panopea zelandica)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 December 2016

Dung V. Le ,
Tim Young ,
Andrea C. Alfaro ,
Norman L.C. Ragg ,
Zoë Hilton ,
Ellie Watts  and
Nick King
Dung V. Le
Affiliation:
Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand Center of Aquaculture Biotechnology, Research Institute for Aquaculture No.1, Bac Ninh, Vietnam
Tim Young
Affiliation:
Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
Andrea C. Alfaro*
Affiliation:
Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
Norman L.C. Ragg
Affiliation:
Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
Zoë Hilton
Affiliation:
Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
Ellie Watts
Affiliation:
Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
Nick King
Affiliation:
Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: A.C. Alfaro, Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand email: andrea.alfaro@aut.ac.nz
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Cultivation of the geoduck Panopea zelandica (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835) requires knowledge on embryonic development to produce spat in hatcheries. This study investigated the development of P. zelandica embryos at 15°C and 35 ppt and the optimal sperm:egg ratios for fertilization under hatchery conditions. Panopea zelandica broodstock were induced to spawn by serotonin injection. Sperm and eggs were collected and fertilization was conducted at sperm:egg ratios of: 50:1, 100:1, 500:1, 1000:1 and 10,000:1 over 40 min. The optimal sperm:egg ratio was <500:1 and the normal embryo yield at 3 and 18 h post-fertilization (hpf) ranged from 83–96%. Panopea zelandica eggs (~80 μm diameter) developed the first and second polar bodies within 15–20 and 50–55 min post-fertilization, respectively. The blastula appeared at ~8 hpf, including the XR and XL cells and the presumptive shell field depression. Gastrulation occurred at 12–18 hpf with organic material apparent at the shell field depression. The mid-stage trochophore, which appeared at around 35 hpf had an apical plate with an apical tuft. The shell field spread to form the periostracum, which expanded and folded into right and left segments covering the late trochophore. The early D-stage veliger appeared at 45 hpf with the soft body being enclosed by two valves and the appearance of the velum. These observations will serve as the basis for future analyses of P. zelandica embryogenesis and for optimization of commercial production of D-veliger larvae.

Keywords

Panopea zelandicaNew Zealand geoduckembryogenesisblastulagastrulatrochophorefertilizationsperm:egg ratio
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 98 , Issue 3 , May 2018 , pp. 475 - 484
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, S.L., Smith, J.F., Roberts, R.D., Janke, A.R., Kaspar, H.F., Tervit, H.R., Pugh, P.A., Webb, S.C. and King, N. (2004) Cryopreservation of sperm of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas): development of a practical method for commercial spat production. Aquaculture 242, 271–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, S.L., Tervit, H.R., McGowan, L.T., Smith, J.F., Roberts, R.D., Salinas-Flores, L., Gale, S.L., Webb, S.C., Mullen, S.F. and Critser, J.K. (2009) Towards cryopreservation of Greenshell™ mussel (Perna canaliculus) oocytes. Cryobiology 58, 69–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alfaro, A.C., McArdle, B. and Jeffs, A.G. (2010) Temporal patterns of arrival of beachcast green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) spat harvested for aquaculture in New Zealand and its relationship with hydrodynamic and meteorological conditions. Aquaculture 302, 208–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alliegro, M.C. and Wright, D.A. (1985) Polyspermy inhibition in the oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Journal of Experimental Zoology 227, 127–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarado-Alvarez, R., Gould, M.C. and Stephano, J.L. (1996) Spawning, in vitro maturation, and changes in oocyte electrophysiology induced by serotonin in Tivela stultorum. Biological Bulletin 190, 322–328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aranda-Burgos, J.A., Da Costa, F., Novoa, S., Ojea, J. and Martinez-Patino, D. (2014) Embryonic and larval development of Ruditapes decussatus (Bivalvia: Veneridae): a study of the shell differentiation process. Journal of Molluscan Studies 80, 8–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, M.C. and Tyler, P.A. (2001) Fertilization success in the commercial gastropod Haliotis tuberculata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 211, 205–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, B.J., Mann, R. and Allen, S.K. (1992) Optimization of triploidy induction for the oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). Aquaculture 106, 21–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breen, P., Gabriel, C. and Tyson, T. (1991) Preliminary estimates of age, mortality, growth, and reproduction in the Hiatellid clam Panopea zelandica in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 25, 231–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buestel, D., Ropert, M., Prou, J. and Goulletquer, P. (2009) History, status, and future of oyster culture in France. Journal of Shellfish Research 28, 813–820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, D. (2012) The Government's aquaculture strategy and five-year action plan to support aquaculture. New Zealand Government, Ministry for Primary Industries, pp 4.Google Scholar
Casse, N., Devauchelle, N. and Pennec, M.L. (1998) Embryonic shell formation in the scallop Pecten maximus (Linnaeus). The Veliger 41, 133–141.Google Scholar
Clotteau, G. and Dubé, F. (1993) Optimization of fertilization parameters for rearing surf clams (Spisula solidissima). Aquaculture 114, 339–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desrosiers, R.R., Désilets, J. and Dubé, F. (1996) Early developmental events following fertilization in the giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53, 1382–1392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dong, Y., Yao, H., Lin, Z. and Zhu, D. (2012) The effects of sperm-egg ratios on polyspermy in the blood clam, Tegillarca granosa. Aquaculture Research 43, 44–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Encena, V.C., Capinpin, J.E.C. and Bayona, N.C. (1998) Optimal sperm concentration and time for fertilization of the tropical abalone, Haliotis asinina Linné 1758. Aquaculture 165, 347–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eyster, L.S. and Morse, M.P. (1984) Early shell formation during molluscan embryogenesis, with new studies on the surf clam, Spisula solidissima. American Zoologist 24, 871–882.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerard, A., Naciri, Y., Peignon, J.-M., Ledu, C. and Phelipot, P. (1994) Optimization of triploid induction by the use of 6-DMAP for the oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg). Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 25, 709–719.Google Scholar
Gould, M.C. and Stephano, J.L. (2003) Polyspermy prevention in marine invertebrates. Microscopy Research and Technology 61, 379–388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gribben, P.E. and Heasman, K.G. (2015) Developing fisheries and aquaculture industries for Panopea zelandica in New Zealand. Journal of Shellfish Research 34, 5–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gribben, P.E., Helson, J. and Millar, R.B. (2004) Population abundance estimates of the New Zealand geoduck clam, Panopea zelandica, using North American methodology: is the technology transferable? Journal of Shellfish Research 23, 683–691.Google Scholar
Gribben, P.E., Millar, R.B. and Jeffs, A.G. (2014) Fertilization success of the New Zealand geoduck, Panopea zelandica: effects of sperm concentration, gamete age and contact time. Aquaculture Research 45, 1380–1388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hashimoto, N., Kurita, Y., Murakami, K. and Wada, H. (2015) Cleavage pattern and development of isolated D blastomeres in bivalves. Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B, Molecular and Developmental Evolution 324, 13–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helm, M.M., Bourne, N. and Lovatelli, A. (2004) Hatchery culture of bivalves: a practical manual. Rome: FAO.Google Scholar
Kin, K., Kakoi, S. and Wada, H. (2009) A novel role for dpp in the shaping of bivalve shells revealed in a conserved molluscan developmental program. Developmental Biology 329, 152–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, N. (2010) What's next in shellfish aquaculture? New Zealand Aquaculture 38, 14–15.Google Scholar
Kniprath, E. (1980) Larval developmental of the shell and shell gland in Mytilus (Bivalvia). Wilhelm Roux's Archives 188, 201–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaBarbera, M. (1974) Calcification of the first larval shell of Tridacna squamosa (Tridacnidae: Bivalvia). Marine Biology 25, 233–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le, D.V., Alfaro, A.C. and King, N. (2014) Broodstock conditioning of New Zealand geoduck (Panopea zelandica) within different temperature and feeding ration regimes. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 48, 356–370.Google Scholar
Lee, C.S. and Rho, S. (1997) Studies on the artificial seedling production of geoduck clam, Panope japonica II. Development of egg and larvae. Journal of Aquaculture 10, 25–32.Google Scholar
Levitan, D.R. (2006) The relationship between egg size and fertilization success in broadcast-spawning marine invertebrates. Integrative and Comparative Biology 46, 298–311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levitan, D.R., Sewell, M.A. and Chia, F.-S. (1991) Kinetics of fertilization in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus: interaction of gamete dilution, age, and contact time. Biological Bulletin 181, 371–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, C. and Galloway, T. (2009) Reproductive consequences of paternal genotoxin exposure in marine invertebrates. Environmental Science and Technology 43, 928–933.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, W., Alabi, A.O. and Pearce, C.M. (2008) Fertilization and embryonic development in the basket cockle, Clinocardium nuttallii. Journal of Shellfish Research 27, 393–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Misamore, M., Silverman, H. and Lynn, J.W. (1996) Analysis of fertilization and polyspermy in serotonin-spawned eggs of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. Molecular Reproduction and Development 43, 205–216.3.0.CO;2-2>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mouëza, M., Gros, O. and Frenkiel, L. (2006) Embryonic development and shell differentiation in Chione cancellata (Bivalvia, Veneridae): an ultrastructural analysis. Invertebrate Biology 125, 21–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nam, M.-M., Lee, C., Kim, M., Kim, J.W. and Kim, Y.D. (2014) Development and growth in fertilized eggs and larvae of the Japanese geoduck, Panopea japonica reared in the laboratory. Korean Journal of Malacology 30, 303–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Connor, W.A. and Heasman, M.P. (1995) Spawning induction and fertilisation in the doughboy scallop Chlamys (Mimachlamys) asperrima. Aquaculture 136, 117–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santos, A.E.D. and Nascimento, I.A. (1985) Influence of gamete density, salinity and temperature on the normal embryonic development of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae Guilding, 1828. Aquaculture 47, 335–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlichter, L.C. and Elinson, R.P. (1981) Electrical responses of immature and mature Rana pipiens oocytes to sperm and other activating stimuli. Developmental Biology 83, 33–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shamshak, G.L. and King, J.R. (2015) From cannery to culinary luxury: the evolution of the global geoduck market. Marine Policy 55, 81–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sokal, R.R. and Rohlf, F.J. (1995) Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research, 3rd edition. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Song, Y.P., Suquet, M., Quéau, I. and Lebrun, L. (2009) Setting of a procedure for experimental fertilisation of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) oocytes. Aquaculture 287, 311–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephano, L.J. and Gould, M. (1988) Avoiding polyspermy in oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Aquaculture 73, 295–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, R.D. and Boyle, P.J. (1974) Studies of bivalve larvae using the scanning electron microscope and critical point drying. Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc. 40, 59–65.Google Scholar
Vadopalas, B. and Davis, J.P. (2004) Optimal chemical triploid induction in geoduck clams, Panopea abrupta, by 6-dimethylaminopurine. Aquaculture 230, 29–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wassnig, M. and Southgate, P.C. (2012) Embryonic and larval development of Pteria penguin (Roding, 1798) (Bivalvia: Pteriidae). Journal of Molluscan Studies 78, 134–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, G., Fang, X., Guo, X., Li, L., Luo, R., Xu, F., Yang, P., Zhang, L., Wang, X., Qi, H., Xiong, Z., Que, H., Xie, Y., Holland, P.W.H., Paps, J., Zhu, Y., Wu, F., Chen, Y., Wang, J., Peng, C., Meng, J., Yang, L., Liu, J., Wen, B., Zhang, N., Huang, Z., Zhu, Q., Feng, Y., Mount, A., Hedgecock, D., Xu, Z., Liu, Y., Domazet-Loso, T., Du, Y., Sun, X., Zhang, S., Liu, B., Cheng, P., Jiang, X., Li, J., Fan, D., Wang, W., Fu, W., Wang, T., Wang, B., Zhang, J., Peng, Z., Li, Y., Li, N., Wang, J., Chen, M., He, Y., Tan, F., Song, X., Zheng, Q., Huang, R., Yang, H., Du, X., Chen, L., Yang, M., Gaffney, P.M., Wang, S., Luo, L., She, Z., Ming, Y., Huang, W., Zhang, S., Huang, B., Zhang, Y., Qu, T., Ni, P., Miao, G., Wang, J., Wang, Q., Steinberg, C.E.W., Wang, H., Li, N., Qian, L., Zhang, G., Li, Y., Yang, H., Liu, X., Wang, J., Yin, Y. and Wang, J. (2012) The oyster genome reveals stress adaptation and complexity of shell formation. Nature 490, 49–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed